Tabiti: Difference between revisions
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'''Tabiti''' is the queen of the gods in [[Scythian religion]]. [[Interpretatio graeca|Equated]] by [[Herodotus]] with [[Hestia]], she is assumed to be a fire and [[solar goddess]]; figurines depicting women sitting in thrones before flames or wielding solar discs seem to be depictions of her.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/34823985/Argimpasa_Scythian_goddess_patroness_of_shamans_a_comparison_of_historical_archaeological_linguistic_and_ethnographic_data]</ref><ref>Takho-Godi, A. A. 1980. Gestiia. In S. A. Tokarev Mif ы narodov mira: Ėntsiklopediia, t 1 . Moskva: Sov. Ėntsiklopediia.</ref> She is strongly associated with the stag, being alone the recipient of deer sacrifices in the Scythian pantheon.<ref>Esther Jacobson, The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief, BRILL, 01/01/1993</ref> |
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#REDIRECT [[Scythian religion]] |
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==Etymology== |
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Tabiti is thought to be a hellenized version of a name similar to [[Hindu]] [[Tapati]] and related verb ''tapayati'' ("burns"/"is hot"), as well as [[Avestan]] ''tapaiti'', [[Latin]] ''tepeo'' and several other Indo-European terms for heat.<ref>West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.</ref><ref>Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379</ref> |
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==Herodotos' ''Histories''== |
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Tabiti is equated by Herodotus with the a goddess more familiar to his Greek audience, [[Hestia]]; other than a brief clarification to state this deity's native Scythian name, Herodotus mostly refers to Tabiti as "Hestia". According to him, she is the queen of the gods, above all other gods, which form two categories beneath her: one composed of [[Papaios]] (equated with [[Zeus]]) and [[Api]] (equated with [[Gaia]]), and another category beneath that one where all other deities fit. Its unclear if Herodotus is ranking these deities in terms of popularity or cosmic/social role, though him referring to "Hestia" as queen of the gods suggests the later. |
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To Tabiti deer sacrifices are reserved. She is associated with oaths; these must be said before her as witness, and should they be broken this results in death. [[Tomyris]] is described swearing by the sun, which reinforces the idea that Tabiti might have a solar character. |
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In [[Idanthyrsus]] speech, he acknowledges only Tabiti and Papaios, the former being the "Scythian queen". |
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==Kurgan figures== |
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Several deity figures made of gold have been found on [[kurgans]]. Some are attributed to Tabiti, depicting women sitting on thrones surrounded by fire or wielding the sun in their hands, sometimes as a mirror. They are rather distinct compared to putative illustrations of [[Argimpasa]] and [[Api]], which have bestial characteristics.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/34823985/Argimpasa_Scythian_goddess_patroness_of_shamans_a_comparison_of_historical_archaeological_linguistic_and_ethnographic_data]</ref><ref>Takho-Godi, A. A. 1980. Gestiia. In S. A. Tokarev Mif ы narodov mira: Ėntsiklopediia, t 1 . Moskva: Sov. Ėntsiklopediia.</ref> |
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==Interpretations== |
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While Tabiti most likely did fulfil hearth goddess duties much as Hestia, a solar character seems particularly evident. Much like the [[Hittite mythology|Hittite]] [[Ishtanu]] she is associated with deer, indicating a role as solar deer goddess.<ref>Esther Jacobson, The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief, BRILL, 01/01/1993</ref> |
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It seems likely that Tabiti/Tapati was the original fire goddess among Indo-Iranians, later replaced by [[Attar]] and [[Agni]]; Hindu Tapati has been essentially demoted to a minor deity, and even in most [[Ossetian mythology]] the male god '''Safa''' rules over the hearth. Still, vestiges of a sun goddess remain in many of these religions: in Hinduism, the sacrificer's wife must tend the fire, in [[Zoroastrianism]] fire gives birth to [[Zoroaster]], and in the [[Nart Sagas]] [[Satanaya]] is associated with the sun.<ref>West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.</ref><ref>Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379</ref> |
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==references== |
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{{reflist}} |
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Revision as of 00:41, 26 October 2018
Tabiti is the queen of the gods in Scythian religion. Equated by Herodotus with Hestia, she is assumed to be a fire and solar goddess; figurines depicting women sitting in thrones before flames or wielding solar discs seem to be depictions of her.[1][2] She is strongly associated with the stag, being alone the recipient of deer sacrifices in the Scythian pantheon.[3]
Etymology
Tabiti is thought to be a hellenized version of a name similar to Hindu Tapati and related verb tapayati ("burns"/"is hot"), as well as Avestan tapaiti, Latin tepeo and several other Indo-European terms for heat.[4][5]
Herodotos' Histories
Tabiti is equated by Herodotus with the a goddess more familiar to his Greek audience, Hestia; other than a brief clarification to state this deity's native Scythian name, Herodotus mostly refers to Tabiti as "Hestia". According to him, she is the queen of the gods, above all other gods, which form two categories beneath her: one composed of Papaios (equated with Zeus) and Api (equated with Gaia), and another category beneath that one where all other deities fit. Its unclear if Herodotus is ranking these deities in terms of popularity or cosmic/social role, though him referring to "Hestia" as queen of the gods suggests the later.
To Tabiti deer sacrifices are reserved. She is associated with oaths; these must be said before her as witness, and should they be broken this results in death. Tomyris is described swearing by the sun, which reinforces the idea that Tabiti might have a solar character.
In Idanthyrsus speech, he acknowledges only Tabiti and Papaios, the former being the "Scythian queen".
Kurgan figures
Several deity figures made of gold have been found on kurgans. Some are attributed to Tabiti, depicting women sitting on thrones surrounded by fire or wielding the sun in their hands, sometimes as a mirror. They are rather distinct compared to putative illustrations of Argimpasa and Api, which have bestial characteristics.[6][7]
Interpretations
While Tabiti most likely did fulfil hearth goddess duties much as Hestia, a solar character seems particularly evident. Much like the Hittite Ishtanu she is associated with deer, indicating a role as solar deer goddess.[8]
It seems likely that Tabiti/Tapati was the original fire goddess among Indo-Iranians, later replaced by Attar and Agni; Hindu Tapati has been essentially demoted to a minor deity, and even in most Ossetian mythology the male god Safa rules over the hearth. Still, vestiges of a sun goddess remain in many of these religions: in Hinduism, the sacrificer's wife must tend the fire, in Zoroastrianism fire gives birth to Zoroaster, and in the Nart Sagas Satanaya is associated with the sun.[9][10]
references
- ^ [1]
- ^ Takho-Godi, A. A. 1980. Gestiia. In S. A. Tokarev Mif ы narodov mira: Ėntsiklopediia, t 1 . Moskva: Sov. Ėntsiklopediia.
- ^ Esther Jacobson, The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief, BRILL, 01/01/1993
- ^ West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379
- ^ [2]
- ^ Takho-Godi, A. A. 1980. Gestiia. In S. A. Tokarev Mif ы narodov mira: Ėntsiklopediia, t 1 . Moskva: Sov. Ėntsiklopediia.
- ^ Esther Jacobson, The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief, BRILL, 01/01/1993
- ^ West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 378–379