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==Background==
==Background==
On the Saffir–Simpson scale, a hurricane reaches Category&nbsp;1 status when it attains [[maximum sustained wind]]s of between {{convert|64|kn|mph km/h m/s|lk=on}} and {{convert|82|kn|mph km/h m/s}}.<ref name="SSHWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/sshws.pdf|title=The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale|first1=Timothy|last1=Schott|first2=Christopher W|last2=Landsea|first3=Gene|last3=Hafale|first4=Jeffrey|last4=Lorens|first5=Arthur|last5=Taylor|first6=Harvey|last6=Thurm|first7=Bill|last7=Ward|first8=Mark|last8=Willis|first9=Walt|last9=Zaleski|date=February 1, 2012|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=[[Miami, Florida]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213223055/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/sshws.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-13|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) takes sustained winds to be the average wind speed measured over the period of one minute at the height of {{convert|10|m|ft}} above the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html|title=TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|first=Christopher W|last=Landsea|date=April 21, 2006|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html|archive-date=2014-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> Should a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane make [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], its strongest winds can cause moderate damage to human infrastructure, especially to older buildings.<ref name="SSHWS"/>
{{expand section|date=January 2019}}

The Northeast Pacific [[tropical cyclone basin]] is defined as the region of the Pacific Ocean north of the [[equator]] and east of the [[International Date Line]]. The Northeast Pacific is further divided into two sub-basins, namely the east and central Pacific. The east Pacific runs east of the [[140th meridian west]], and tropical cyclones occurring there are warned upon by the [[National Hurricane Center]], the current [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] (RSMC) for that area. The central Pacific, running from the 140th meridian west to the International Date Line, currently has the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]] as its RSMC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html|title=TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?|first=Christopher W|last=Landsea|date=June 1, 2018|publisher=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113000158/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html|archive-date=2012-11-13|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> Tropical cyclones are generally much rarer in the central Pacific than in the east Pacific, with an average of just four to five storms forming or moving into the central Pacific compared to around 15 for the east Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=CPHC Climatology|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/climatology.php|publisher=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AsDoYMIJ?url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/climatology.php|archive-date=2012-09-22|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html|date=May 27, 2015|publisher=[[Climate Prediction Center]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gsJts3lk?url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html|archive-date=2009-05-19|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> All tropical cyclones recorded by past and present RSMCs of the Northeast Pacific basin since 1949 are listed in the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT), which is compiled and maintained by the National Hurricane Center.{{Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006}}<ref name="EPAC HURDAT"/>

Before 1970, tropical cyclones within the Northeast Pacific were classified into three categories: tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane; these were assigned intensities of 30&nbsp;mph (45&nbsp;km/h), 50&nbsp;mph (85&nbsp;km/h), and 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) respectively. Exceptions to these rules would be storms that affected humans and as such humans were able to measure or estimate wind speeds or pressure data.{{Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006}}


==Climatology==
==Climatology==

Revision as of 12:05, 24 January 2019

Hurricane Manuel of 2013, the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the Northeastern Pacific

Category 1 is the lowest classification on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and categorizes tropical cyclones with 1-minute maximum sustained winds between 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h; 33 m/s) and 82 knots (94 mph; 152 km/h; 42 m/s). Tropical cyclones that attain such winds and move over land while maintaining those winds are capable of causing minor to moderate damage to human lives and infrastructure. As of 2018, a total of 237 hurricanes have peaked at Category 1 strength within the Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. This does not include storms that also attained Category 2, 3, 4, or 5 status on the scale.

A combination of many factors serve to influence the development of tropical cyclones in the Northeastern Pacific basin. During the winter and early spring months from December to April, a high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High and a low-pressure area known as the Aleutian Low, are present over the Northeastern Pacific, producing strong upper-level winds which inhibit tropical cyclone formation. During the late spring, summer, and autumn months from May to November, these effects are reduced or may even vanish altogether, while sea surface temperatures are warm enough to support the development, perhaps even rapid, of tropical cyclones. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation plays a major role in the strength of trade winds and the sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific. During El Niño events, trade winds are weaker and sea surface temperatures are warmer, allowing for the development of more cyclones as well as more intense hurricanes, while the effects of La Niña are the opposite.

