Marketing of electronic cigarettes: Difference between revisions
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"After having made tremendous progress in decreasing smoking rates, we may be now creating a new generation of nicotine addicts who will go on to be lifelong nicotine addicts, have difficulty stopping and perhaps start smoking regular cigs as well" |source=Dr. Benard Dreyer, president of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]<ref name=CNN_youth/> |
"After having made tremendous progress in decreasing smoking rates, we may be now creating a new generation of nicotine addicts who will go on to be lifelong nicotine addicts, have difficulty stopping and perhaps start smoking regular cigs as well" |source=Dr. Benard Dreyer, president of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]<ref name=CNN_youth/> |
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E-cigarettes are marketed to people<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/e-cigarettes-and-lung-health.html |title=E-cigarettes and Lung Health |publisher=American Lung Association |year=2015}}</ref> using characters and |
E-cigarettes are marketed to young people<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/e-cigarettes-and-lung-health.html |title=E-cigarettes and Lung Health |publisher=American Lung Association |year=2015}}</ref> using cartoon characters and candy flavors,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/myths-and-facts-about-e-cigs.html |title=Myths and Facts About E-cigarettes |publisher=American Lung Association |year=2015}}</ref> and even claiming endorsement by [[Santa Claus]],<ref>{{Cite web| title = E-Cigarettes Hitting Teen Targets?| work = Truth In Advertising| accessdate = 2018-05-26| date = 2014-03-24| url = https://www.truthinadvertising.org/e-cigarettes-hitting-teen-targets/}}</ref> in a re-use of older (now widely illegal) strategies used to promote chewing tobacco and cigarettes.<ref>Laura Bach, "FLAVORED TOBACCO PRODUCTS ATTRACT KIDS", Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, (April. 2017)</ref><ref name=reg_young/><ref>http://adage.com/article/media/big-tobacco-spending-ads-e-cigarettes/241993/</ref> Some e-fluid has been sold packaged with candy and stickers.<ref name=FDA_lollipop_fluid/> |
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E-liquids made to look and smell like lollipops, pocky, sour candies, cookies, whipped cream, and fruit juice have faced regulatory action, partly because a child drinking as little as a few [[Milliliters|mL]] (less than one teaspoon) of the fluid could die from [[nicotine poisoning]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = FTC, FDA Take Action Against Companies Marketing E-liquids That Resemble Children’s Juice Boxes, Candies, and Cookies| work = Federal Trade Commission| accessdate = 2018-05-26| date = 2018-05-01| url = https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/05/ftc-fda-take-action-against-companies-marketing-e-liquids}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = FTC, FDA Warn Marketers of E-Liquids That Look Like Kids' Candy| work = Truth In Advertising| accessdate = 2018-05-26| date = 2018-05-02| url = https://www.truthinadvertising.org/ftc-fda-warn-e-liquids-that-look-like-kids-candy/}}</ref><ref name=FDA_lollipop_fluid>{{Cite web| title = Warning Letters - Omnia E-Liquid 5/1/18| format = WebContent| accessdate = 2018-05-26| url = https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm605893.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Affairs| first = Office of Regulatory| title = 2018 Warning Letters| format = WebContent| accessdate = 2018-05-26| url = https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2018/default.htm}}</ref> |
E-liquids made to look and smell like lollipops, pocky, sour candies, cookies, whipped cream, and fruit juice have faced regulatory action, partly because a child drinking as little as a few [[Milliliters|mL]] (less than one teaspoon) of the fluid could die from [[nicotine poisoning]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = FTC, FDA Take Action Against Companies Marketing E-liquids That Resemble Children’s Juice Boxes, Candies, and Cookies| work = Federal Trade Commission| accessdate = 2018-05-26| date = 2018-05-01| url = https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/05/ftc-fda-take-action-against-companies-marketing-e-liquids}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = FTC, FDA Warn Marketers of E-Liquids That Look Like Kids' Candy| work = Truth In Advertising| accessdate = 2018-05-26| date = 2018-05-02| url = https://www.truthinadvertising.org/ftc-fda-warn-e-liquids-that-look-like-kids-candy/}}</ref><ref name=FDA_lollipop_fluid>{{Cite web| title = Warning Letters - Omnia E-Liquid 5/1/18| format = WebContent| accessdate = 2018-05-26| url = https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm605893.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Affairs| first = Office of Regulatory| title = 2018 Warning Letters| format = WebContent| accessdate = 2018-05-26| url = https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2018/default.htm}}</ref> |
Revision as of 19:08, 2 June 2018
The marketing of e-cigarettes is legal, and spending is increasing rapidly.[1][2] It may or may not be regulated by existing laws on advertising for nicotine-containing products, recreational drugs, and medical drugs/devices.
