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Phonology

Consonants

The table below shows the 18 consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.

Papuan Malay consonant phonemes^[1]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡ʒ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Fricative	voiceless		s			h
Rhotic			r
Lateral approximant			l
Approximant		w		j

Vowels

There are 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay.^[2]

Papuan Malay vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Vowel allophones

Below are the allophones of Papuan Malay vowels.^[2]

Phoneme	Allophone
/i/	[i], [ɪ], [e]
/u/	[u], [ʊ], [o]
/ɛ/	[ɛ], [ɛ̞], [ə]
/ɔ/	[ɔ], [ɔ̞]
/a/	[a], [ɐ]

Vowels in closed syllables are centralized:

Orthographic	Phonetic	Translation
tinggi	[tɪŋ.gi]	'be high'^[3]

In the closed syllable [tɪŋ], the phoneme /i/ is realized as [ɪ]. In the open syllable [gi], the phoneme is realized as [i].

References

Kluge, Angela (2017). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBN 978-3-944675-86-2.

^ Kluge 2017, p. 66.
^ ^a ^b Kluge 2017, p. 71.
^ Kluge 2017, p. 77.

[FOOTNOTEKluge201766-1] Kluge 2017, p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEKluge201771-2] Kluge 2017, p. 71.

[FOOTNOTEKluge201777-3] Kluge 2017, p. 77.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Userspace draft|date=February 2024}}
 ==Phonology==
+===Consonants===
-There are 18 consonant phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay. The table below shows the consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.
+The table below shows the 18 consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.
 {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
 |-
-|+Papuan Malay consonant phonemes
+|+Papuan Malay consonant phonemes{{sfn|Kluge|2017|p=66}}
 ! colspan=2|
 ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
@@ Line 79: / Line 80: @@
 |
 |}
+===Vowels===
+There are 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay.{{sfn|Kluge|2017|p=71}}
+{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
+|-
+|+Papuan Malay vowel phonemes
+! colspan=1|
+! [[Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[Central vowel|Central]]
+! [[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-
+! rowspan=1| [[Close vowel|Close]]
+| {{IPA link|i}}
+|
+| {{IPA link|u}}
+|-
+! rowspan=1| [[Mid vowel|Open-mid]]
+| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
+|
+| {{IPA link|o|ɔ}}
+|-
+! rowspan=1| [[Open vowel|Open]]
+|
+| {{IPA link|a}}
+|
+|}
+====Vowel allophones====
+Below are the allophones of Papuan Malay vowels.{{sfn|Kluge|2017|p=71}}
+{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
+|-
+! Phoneme
+! Allophone
+|-
+| {{IPA link|i|/i/}}
+| [i], [ɪ], [e]
+|-
+| {{IPA link|u|/u/}}
+| [u], [ʊ], [o]
+|-
+| {{IPA link|ɛ|/ɛ/}}
+| [ɛ], [ɛ̞], [ə]
+|-
+| {{IPA link|ɔ|/ɔ/}}
+| [ɔ], [ɔ̞]
+|-
+| {{IPA link|a|/a/}}
+| [a], [ɐ]
+|}
+Vowels in closed syllables are centralized:
+{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
+|-
+! Orthographic
+! Phonetic
+! Translation
+|-
+| tinggi
+| [tɪŋ.gi]
+| 'be high'{{sfn|Kluge|2017|p=77}}
+|}
+In the closed syllable [tɪŋ], the phoneme /i/ is realized as [ɪ]. In the open syllable [gi], the phoneme is realized as [i].
+==References==
+{{Cite book|last=Kluge|first=Angela|url=http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/78|title=A Grammar of Papuan Malay|date=2017|publisher=Language Science Press|isbn=978-3-944675-86-2|series=Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11|location=Berlin|doi=10.5281/zenodo.376415|doi-access=free}}