Afrika Korps: Difference between revisions
GrahamBould (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
|||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
The ''Afrika Korps'' was formed, on [[February 12]], [[1941]], after the German Armed Forces High Command (''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]]'') had decided to send an [[expeditionary force]] to [[Libya]] to support the Italian army, which had been routed by an [[Allied]] counteroffensive, [[Operation Compass]]. The German expeditionary force, commanded by [[Erwin Rommel]], at first consisted only of the 5th Panzer [[Division]] and various other small units. These elements were organized into the [[German 5th Light Division|5th Light Division]] when they arrived in Africa in February. In the spring the 5th Light Division was joined by the [[German 15th Panzer Division|15th Panzer Division]], though it did not arrive until after Rommel had made a counter-offensive and re-taken most of [[Cyrenaica]] and gone back over to the defensive. At this time the ''Afrika Korps'' consisted of the two divisions plus various smaller supporting units, and was officially subordinated to the Italian chain of command in Africa (though Rommel had conducted his offensive without any authorization). |
The ''Afrika Korps'' was formed, on [[February 12]], [[1941]], after the German Armed Forces High Command (''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]]'') had decided to send an [[expeditionary force]] to [[Libya]] to support the Italian army, which had been routed by an [[Allied]] counteroffensive, [[Operation Compass]]. The German expeditionary force, commanded by [[Erwin Rommel]], at first consisted only of the 5th Panzer [[Division]] and various other small units. These elements were organized into the [[German 5th Light Division|5th Light Division]] when they arrived in Africa in February. In the spring the 5th Light Division was joined by the [[German 15th Panzer Division|15th Panzer Division]], though it did not arrive until after Rommel had made a counter-offensive and re-taken most of [[Cyrenaica]] and gone back over to the defensive. At this time the ''Afrika Korps'' consisted of the two divisions plus various smaller supporting units, and was officially subordinated to the Italian chain of command in Africa (though Rommel had conducted his offensive without any authorization). |
||
[[Image:Rommel in Africa1941.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rommel in Africa - Summer 1941]] |
[[Image:Rommel in Africa1941.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rommel in Africa - Summer 1941.]] |
||
On [[October 1]], [[1941]], the German 5th Light Division was redesignated as the [[German 21st Panzer Division|21st Panzer Division]], still attached to the Afrika Korps. |
On [[October 1]], [[1941]], the German 5th Light Division was redesignated as the [[German 21st Panzer Division|21st Panzer Division]], still attached to the Afrika Korps. |
||
During the summer of 1941 ''OKW'' invested more command structure in Africa by creating a new headquarters called [[German Panzer Group Africa|Panzer Group Africa]] (''Panzergruppe Afrika''). On [[August 15]] Panzer Group Africa was activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps was turned over to [[Ludwig Crüwell]]. The Panzer Group controlled the Afrika Korps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units. (A German "group" was approximately the equivalent of an [[army]] in other militaries, and in fact Panzer Group Africa was redesignated as [[German Panzer Army Africa|Panzer Army Africa]] (''Panzerarmee Afrika'') on [[January 30]] [[1942]].) |
During the summer of 1941 ''OKW'' invested more command structure in Africa by creating a new headquarters called [[German Panzer Group Africa|Panzer Group Africa]] (''Panzergruppe Afrika''). On [[August 15]] Panzer Group Africa was activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps was turned over to [[Ludwig Crüwell]]. The Panzer Group controlled the Afrika Korps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units. (A German "group" was approximately the equivalent of an [[army]] in other militaries, and in fact Panzer Group Africa was redesignated as [[German Panzer Army Africa|Panzer Army Africa]] (''Panzerarmee Afrika'') on [[January 30]], [[1942]].) |
||
After the defeat at [[El Alamein]] and the [[Allied]] invasion in Morocco and Algeria [[Operation Torch]], ''OKW'' once more upgraded its presence in Africa by creating the [[German XC Army Corps|XC Army Corps]] in [[Tunisia]] on [[November 19]] 1942, and then creating a new [[German Fifth Panzer Army|5th Panzer Army]] headquarters there as well on [[December 8]], under the command of |
After the defeat at [[El Alamein]] and the [[Allied]] invasion in Morocco and Algeria [[Operation Torch]], ''OKW'' once more upgraded its presence in Africa by creating the [[German XC Army Corps|XC Army Corps]] in [[Tunisia]] on [[November 19]], 1942, and then creating a new [[German Fifth Panzer Army|5th Panzer Army]] headquarters there as well on [[December 8]], under the command of Colonel-General [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]. |
||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
On [[February 23]] [[1943]] Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) was redesignated as the [[Italian First Army|Italian 1st Army]] and put under the command of an Italian general, while Rommel was placed in command of a new [[Army Group Africa]] (''Heeresgruppe Afrika'') created to control both the Italian 1st Army and the 5th Panzer Army. The remnants of the Afrika Korps and other surviving units of the 1st Italian Army retreated into Tunisia. Command of the Army Group was turned over to von Arnim in March. On [[May 13]] remnants of the Afrika Korps along with all other remaining Axis forces in North Africa surrendered. |
