Manakin: Difference between revisions
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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Manakins occur from southern [[Mexico]] to northern [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], and southern [[Brazil]], and on [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]] as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests,<ref name=P&S/> and the subtropical [[Andes]].<ref name=HBW>Snow, D. W. (2004). Family Pipridae (Manakins). Pp. 110-169 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds (2004). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-69-5}}</ref> Some highland species have [[altitudinal migration]]s. |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
==Behaviour and ecology== |
Revision as of 23:56, 6 May 2021
Manakins | |
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Male long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Parvorder: | Tyrannida |
Family: | Pipridae Rafinesque, 1815 |
Species | |
Many, see text | |
Manakin range |
The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains some 54 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch mannekijn "little man" (also the source of the different bird name mannikin).[1]
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Behaviour and ecology
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Phylogeny based on a study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and colleagues published in 2020. The genera Chiroxiphia and Neopelma were found to be paraphyletic.[2] |
Feeding
Manakins feed in the understorey on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird[3]) including berries, and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "hawk" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks.[4]
Reproduction
Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia. The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers, which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds.
Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The helmeted manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two eggs, which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.[4]
Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.[4]
Species list
The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[5][6] The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae.[7]
Image | Genus | Living Species |
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Pseudopipra Kirwan et al, 2016 |
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Pipra Linnaeus, 1764 |
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Ceratopipra Bonaparte, 1854 |
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Lepidothrix Bonaparte, 1854 |
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Antilophia L. Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847 |
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Ilicura L. Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Masius Bonaparte, 1850 |
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Corapipo Bonaparte, 1854 |
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Manacus Brisson, 1760 |
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Machaeropterus Hahn, 1819 |
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Xenopipo Cabanis, 1847 |
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Cryptopipo Ohlson et al., 2013 |
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Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, 1859 |
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Heterocercus Strickland, 1850 |
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Neopelma P.L. Sclater, 1861 |
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Tyranneutes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1881 |
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References
- ^ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.
- ^ Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O’Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
HBW
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
P&S
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 66.
- ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 149, 252. hdl:2246/830.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.
Further reading
- Ohlson, J.I.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the manakins (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae), with a new classification and the description of a new genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 796–804. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.024. PMID 23831559.
External links
- "Jungle Dancers", Nature article about manakin behaviour, from the PBS website
- "High-speed videos of two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)", from the Journal of Experimental Biology website
- Videos of Machaeropterus deliciosus making a "tick-tick-ting" sound through wing motion, from the Science website
- Manakin videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- "Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae", from the Ecology Online Sweden website