Background

On the Saffir–Simpson scale, a hurricane reaches Category 1 status when it attains maximum sustained winds of between 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h; 33 m/s) and 82 knots (94 mph; 152 km/h; 42 m/s).[1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) takes sustained winds to be the average wind speed measured over the period of one minute at the height of 10 metres (33 ft) above the ground.[2] Should a Category 1 hurricane make landfall, its strongest winds can cause moderate damage to human infrastructure, especially to older buildings.[1]

The Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin is defined as the region of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. The Northeast Pacific is further divided into two sub-basins, namely the east and central Pacific. The east Pacific runs east of the 140th meridian west, and tropical cyclones occurring there are warned upon by the National Hurricane Center, the current Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for that area. The central Pacific, running from the 140th meridian west to the International Date Line, currently has the Central Pacific Hurricane Center as its RSMC.[3] Tropical cyclones are generally much rarer in the central Pacific than in the east Pacific, with an average of just four to five storms forming or moving into the central Pacific compared to around 15 for the east Pacific.[4][5] All tropical cyclones recorded by past and present RSMCs of the Northeast Pacific basin since 1949 are listed in the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT), which is compiled and maintained by the National Hurricane Center.[6][7]

Before 1970, tropical cyclones within the Northeast Pacific were classified into three categories: tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane; these were assigned intensities of 30 mph (45 km/h), 50 mph (85 km/h), and 85 mph (140 km/h) respectively. Exceptions to these rules would be storms that affected humans and as such humans were able to measure or estimate wind speeds or pressure data.[6]

Climatology

Systems

Key
  • † Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 1 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)
  • ‡ Intensified past Category 1 intensity after exiting basin
  • # Storm made landfall, see below for further information
  • § Pressure listed was not at peak intensity[nb 1]

Pre-1949

Name Dates as a
Category 1 hurricane[nb 2] 		Duration
(hours) 		Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)[nb 3] 		Refs
"San Diego" Late September–October, 1858 Un­known 80 mph (130 km/h) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Southern California Un­known Un­known [9]
"Cabo San Lucas" Mid September, 1941 Un­known 85 mph (140 km/h) 1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)§ Baja California Peninsula, California# 15 Un­known [10]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[7]

1949–1969

Name Dates as a
Category 1 hurricane[nb 2] 		Duration
(hours) 		Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)[nb 4] 		Refs
Four [7]
Six [7]
One [7]
Two [7]
Three [7]
Hiki [7]
Six [7]
Seven [7]
Two [7]
Eight [7]
Four [7]
Five [7]
Seven [7]
Three [7]
Four [7]
Three [7]
Four [7]
Nine [7]
Eleven [7]
One [7]
Six [7]
One [7]
Three [7]
Four [7]
Five [7]
Seven [7]
Nine [7]
Ten [7]
Kanoa [7]
Three [7]
Della [7]
Six [7]
Ten [7]
Eleven [7]
Nina [7]
One [7]
Cora [7]
Four [7]
June [7]
Eleven [7]
Ten [7]
Twelve [7]
Celeste [7]
Diana [7]
Estelle [7]
Fernanda [7]
Gwen [7]
Hyacinth [7]
Iva [7]
Tara [7]
Valerie [7]
Hurricane "C" [7]
Doreen [7]
Emily [7]
Florence [7]
Glenda [7]
Mona [7]
Natalie [7]
Emily [7]
Adele [7]
Blanca [7]
Connie [7]
Dolores [7]
Eileen [7]
Francesca [7]
Helga [7]
Carlotta [7]
Jewel [7]
Katrina [7]
Lily [7]
Priscilla [7]
Fernanda [7]
Joanne [7]
Liza [7]
Naomi [7]
Pauline [7]
Rebecca [7]
Bernice [7]
Doreen [7]
Glenda [7]
Jeniffer [7]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[7]

1970–1989

Name Dates as a
Category 1 hurricane[nb 2] 		Duration
(hours) 		Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)[nb 5] 		Refs
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[7]

