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== Modern history ==
== Modern history ==
Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republican [[decree]] in 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|date=|url=|website=|volume=|page=44|pages=|archive-url=|access-date=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after having [[Denaturalization|denaturalized]] them as [[Arabs]] were encouraged to settle instead, to intensify the [[Arabization]] of the town.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 December 2008|title=Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq’s Disputed Internal Boundaries|work=International Crisis Group|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/194-reviving-un-mediation-iraqs-disputed-internal-boundaries|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.<ref>{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|date=|url=|website=|volume=|pages=46-49|archive-url=|access-date=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>
Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republican [[decree]] in 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|date=|url=|website=|volume=|page=44|pages=|archive-url=|access-date=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after having [[Denaturalization|denaturalized]] them as [[Arabs]] were encouraged to settle instead, to intensify the [[Arabization]] of the town.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 December 2008|title=Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq’s Disputed Internal Boundaries|work=International Crisis Group|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/194-reviving-un-mediation-iraqs-disputed-internal-boundaries|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.<ref>{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|date=|url=|website=|volume=|pages=46-49|archive-url=|access-date=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> However, these figures are all considered highly unreliable due to manipulation and Arabization.


Kurdish rebels [[Peshmerga|(Peshmerga]]) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq|uprisings]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=14-20 March 2016|title=Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû|url=http://www.arsivakurd.org/images/arsiva_kurd/kovar/basnuce/basnuce_094.pdf|journal=BasNûçe|language=ku|volume=|pages=14|issn=2148-5305}}</ref> The town later experienced assaults from the Iraqi-backed [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] which had taken part in the repression of the nationwide uprisings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran: Information on the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI)... |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ac9c2c52.html |publisher=Country of Origin Research and Information (CORI) |accessdate=20 October 2020 |page=11 |date=21 September 2009}}</ref> After the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, [[Kurdistan Region]] pressured Arab settlers in [[Khanaqin]] to settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.<ref name=":3" /> Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016|title=Banished and dispossessed|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/banished_and_disposessed_-_forced_displacement_and_deliberate_destruction_in_northern_iraq.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Amnesty International]]|page=13}}</ref> Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla and [[Khanaqin]] after direct order from Kurdish politician [[Jalal Talabani]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 August 2004|title=Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/08/02/claims-conflict/reversing-ethnic-cleansing-northern-iraq#_ftn86|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>
Kurdish rebels [[Peshmerga|(Peshmerga]]) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq|uprisings]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=14-20 March 2016|title=Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû|url=http://www.arsivakurd.org/images/arsiva_kurd/kovar/basnuce/basnuce_094.pdf|journal=BasNûçe|language=ku|volume=|pages=14|issn=2148-5305}}</ref> The town later experienced assaults from the Iraqi-backed [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] which had taken part in the repression of the nationwide uprisings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran: Information on the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI)... |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ac9c2c52.html |publisher=Country of Origin Research and Information (CORI) |accessdate=20 October 2020 |page=11 |date=21 September 2009}}</ref> After the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, [[Kurdistan Region]] pressured Arab settlers in [[Khanaqin]] to settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.<ref name=":3" /> Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016|title=Banished and dispossessed|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/banished_and_disposessed_-_forced_displacement_and_deliberate_destruction_in_northern_iraq.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Amnesty International]]|page=13}}</ref> Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla and [[Khanaqin]] after direct order from Kurdish politician [[Jalal Talabani]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 August 2004|title=Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/08/02/claims-conflict/reversing-ethnic-cleansing-northern-iraq#_ftn86|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:38, 26 October 2020

Jalawla
Jalawla is located in Iraq
Jalawla
Jalawla
Coordinates: 34°16′19″N 45°10′5″E / 34.27194°N 45.16806°E / 34.27194; 45.16806
Country Iraq (Disputed territories of Northern Iraq)[1]
GovernorateDiyala
DistrictKhanaqin
Population
 (2015)[2]
 • Total30,000

Jalawla (Arabic: جلولاء,[3] Kurdish: Celewla ,گوڵاڵە,[4][5] Turkish: Celavla,[6] also known as Jalula[7]) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. It is located on the Diyala River, 8 km north of Sadiyah.[8] The town is populated by Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens. It experienced significant Arabization during the Saddam era.[9][10] The town had a Kurdish majority prior to the Arabization.[11]

Early history

Jalawla was the center of the Sasanian Šāḏ Qobāḏ Province and the Khurasan Road crossed the town. The Sasanians ultimately lost control over the town after the Battle of Jalula in 637 to Muslim invaders.[7]

Modern history

Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republican decree in 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.[12] In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after having denaturalized them as Arabs were encouraged to settle instead, to intensify the Arabization of the town.[13] Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.[14] However, these figures are all considered highly unreliable due to manipulation and Arabization.

