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Revision as of 15:26, 11 April 2021

Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed al-Hashimi
الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد الهاشمي
Tomb of Sheikh Ishaaq in Maydh, Sanaag, Somaliland
TitleSheikh
Personal
Born1095
Samarra, Abbasid Caliphate (today Iraq)
Diedmid 12th century
Maydh, modern-day Somaliland
ReligionIslam
Children12
Ahmed (Tolje'lo)
Musa (Je'lo)
Muhammad ('Ibran)
Ibrahim (Sanbuur)
Isma'il (Garhajis)
Muhammad (Arap)
Ayub
Abd al-Rahman (Awal)
Dir'an[1]
Shareef[2]
Mansur[3]
Yusuf[4]
Era12th century
JurisprudenceShafi'i
CreedAsh'ari
Main interest(s)Islamic literature, Islamic philosophy

Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Hashimi, more commonly known as Sheikh Ishaaq or Sheikh Isaaq (Arabic: الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد الهاشمي, romanized: Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Hāshimīy, Somali: Sheekh Isxaaq) was an Arab Islamic scholar and was the forefather and common ancestor of the Somali Isaaq clan-family in the Horn of Africa, who inhabit a wide and densely populated traditional territory.[5][6][7][8][9]

Biography

Sheikh Ishaaq was born in 1095 in Samarra, modern-day Iraq, with a lineage tracing to Prophet Mohammed's daughter Fatimah and cousin Ali. From the line of Hussein, the son of Ali, the Sheikh belonged to the Sharif community, a title conferred to the descendants of Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet.

Due to tensions, instability and civil strife under the then reigning Caliph Al-Mustazhir of the Abbasid Caliphate, he and his family, led by his grandfather Muhammad bin Al-Hussein migrated to Madinah in Hejaz, where he was taught classical Arabic and finished his Islamic studies.[10]

After the death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of travels to study further and preach Islam, passing through modern-day Yemen, Zeila and finally Harar.[11]

He then settled in the coastal of Maydh in the Sanaag region of Somaliland, where he married two women, one of the Magaadle Dir tribe and a Harari woman, with descendants belonging to the Habar Magaadle or Habar Habusheed branches respectively.[12] He sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the clans of the Isaaq clan-family and remained in Maydh until his death.[13][14]

Descendants

Main article: Isaaq
Sultan Abdurahman Deria of the Habr Awal Isaaq in London 1955

In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in the genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-clan of the Dir – the Habr Magaadle. Indeed, most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances hence the matronymic "Habr" which in archaic Somali means "mother".[15] This is illustrated in the following clan structure.[16]

Warriors of the Habr Awal clan

A. Habr Magaadle

  • Ismail (Garhajis)
  • Ayub
  • Muhammad (Arap)
  • Abdirahman (Habr Awal)

B. Habr Habuusheed

  • Ahmed (Tol Je’lo)
  • Muuse (Habr Je'lo)
  • Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
  • Muhammad (‘Ibraan)
Dualeh Abdi of the Musa Abokor Habr Je'lo tribe photographed in 1890

There is clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures that has not changed for a long time. The oldest recorded genealogy of a Somali in Western literature was by Sir Richard Burton in the mid–19th century regarding his Isaaq (Habr Yunis) host and the governor of Zeila, Sharmarke Ali Saleh[17]

The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[18][19]

One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Ahmed (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis).[20]

Legacy

According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from Arabia, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib in Maydh.[21][22] He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland, where he married into the local Magaadle clan.[12]

There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[23] Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955.[24]

Tomb

Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb is in Maydh, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[23] Sheikh Ishaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds).[12] His siyaara or pilgrimage is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the Middle East among Isaaq expatriates.

References

  1. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  2. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  3. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  4. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  5. ^ Ethnic Groups (Map). Somalia Summary Map. Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. Retrieved 2012-07-30. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [1], [2].
  6. ^ "Somalia – The great Somali migrations". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  7. ^ MENAFN. "Somaliland: History of Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Bin Muhammad (AL-HASHIMI)". menafn.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  8. ^ Rima Berns-McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp.27–28
  9. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  10. ^ TARIIKHDA SH ISXAAQ QAYBTA 1AAD Full Barnaamij, retrieved 2021-03-24
  11. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  12. ^ a b c I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42
  13. ^ Adam, Hussein M. (1980). Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979. Halgan.
  14. ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. ISBN 978-1-55022-177-0.
  15. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. ISBN 9783825830847.
  16. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.
  17. ^ Burton. F., Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. p. 18.
  18. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
  19. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  20. ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-55022-177-0. Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .
  21. ^ Rima Berns McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28
  22. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  23. ^ a b Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3 (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
  24. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.
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