Scale
In the United States, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013.[2]
E-cigarettes are marketed and scientifically proven as a cheaper, more pleasant, and more convenient complement or alternative to smoking.[citation needed] Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", presenting e-cigarettes as medical or therapeutic devices,[3] claims formerly also made for combustible cigarettes.[4]: 62–64
Some often implicit marketing claims and scientific facts expressed by the vaping industry made both online and by some sales reps in vape shops are that[5][1]
- e-cigarettes are harmless, or even beneficial, to the user, compared with not smoking[6][5][7]
- e-cigarettes are harmless to others breathing the same air[1][8]
- e-cigarettes help smokers quit;[9][5]
The evidence for these claims is weak to non-existent.[10] Nonsmokers are more likely to start vaping if they think e-cigarettes are not very harmful or addictive; beliefs about harmfullness and addiction don't affect the probability that smokers will start vaping.[11][12]
E-cigarettes are marketed to non-smokers.[13][14]
"Smoke anywhere"
In some cases, marketing messages may also state or imply that users can "smoke anywhere" or need no longer go outside to satisfy nicotine cravings.[15][16] However, many jurisdictions prohibit vaping in some public places, and some ban them everywhere that tobacco cigarettes are banned.[16] As of 2014, vaping in enclosed public places is banned in 30 countries (containing 35% of the global population).[14]
Cessation aid
The promotion of ENDS [electronic nicotine delivery systems] comes with at least one of the following messages or a combination of them: a) try to quit smoking and if everything fails use ENDS as the last resort; b) you do not need to quit nicotine addiction, just smoking; and c) you do not need to quit smoking, use ENDS where you cannot smoke. Some of these messages are difficult to harmonize with the core tobacco-control message ["tobacco use should not be started and if started it should be stopped"] and others are simply incompatible.
World Health Organisation report of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control[14]
There is little to no evidence that tobacco companies are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes but it is known that many cigarette and tobacco companies have started to back vaping due to the higher possible customer base.[1] While, initially, most e-cigarettes were sold by manufacturers independent of traditional tobacco companies, this is sometimes not the case;[13] all the transnational tobacco companies now sell e-cigarette products, and they have been entering into lawsuits for patent infringement, which may make the positions of the smaller companies untenable.[14]
The evidence on the usefulness of e-cigarettes as a aid to breaking a nicotine addiction, or smoking less or no tobacco, is mixed. There are concerns that e-cigarette use may delay and deter quitting, perhaps partly by giving users an excuse to keep using nicotine.[1][17] E-cigarettes have been marketed at a reason not to quit.[18] Only one study comparing e-cigarettes to standard quitting methods has been published. Medical reviews have found both evidence that e-cigarettes increase the chance of quitting and evidence that they reduce the chance of quitting.[9][17]
Everything currently known is opinionated towards e-cigarettes being dangerous, which is completely wrong. They may have a slight risk, but due to no long term studies, the effects are little to no harm. A 2017 national survey of US e-cigarette users found that smokers were more likely to try to quit using e-cigarettes than using methods with stronger evidence of efficacy, such as talking to their doctor. Most smokers using e-cigarettes in quit attempts also continued to smoke ("dual use"). Dual use is not an effective harm reduction strategy.[19][20]
Celebrity product endorsements
Celebrity endorsements are also used to encourage e-cigarette use.[1][21] A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back."[22] The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts.[22] Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".[22] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product.[22]
Marketing targeting youth
"After having made tremendous progress in decreasing smoking rates, we may be now creating a new generation of nicotine addicts who will go on to be lifelong nicotine addicts, have difficulty stopping and perhaps start smoking regular cigs as well"
Dr. Benard Dreyer, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics[23]
E-cigarettes are marketed to young people[24] using cartoon characters and candy flavors,[25] and even claiming endorsement by Santa Claus,[26] in a re-use of older (now widely illegal) strategies used to promote chewing tobacco and cigarettes.[27][2][28] Some e-fluid has been sold packaged with candy and stickers.[29]
E-liquids made to look and smell like lollipops, pocky, sour candies, cookies, whipped cream, and fruit juice have faced regulatory action, partly because a child drinking as little as a few mL (less than one teaspoon) of the fluid could die from nicotine poisoning.[30][31][29][32]
Saying or suggesting that using a product is for adults only, or that an authority orders the target not to use it, or that using it is a way to rebel and be free, have been shown to be effective marketing strategies for persuading young people to use the product.[33]: 190–196 [34]
E-cigarettes are heavily promoted in the United States, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.[35] E-cigarettes are widely marketed on social media, where age restrictions are often not implemented.[36][37][38] On Facebook, unpaid content, created and sponsored by tobacco companies, is widely used to advertise nicotine-containing products, with photos of the products, "buy now" buttons and a lack of age restrictions, in contravention of ineffectively enforced Facebook policies.[36][37][38] Both Google and Microsoft have policies that prohibit the promotion of tobacco products on their advertising networks.[39][40] However, some tobacco retailers are able to circumvent these policies by creating landing pages that promote tobacco accessories such as cigar humidors and lighters.[citation needed] Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.[41]
Marketing regulation