1990–2009

Name Dates as a
Category 1 hurricane[nb 2] 		Duration
(hours) 		Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)[nb 6] 		Refs
Alma [11]
Boris [12]
Elida [13]
Fausto [14]
Kenna [15]
Lowell [16]
Norbert [17]
Polo [18]
Delores [19]
Enrique [20]
Guillermo [21]
Marty [22]
Javier [23]
Lester # [24]
Paine [25]
Seymour [26]
Adrian [27]
Li [28][29]
Ileana [30]
Cosme [31]
Flossie [32]
Ismael # [33]
Boris # [34]
Hernan # [35]
Dolores [36]
Isis # [37]
Kay [38]
Madeline [39]
Greg # [40]
Hilary [41]
Gilma [42]
Hector [43]
Dalila [44]
Kiko [45]
Narda [46]
Octave [47]
Huko [48]
Linda [49]
Olaf # [50]
Patricia [51]
Celia [52]
Frank [53]
Isis [54]
Adrian May 19, 2005 6 80 mph (130 km/h) 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras # 5 $12 million [55][56][57][58]
Fernanda August 11–14, 2005 72 85 mph (140 km/h) 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) None — — [59]
Max September 20–21, 2005 30 85 mph (140 km/h) 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) None — — [60]
Carlotta July 13–15, 2006 48† 85 mph (140 km/h) 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) None — — [61]
Kristy August 31–September 1, 2006 24 80 mph (130 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) None — — [62]
Cosme July 16, 2007 6 70 mph (120 km/h) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Hawaii — Minimal [63]
Henriette September 4–5, 2007 42 85 mph (140 km/h) 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Northwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula # 11 $25 million [64]
Ivo September 20–21, 2007 42 80 mph (130 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) Baja California Peninsula — — [65]
Boris July 1–2, 2008 36† 80 mph (130 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) None — — [66]
Fausto July 18–21, 2008 78 90 mph (150 km/h) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Clarion Island, Socorro Island — Minimal [67]
Genevieve July 25–26, 2008 18 75 mph (120 km/h) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Hawaii — — [68]
Marie October 3–4, 2008 24 80 mph (130 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) None — — [69]
Andres June 23, 2009 18 80 mph (130 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Honduras 5 $231 thousand [70][71][72]
Linda September 9–10, 2009 30 80 mph (130 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) None — — [73]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[7]

2010–2017

Name Dates as a
Category 1 hurricane[nb 2] 		Duration
(hours) 		Sustained
wind speeds 		Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)[nb 7] 		Refs
Frank August 25–27, 2010 54 90 mph (150 km/h) 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico 6 $8.3 million [74][75][76]
Beatriz June 20–21, 2011 18 90 mph (150 km/h) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico 4 Minimal [77]
Calvin July 8–9, 2011 18 80 mph (130 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) None — — [78]
Greg August 18–19, 2011 36 85 mph (140 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) None — — [79]
Gilma August 8–9, 2012 24 80 mph (120 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) None — — [80]
Ileana August 30–31, 2012 42 85 mph (130 km/h) 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) None — — [81]
Lane September 17–18, 2012 30 85 mph (130 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) None — — [82]
Barbara May 29, 2013 6 80 mph (130 km/h) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) Central America, Southwestern Mexico, Eastern Mexico# 5 $1 million [83]
Cosme June 25–26, 2013 30 85 mph (140 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula 3 Minimal [84][85][86][87]
Dalila July 2–3, 2013 30 80 mph (130 km/h) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico — Minimal [88]
Erick July 6–7, 2013 36 80 mph (130 km/h) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula 2 Moderate [89]
Gil July 31–August 2, 2013 48 85 mph (140 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) None — — [90]
Kiko September 1, 2013 12 75 mph (120 km/h) 989 hPa (29.21 inHg) Baja California Peninsula — — [91]
Manuel September 19, 2013 18 75 mph (120 km/h) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) Mexico, Texas# 123 $4.2 billion [92][93]
Hernan July 27–28, 2014 12 75 mph (120 km/h) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) None — — [94]
Karina August 14–24, 2014 42† 75 mph (120 km/h) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) None — — [95]
Lowell August 21, 2014 12 85 mph (140 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) None — — [96]
Polo September 18, 2014 18 75 mph (120 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula 1 $7.5 million [97][98]
Rachel September 27–29, 2014 36 85 mph (140 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) None — — [99]
Ana October 17–25, 2014 78† 85 mph (140 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Hawaii, Western Canada, Alaskan Panhandle — Minimal [100]
Carlos June 13–17, 2015 72† 90 mph (150 km/h) 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) Southwestern and Western Mexico# — $1 million [101][102]
Loke August 24–25, 2015 24 75 mph (120 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Hawaii — — [103]
Marty September 28–29, 2015 18 80 mph (130 km/h) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Southwestern and Western Mexico — $30 million [104][105]
Frank July 26–27, 2016 18 85 mph (140 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) Baja California Peninsula, Nayarit — — [106]
Newton September 5–7, 2016 42 90 mph (150 km/h) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States# 9 $9.6 million [107][108][109]
Paine September 19–20, 2016 24 90 mph (150 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States — Minimal [110]
Ulika September 28, 2016 12 75 mph (120 km/h) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) None — — [111]
Irwin July 25–26, 2017 36 90 mph (150 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) None — — [112]
Max September 14, 2017 12 90 mph (150 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Southern Mexico# 1 $19.8 million [113]
Norma September 16, 2017 12 75 mph (120 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Baja California Peninsula — — [114]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[7]