On [[February 23]], [[1943]] Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) was redesignated as the [[Italian First Army|Italian 1st Army]] and put under the command of an Italian general, while Rommel was placed in command of a new [[Army Group Africa]] (''Heeresgruppe Afrika'') created to control both the Italian 1st Army and the 5th Panzer Army. The remnants of the Afrika Korps and other surviving units of the 1st Italian Army retreated into Tunisia. Command of the Army Group was turned over to von Arnim in March. On [[May 13]] remnants of the Afrika Korps along with all other remaining Axis forces in North Africa surrendered. |
||
===Terminological notes=== |
===Terminological notes=== |
||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
Strictly speaking the term ''Afrika Korps'' refers only to the corps headquarters and its attached units, though it is commonly used by amateur writers, the news media and veteran Allied soldiers, as a name for all the German units in North Africa before the retreat to Tunisia. The most notable of those other units were the ''Afrika'' ''zbV'' ("special purpose") Division, which was created as an [[infantry]] division and slowly upgraded to a fully motorized division, and then redesignated as the [[German 90th Light Afrika Division|90th Light ''Afrika'' Division]]; the [[German 164th Light Afrika Division|164th Light ''Afrika'' Division]], also an infantry division; and the ''Ramcke'' parachute brigade (named after its commander). There were also eight Italian divisions under Rommel's command in [[German Panzer Army Afrika|Panzer Army ''Afrika'']], including two armored divisions with very inferior equipment, two motorized divisions, three infantry divisions, and one ''[[Folgore (division)|Folgore]]'' parachute division. The army was supported by a number of smaller units from both the German and Italian armed forces. |
Strictly speaking the term ''Afrika Korps'' refers only to the corps headquarters and its attached units, though it is commonly used by amateur writers, the news media and veteran Allied soldiers, as a name for all the German units in North Africa before the retreat to Tunisia. The most notable of those other units were the ''Afrika'' ''zbV'' ("special purpose") Division, which was created as an [[infantry]] division and slowly upgraded to a fully motorized division, and then redesignated as the [[German 90th Light Afrika Division|90th Light ''Afrika'' Division]]; the [[German 164th Light Afrika Division|164th Light ''Afrika'' Division]], also an infantry division; and the ''Ramcke'' parachute brigade (named after its commander). There were also eight Italian divisions under Rommel's command in [[German Panzer Army Afrika|Panzer Army ''Afrika'']], including two armored divisions with very inferior equipment, two motorized divisions, three infantry divisions, and one ''[[Folgore (division)|Folgore]]'' parachute division. The army was supported by a number of smaller units from both the German and Italian armed forces. |
||
The designation "Light" (German: ''Leichte'') did not refer to a standardized table of organization and equipment (TOE) for the various German divisions that bore that designation. For instance, the 5th Light Division had an organization very similar to the 21st Panzer Division, whereas the |
The designation "Light" (German: ''Leichte'') did not refer to a standardized table of organization and equipment (TOE) for the various German divisions that bore that designation. For instance, the 5th Light Division had an organization very similar to the 21st Panzer Division, whereas the 164th Light ''Afrika'' Division was at first a partially motorized infantry division and never had any tanks at all. Various German divisions in Africa occasionally reorganized or re-equipped without a change of name, or conversely were redesignated with a new name without any substantial reorganization. |
||
164th Light ''Afrika'' Division was at first a partially motorized infantry division and never had any tanks at all. Various German divisions in Africa occasionally reorganized or re-equipped without a change of name, or conversely were redesignated with a new name without any substantial reorganization. |
|||
===Historical postscript=== |
===Historical postscript=== |
||
Revision as of 08:41, 21 December 2006
The German Afrika Korps (German: Deutsches Afrikakorps, DAK ) was the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II. Since there was little turnover in the units attached to the corps, the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units.
Organization
The Afrika Korps was formed, on February 12, 1941, after the German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) had decided to send an expeditionary force to Libya to support the Italian army, which had been routed by an Allied counteroffensive, Operation Compass. The German expeditionary force, commanded by Erwin Rommel, at first consisted only of the 5th Panzer Division and various other small units. These elements were organized into the 5th Light Division when they arrived in Africa in February. In the spring the 5th Light Division was joined by the 15th Panzer Division, though it did not arrive until after Rommel had made a counter-offensive and re-taken most of Cyrenaica and gone back over to the defensive. At this time the Afrika Korps consisted of the two divisions plus various smaller supporting units, and was officially subordinated to the Italian chain of command in Africa (though Rommel had conducted his offensive without any authorization).
On October 1, 1941, the German 5th Light Division was redesignated as the 21st Panzer Division, still attached to the Afrika Korps.
During the summer of 1941 OKW invested more command structure in Africa by creating a new headquarters called Panzer Group Africa (Panzergruppe Afrika). On August 15 Panzer Group Africa was activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps was turned over to Ludwig Crüwell. The Panzer Group controlled the Afrika Korps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units. (A German "group" was approximately the equivalent of an army in other militaries, and in fact Panzer Group Africa was redesignated as Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika) on January 30, 1942.)