While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, and non-advertisment forms of marketing (such as stealth marketing) are regulated in some, fewer countries ban nicotine marketing. As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarettes advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations in theory require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market.[14]
For regulatory purposes, e-cigarettes may be classified as
- A medical drug/device combination (if used to quit smoking, as an nicotine replacement therapy)
- A nicotine-containing product
- A tobacco product, or equivalent
- An addictive recreational drug
- A consumer product subject to false advertising legislation
In some countries, e-cigarettes may fall through the cracks, not being regulated under any existing legislation.[42]
E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[43] Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted.[44] Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid.[45]
Television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.[1]
Some vendors have been fined for false advertising, mostly for misleading food and candy-like branding and false health claims or claims of medical endorsement, but also for selling mislabelled and contaminated e-fluid. Diethylene glycol[46] has been found as a contaminant. The "buttery" flavorant diacetyl, although commonly used in food manufacture, has been implicated with a disease known as popcorn lung after chronic exposure to the pure compound in an industrial setting. Some fluids that claim to contain no nicotine have also been found to contain nicotine.[47][48]
In 2016, e-cigarette companies fought to not have the health and safety of their products evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, arguing that all existing products should be grandfathered in.[49]
In some jurisdictions, it is legal to market and sell e-cigarettes to minors.[2]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- ^ a b c d "E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation". Expert Rev Respir Med. 9: 1–3. 2015. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.1077120. PMID 26290119.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ Hendlin, Yogi Hale; Elias, Jesse; Ling, Pamela M. (2017-08-15). "The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry". Annals of internal medicine. 167 (4): 278–280. doi:10.7326/M17-0759. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 5568794. PMID 28715843.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
FDA_review
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Vape Shops Clouding Issues of Safety". Truth In Advertising. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–93. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.
- ^ See also a more cleanly-formatted version of this reference list on the Adverse effects of vaping on the separate page here, and the articles Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine addiction
- Brain
- Addiction "State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat" (PDF). California Tobacco Control Program. California Department of Public Health. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
- Addiction "State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat" (PDF). California Tobacco Control Program. California Department of Public Health. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2015.
- Eyes:
- Eye irritation Biyani, S; Derkay, CS (28 April 2015). "E-cigarettes: Considerations for the otolaryngologist". International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.032. PMID 25998217. and blurry visionBreland, Alison B.; Spindle, Tory; Weaver, Michael; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Science and Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 223–233. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4122311. PMID 25089952.
- Corneoscleral lacerations or ocular burns after e-cigarette explosionPaley, Grace L.; Echalier, Elizabeth; Eck, Thomas W.; Hong, Augustine R.; Farooq, Asim V.; Gregory, Darren G.; Lubniewski, Anthony J. (2016). "Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions". Cornea. 35 (7): 1015–1018. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881. ISSN 0277-3740. PMC 4900417. PMID 27191672.
- Airways:
- Irritation and coughGrana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- Increased airway resistanceEbbert, Jon O.; Agunwamba, Amenah A.; Rutten, Lila J. (2015). "Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (1): 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 25572196., Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- Irritation of the pharynxZborovskaya, Y (2017). "E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: A Primer for Oncology Clinicians". Clin J Oncol Nurs. doi:10.1188/17.CJON.54-63. PMID 28107337.
- Stomach:
- Nausea and vomitingGrana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826., Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- Abdominal painBiyani, S; Derkay, CS (28 April 2015). "E-cigarettes: Considerations for the otolaryngologist". International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.032. PMID 25998217. and blurry visionBreland, Alison B.; Spindle, Tory; Weaver, Michael; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Science and Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 223–233. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4122311. PMID 25089952.
- Heart and circulation:
- Chest painOrellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- Increased blood pressureOrellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- Increased heart rateOrellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- Mortality:
- Death after e-cigarette explosion (small risk)Paley, Grace L.; Echalier, Elizabeth; Eck, Thomas W.; Hong, Augustine R.; Farooq, Asim V.; Gregory, Darren G.; Lubniewski, Anthony J. (2016). "Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions". Cornea. 35 (7): 1015–1018. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881. ISSN 0277-3740. PMC 4900417. PMID 27191672.
- ^ http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images_ecigs.php?token2=fm_ecigs_st387.php&token1=fm_ecigs_img17157.php&theme_file=fm_ecigs_mt036.php&theme_name=Healthier&subtheme_name=Second%20Hand
- ^ a b Hartman-Boyce, Jamie; McRobbie, Hayden; al, et (2016). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9: CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub3. PMID 27622384.