Landfalls

Landfalls by month
Month Number of storms
X month
1
Name Year Category 1 Tropical storm Tropical depression Refs
Four 1949 Baja California Sur state (September 11) — — [7]
Two 1951 Guerrero state (June 1) — — [7]
Three 1954 Baja California Sur state (July 17) — — [7]
Six 1955 Jalisco state (October 16) — — [7]
Six 1957 Guerrero state (September 18) — — [7]
Ten 1957 Baja California Sur state (October 4), Sonora state (October 5) — — [7]
Eleven 1958 Baja California Sur state (October 4), Sonora state (October 5) — — [7]
Ten 1959 Baja California Sur state (October 3, October 4) Baja California state (October 5) — [7]
Iva 1961 Guerrero state (June 11) — — [7]
Tara 1961 Guerrero state (November 12) — — [7]
Valerie 1962 Sinaloa state (June 25) — — [7]
Doreen 1962 Sinaloa state (October 4) — — [7]
Emily 1963 Guerrero state (June 30) — — [7]
Mona 1963 Sinaloa state (October 18) — — [7]
Emily 1965 — — Baja California state (September 5) [7]
Adele 1966 Michoacán state (June 24) — — [7]
Helga 1966 — Baja California Sur state (September 15) Sonora state (September 16) [7]
Katrina 1967 Baja California Sur state (August 31) Sinaloa state (September 2) — [7]
Naomi 1968 Sinaloa state (September 13) — — [7]
Pauline 1968 Baja California Sur state (October 2) Sonora state (October 3) — [7]
Jennifer 1969 Sinaloa state (September 13) — — [7]
Lily 1971 Jalisco state (August 31) — — [115]
Annette 1972 — Colima state (June 7) — [116]
Dolores 1974 Guerrero state (June 16) — — [7]
Norma 1974 — Guerrero state (September 10) — [7]
Kathleen 1976 — Baja California Sur state, Baja California state (September 10) — [7]
Doreen 1977 Baja California Sur state (August 15) Baja California Sur state (August 16) — [7]
Aletta 1978 — Guerrero state (May 31) — [7]
Olivia 1978 — Oaxaca state (September 22) — [7]
Otis 1981 — Sinaloa state (October 30) — [7]
Newton 1986 Sonora state (September 23) — — [7]
Cosme 1989 Guerrero state (June 22) — — [117]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Prior to 1988 for the Eastern Pacific and 2001 for the Central Pacific, pressure data was only able from direct measurements by reconnaissance aircraft that penetrated the storm or reports from ships and land-based weather stations, or estimates derived from satellite imagery.[8] Should any reading or estimate be available, the lowest is listed below.
  2. ^ a b c d e Dates are given in Coordinated Universal Time.
  3. ^ All damage values are in USD of their respective years.
  4. ^ All damage values are in USD of their respective years.
  5. ^ All damage values are in USD of their respective years.
  6. ^ All damage values are in USD of their respective years.
  7. ^ All damage values are in USD of their respective years.