After the defeat at El Alamein and the Allied invasion in Morocco and Algeria Operation Torch, OKW once more upgraded its presence in Africa by creating the XC Army Corps in Tunisia on November 19, 1942, and then creating a new 5th Panzer Army headquarters there as well on December 8, under the command of Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim.
On February 23, 1943 Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) was redesignated as the Italian 1st Army and put under the command of an Italian general, while Rommel was placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika) created to control both the Italian 1st Army and the 5th Panzer Army. The remnants of the Afrika Korps and other surviving units of the 1st Italian Army retreated into Tunisia. Command of the Army Group was turned over to von Arnim in March. On May 13 remnants of the Afrika Korps along with all other remaining Axis forces in North Africa surrendered.
Terminological notes
.jpg){kind=link}
Strictly speaking the term Afrika Korps refers only to the corps headquarters and its attached units, though it is commonly used by amateur writers, the news media and veteran Allied soldiers, as a name for all the German units in North Africa before the retreat to Tunisia. The most notable of those other units were the Afrika zbV ("special purpose") Division, which was created as an infantry division and slowly upgraded to a fully motorized division, and then redesignated as the 90th Light Afrika Division; the 164th Light Afrika Division, also an infantry division; and the Ramcke parachute brigade (named after its commander). There were also eight Italian divisions under Rommel's command in Panzer Army Afrika, including two armored divisions with very inferior equipment, two motorized divisions, three infantry divisions, and one Folgore parachute division. The army was supported by a number of smaller units from both the German and Italian armed forces.
The designation "Light" (German: Leichte) did not refer to a standardized table of organization and equipment (TOE) for the various German divisions that bore that designation. For instance, the 5th Light Division had an organization very similar to the 21st Panzer Division, whereas the 164th Light Afrika Division was at first a partially motorized infantry division and never had any tanks at all. Various German divisions in Africa occasionally reorganized or re-equipped without a change of name, or conversely were redesignated with a new name without any substantial reorganization.
Historical postscript
The Axis forces in Africa surrendered on May 12, 1943. However, three of the German divisions that had fought in the Western Desert were reconstituted in Europe. The 15th Panzer Division was reconstituted as the 15th Panzergrenadier Division, the 90th Light Division was reconstituted as the 90th Panzergrenadier Division, and the 21st Panzer Division was reconstituted under its own name
Afrika Korps marching songs
.jpg){kind=link}
- Heiß über Afrikas Boden die Sonne glüht.
- Unsere Panzermotoren singen ihr Lied!
- Deutsche Panzer im Sonnenbrand,
- Stehen zum Kampf gegen Engeland
- Es rasseln die Ketten, es dröhnt der Motor,
- Panzer rollen in Afrika vor.
Translation:
- Hot over African ground, the sun is glowing.
- Our panzer engines sing their song!
- German panzers in the blazing sun,
- As they stand in battle against England.
- The tracks rattle, the engine roars,
- Panzers roll in Africa.
2nd Song: "Unser Rommel" ("Our Rommel"):
- Mit uns im Kampf und im Siege vereint,
- marschieren Italiens Scharen.
- Bis einst die Sonne des Friedens uns scheint,
- und wieder gen Deutschland wir fahren.
- Doch wenn mich die feindliche Kugel fand,
- so lasset mich ruhen im Wüstensand,
- und rühret noch einmal die Trommel,
- Vorwärts, vorwärts, vorwärts mit unserem Rommel.
- Vorwärts mit unserem Rommel.
Translation:
- Together with us in battle and victory,
- the Italians are marching with us.
- Till soon the sun of peace will shine for us,
- and we will return to Germany.
- If an enemy shot hits me,
- let me rest in the desert sand,
- and play the drum again.
- Forwards, forwards with our Rommel,
- Forwards with our Rommel.
See also
- Western Desert Campaign
- North African Campaign
- Panzer
- Panzer Division
- Armored warfare
- Afrika Korps (game)
- Fliegerfuhrer Afrika
- Heer
- Hans von Luck
- Hans-Jürgen von Arnim.
- Eastbourne Redoubt (Home of General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim's Steyr 1500A Afrika Korps Staff Car, which was captured by the Royal Sussex Regiment)
- Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum
-
General Von Arnim's Staff Car at the Eastbourne Redoubt
References
- Cooper, Matthew (1990). The German Army 1933-1945. Scarborough House. Chelsea, MI, USA. ISBN 0-8128-8519-8.
- von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. (1971) [1956]. Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War (First Ballantine Books Edition ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-24440-0.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - Rommel and the Afrika Korps
Further reading
- Editor Major General Alfred Toppe Desert warfare:German experiences in World War II, written with the assistance of nine German commanders who served in North Africa, the manuscript (translated by Mr. H. Heitman) represents a collaborative attempt to determine "as many factors as possible which exerted a determining influence on desert warfare."
- Hans von Lucks memoirs Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck include chapters from his time in North Africa under Rommel