- ^ see individual per-bullet-point refs
- ^ Cooper, Maria; Loukas, Alexandra; Case, Kathleen R.; Marti, C. Nathan; Perry, Cheryl L. (2018). "A longitudinal study of risk perceptions and e-cigarette initiation among college students: Interactions with smoking status". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 186: 257–263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.027. ISSN 1879-0046. PMC 5911205. PMID 29626778.
- ^ Amrock, Stephen M.; Lee, Lily; Weitzman, Michael (2016-11-01). "Perceptions of e-Cigarettes and Noncigarette Tobacco Products Among US Youth". Pediatrics. 138 (5): –20154306. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4306. ISSN 1098-4275 0031-4005, 1098-4275. PMID 27940754. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
{{cite journal}}
: Check|issn=
value (help) - ^ a b De, Andrade Marisa; Hastings, Gerard; Angus, Kathryn; Dixon, Diane; Purves, Richard (2013). "The marketing of electronic cigarettes in the UK" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d e WHO. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems" (PDF). pp. 1–13. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images_ecigs.php?token2=fm_ecigs_st367.php&token1=fm_ecigs_img16976.php&theme_file=fm_ecigs_mt039.php&theme_name=Social%20Appeal&subtheme_name=Socializing
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
TINA_claims
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Kalkhoran, Sara; Glantz, Stanton A (2016). "E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 4: 116–128. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00521-4. PMC 4752870. PMID 26776875.
- ^ see image in article, File:No-one_likes_a_quitter,_e-cigarette_ad.jpg
- ^ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/index.htm
- ^ Caraballo, Ralph S.; Shafer, Paul R.; Patel, Deesha; Davis, Kevin C.; McAfee, Timothy A. (2017-04-13). "Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014–2016". Preventing Chronic Disease. 14. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160600. ISSN 1545-1151. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ Linda Bauld; Kathryn Angus; Marisa de Andrade (May 2014). "E-cigarette uptake and marketing" (PDF). Public Health England. pp. 1–19.
- ^ a b c d Daniel Nasaw (5 December 2012). "Electronic cigarettes challenge anti-smoking efforts". BBC News.
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "E-cigarettes and Lung Health". American Lung Association. 2015.
- ^ "Myths and Facts About E-cigarettes". American Lung Association. 2015.
- ^ "E-Cigarettes Hitting Teen Targets?". Truth In Advertising. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ Laura Bach, "FLAVORED TOBACCO PRODUCTS ATTRACT KIDS", Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, (April. 2017)
- ^ http://adage.com/article/media/big-tobacco-spending-ads-e-cigarettes/241993/
- ^ a b "Warning Letters - Omnia E-Liquid 5/1/18" (WebContent). Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ "FTC, FDA Take Action Against Companies Marketing E-liquids That Resemble Children's Juice Boxes, Candies, and Cookies". Federal Trade Commission. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ "FTC, FDA Warn Marketers of E-Liquids That Look Like Kids' Candy". Truth In Advertising. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ Affairs, Office of Regulatory. "2018 Warning Letters" (WebContent). Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ Davis, Ronald M.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Loken, Barbara; Viswanath, K.; Wakefield, Melanie A. (2008). The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use (PDF). National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. p. 684.
- ^ Grandpre, Joseph; Alvaro, Eusebio M.; Burgoon, Michael; Miller, Claude H.; Hall, John R. (2003-07). "Adolescent Reactance and Anti-Smoking Campaigns: A Theoretical Approach". Health Communication. 15 (3): 349–366. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1503_6. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
- ^ a b April 5, Ashley Welch CBS News; 2018; Pm, 5:02. "Facebook is used to promote tobacco, despite policies against it, study finds". Retrieved 2018-05-18.
{{cite web}}
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has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Jeter Hansen, Amy. "Tobacco products promoted on Facebook despite policies". News Center. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^ a b Hansen, Author Amy Jeter (2018-04-05). "Despite policies, tobacco products marketed on Facebook, Stanford researchers find". Scope. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
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- ^ Adwords.google.com. Adwords.google.com.
- ^ ""Smoking revolution": a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites". Am J Prev Med. 46 (4): 395–403. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010. PMC 3989286. PMID 24650842.
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- ^ Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (01): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
- ^ Maloney, Erin K.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2015). "Does Vaping in E-Cigarette Advertisements Affect Tobacco Smoking Urge, Intentions, and Perceptions in Daily, Intermittent, and Former Smokers?". Health Communication. 31: 1–10. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.993496. ISSN 1041-0236. PMID 25758192.
- ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4245608. PMID 25353061.
{{cite journal}}
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Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Zborovskaya2017" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "BrelandSpindle2014" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "PaleyEchalier2016" is not used in the content (see the help page).