References

  1. ^ a b Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher W; Hafale, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thurm, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (February 1, 2012). "The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-13. Retrieved May 24, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Landsea, Christopher W (April 21, 2006). "TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved May 24, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Landsea, Christopher W (June 1, 2018). "TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved July 21, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "CPHC Climatology". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2012-09-22. Retrieved July 21, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved July 21, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ Brown, Gail M; Leftwhich, Preston W Jr; National Hurricane Center (August 1982). A Compilation of Eastern and Central North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Data (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 16). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Chenoweth, Michael; Landsea, Christopher (2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 85 (11): 1689–1697. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1689C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1689.
  10. ^ Hurd, Willis (September 1941). "Weather on the North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
  11. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Alma. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  12. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Boris. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  13. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Elida. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  14. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Fausto. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  15. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Kenna. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  16. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lowell. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  17. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Norbert. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  18. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Polo. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  19. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Delores. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  20. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Enrique. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  21. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  22. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Marty. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  23. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Javier. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  24. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lester. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  25. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Paine. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  26. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Seymour. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
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  50. ^ Lawrence, Miles B. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Olaf (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  51. ^ Pasch, Richard J. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Patricia (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  52. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Celia (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  53. ^ Roberts, LT David P.; Lawrence, Miles B. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frank (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  55. ^ Knabb, Richard A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Adrian (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  61. ^ Franklin, James L. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Carlotta (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  63. ^ Mainelli, Michelle. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Cosme (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  65. ^ Franklin, James L. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ivo (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
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  69. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Marie (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  70. ^ Brown, Daniel P. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Andres (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  71. ^ Staff Writer (June 24, 2009). "Roza primer huracán del año y mueren tres" (in Spanish). Excelsior. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ "Con inversión superior a los 3 mdp, benefician a enramaderos de LC" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Michoacán. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ Berg, Robbie. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Linda (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  74. ^ Avila, Lixion A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frank (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  75. ^ CNN wire staff (2010-08-26). "Hurricane Frank leaves death, destruction behind as it moves off shore". CNN. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2011-07-16. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ Sandra Pacheco (September 14, 2010). "Necesarios más de 100 mdp para atender emergencia: URO" (in Spanish). CNX Oaxaca. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  77. ^ Kimberlain, Todd B. Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  78. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Calvin (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  79. ^ Avila, Lixion A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Greg (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  80. ^ Schauer, Jessica; Berg, Robbie. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gilma (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  81. ^ Stewart, Stacy R.; Bozeman, Monica L. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ileana (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  82. ^ Pasch, Richard J.; Zelinsky, David A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lane (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  83. ^ Brown, Daniel P. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Barbara (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  84. ^ Blake, Eric. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Cosme (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  85. ^ "Cosme se vuelve huracán y afecta a Guerrero". Zocalo Saltillo. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  86. ^ Alfredo Quiles (June 27, 2013). "Aumentan daños en playas de Colima por Cosme". El Universal. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  87. ^ Adriana Covarrubias (June 25, 2013). "Huracán Cosme deja dos muertos en Guerrero". El Universal. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  88. ^ Pasch, Richard J. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dalila (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  89. ^ Avila, Lixion A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Erick (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  90. ^ Beven II, John L.; Houston, Sam. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gil (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  91. ^ Brown, Daniel P. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kiko (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  92. ^ Pasch, Richard J.; Zelinsky, David A. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  93. ^ September 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap (PDF). AON Benfield (Report). AON Benfield. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  94. ^ Berg, Robbie. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hernan (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  95. ^ Brown, Daniel P. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Karina (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  96. ^ Blake, Eric S. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lowell (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
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  98. ^ "Polo deja daños por más de 100 mdp en Guerrero". El Financiero. El Financiero. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  99. ^ Landsea, Christopher W.; Kimberlain, Todd B. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Rachel (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  100. ^ Powell, Jeff. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ana. Central Pacific Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  101. ^ Beven II, John L.; Landsea, Christopher W. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Carlos (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  102. ^ "Tormenta causada por huracán Carlos hundió yate de Jorge Kahwagi en Acapulco". SPDnoticias.com (in Spanish). Mexico City. June 18, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  103. ^ Wroe, Derek. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Loke (PDF). Central Pacific Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
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  109. ^ "'Newton' dejó daños por 700 mdp en BCS". SDP Noticias. SDP Noticias. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
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  117. ^ Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cosme (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
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