Kurdish rebels (Peshmerga) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during the uprisings.[15] The town later experienced assaults from the Iraqi-backed People's Mujahedin of Iran which had taken part in the repression of the nationwide uprisings.[16] After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Kurdistan Region pressured Arab settlers in Khanaqin to settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.[13] Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.[11] Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla and Khanaqin after direct order from Kurdish politician Jalal Talabani.[17]

ISIS and the aftermath

According to some estimates, 80% of the population was Arab when ISIS entered the town in 2014, while more than 85% of the former Kurdish population lived in IDP camps and nearby towns. From August to November 2014 the city was mostly under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria after having seized the town from Peshmerga in August 2014.[18] On 23 November 2014, the PMF and Peshmerga jointly recaptured the city, under the command of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani.[19] The town was jointly controlled by PMF and Peshmerga until October 2017 when the Peshmerga withdrew from the area.[20] When Jalawla was captured from ISIS, a portion of the Kurdish population returned after encouragement from the federal government,[10] while Peshmerga stated that no member of the Arab Kerwi tribe would be allowed back after having supported ISIS.[21] Nonetheless, the tribe returned after Peshmerga withdrew in October 2017.[22] Moreover, the Arab animosity towards Kurds have made it possible for Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq to recruit a number of local Arabs into its ranks and marginalize the Kurdish population.[23] However, according to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the local Sunni Arab leadership, many locals mainly support them due to fear and the exploitation of the right to return for Arabs.[24]

References

  1. ^ Hanish, Shak (1 March 2010). "The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem". Digest of Middle East Studies. pp. 15–25. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  2. ^ "Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Diyala, April 2015" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  3. ^ "مكتب حقوق الإنسان في يونامي يزور جلولاء في ديالى للوقوف مباشرة على حجم الدمار والجهود المبذولة من أجل المصالحة الدائمة". United Nations in Iraq (in Arabic). 15 November 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "داعش هێرشی کردە سەر گوڵاڵە، ١٢ قوربانی لێکەوتەوە". ROJ News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Celewla- DAIŞê êrîşî artêşa Iraqê kir, kuştî û birîndar hene" (in Kurdish). 24 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  6. ^ "Peşmerge Karatepe, Celavla ve Mendeli'den Çekildi". Türkmeneli Haber. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. ^ a b Klier, Klaus (2008). "Jalula". Iranica Online. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Jalula's Map". Map Landia. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  9. ^ "In Disputed Iraqi Territory, Rebuilding A City Means Doing It Yourself". NPR. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ a b "Lack of services, security hinder return of Diyala IDPs six years after ISIS liberation". Rûdaw. 23 August 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b "Banished and dispossessed" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2016. p. 13. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 44{{citation}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b "Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries". International Crisis Group. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, pp. 46–49{{citation}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû" (PDF). BasNûçe (in Kurdish): 14. 14–20 March 2016. ISSN 2148-5305.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  16. ^ "Iran: Information on the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI)..." Country of Origin Research and Information (CORI). 21 September 2009. p. 11. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  17. ^ "Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq". Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "ISIS drives Kurds out of Jalawla in Iraq". The Daily Star. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ "Quds Force Chief Suleimani Reportedly Helped Peshmerga Defeat IS In Diyala". RFERL. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ "Iraqi forces, Shiite militia control series of Peshmerga-held areas". Rûdaw. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ Knights, Michael; Mello, Alex (2016). "Losing Mosul, Regenerating in Diyala: How the Islamic State Could Exploit Iraq's Sectarian Tinderbox" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 9 (10 ed.): 6.
  22. ^ "Northern Iraq". Department of Justice. p. 73. Retrieved 20 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "Iraq - Security situation" (PDF). EASO: 94. 2019.
  24. ^ Skelton, Mac; Saleem, Zmkan Ali (2019). "Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence" (PDF). Middle East Centre: 14–5.
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