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{{Short description|Unsanctioned crusades}} |
{{Short description|Unsanctioned crusades}} |
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{{Campaignbox Crusades}} |
{{Campaignbox Crusades}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''popular crusades''' were several movements "animated by [[crusading]] enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by [[Roman Catholic Church|the Church]]. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the [[Papacy]]. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by [[apostolic legate]]s, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight.<ref name=Dickson2002>Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades and Children's Crusade", in [[André Vauchez]] (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'' (James Clarke & Co., 2002 [online 2005]).</ref> The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian [[Leopold von Ranke]] in the nineteenth century.<ref name="Constable">[[Giles Constable]], [http://templar900.smotj.org/images/historiography/Historiography_of_the_Crusades.pdf "The Historiography of the Crusades"], in [[Angeliki E. Laiou]] and [[Roy Parviz Mottahedeh]] (eds.), ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001).</ref> |
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[[File:Peter the Hermit.jpg|thumb|Miniature of [[Peter the Hermit]] leading the [[People's Crusade]]. From the ''[[Abreujamen de las estorias]]'' (14th century).]] |
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These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King [[Louis IX of France]]. Victories in the [[Smyrniote crusade]] of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.<ref name=Dickson2006>Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia'' (ABC-CLIO, 2006), vol. 3, pp. 975–979. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The '''popular crusades''' were several movements "animated by [[crusading]] enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by [[Roman Catholic Church|the Church]]. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the [[Papacy]]. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by [[apostolic legate]]s, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight.<ref name= |
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==Popular crusades== |
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There were regular outbreaks of popular crusading enthusiasm from 1096 until 1514 and the Hungarian Peasants' Crusade. These [[Popular crusades]] were untypical, and their participants were unconventional crusaders. Historians describe these variously as people's crusades, peasants' crusades, shepherds' crusades, and crusades of the poor. With research into social memory, prophecy, crowd psychology, charismatic leadership, social dislocation, religious enthusiasm, and the place of preaching, processions, and visual culture in conveying religious ideology within medieval society, it is difficult for historians to identify common features. There is evidence of charismatic leadership up to the 14th{{nbsp}}century. [[Eschatology]] can be seen in antisemitic Judaic violence, and after 1250 a sense of election in the involuntary poor. Instead, popular crusades were diverse but shared historical circumstances with official crusades. These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas that non-noble believers were engaged with the great events of Latin Christendom. Focusing on clerics and warrior knights underestimates the movement's significance. Early crusades such as the First, Second and Albigensian included peasants and non-combatants until the high costs of journeying by sea made participation in the Third and Fourth Crusade impossible for the general populace. The 1212 [[Children's Crusade]] was the first popular crusade beginning amongst the preaching for the Albigensian Crusade and parades seeking God's assistance for Iberian crusades. Afterwards, the professional and popular crusades diverged such as in 1309 when the [[Crusade of the Poor]] and one by the Hospitallers occurred almost simultaneously, both responding to Pope Clement V's crusading summons of the previous year. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320 {{lang|la|pastores}} of the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|Second Shepherds' Crusade]] that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. Frequently the language of crusading was used to describe these incidents such as {{lang|la|iter}}, {{lang|la|expeditionis}} and {{lang|la|crucesignatio}}. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or the 1251 [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|First Shepherds' Crusade]] aiming to liberate Louis IX. Those who took part perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross. Victories in the [[Smyrniote crusades]] of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy but also papal approbation. The Hungarian Peasants Crusade began as an official holy war against the Turks but became an uprising against the Hungarian nobility.{{sfn|Dickson|2006|pp=975–979}} |
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== List of popular crusades == |
== List of popular crusades == |
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The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order: |
The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order: |
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* [[People's Crusade]] (1096) |
* [[People's Crusade]] (1096)<ref name=Dickson2002/> |
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* [[Children's Crusade]] (1212) |
* [[Children's Crusade]] (1212)<ref name=Dickson2002/> |
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* [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)]] |
* [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusade]] (1251)<ref name=Dickson2002/> |
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* [[Crusade of the Poor]] (1309) |
* [[Crusade of the Poor]] (1309)<ref name=Dickson2002/> |
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* [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)]] |
* [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|Shepherds' Crusade]] (1320)<ref name=Dickson2002/> |
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* [[Hungarian Peasants' Crusade]] (1514)<ref name=Dickson2006/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Dickson|first=Gary|chapter=Popular Crusades|pages=975–979|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=Alan V.|volume=III:K-P|title=The Crusades: An Encyclopedia|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-862-4}} |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Crusades]] |
[[Category:Crusades]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:01, 6 January 2024
The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight.[1] The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.[2]
These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.[3]
List of popular crusades
[edit]The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order:
- People's Crusade (1096)[1]
- Children's Crusade (1212)[1]
- Shepherds' Crusade (1251)[1]
- Crusade of the Poor (1309)[1]
- Shepherds' Crusade (1320)[1]
- Hungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514)[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades and Children's Crusade", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (James Clarke & Co., 2002 [online 2005]).
- ^ Giles Constable, "The Historiography of the Crusades", in Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001).
- ^ a b Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), vol. 3, pp. 975–979. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4.