They shall not pass: Difference between revisions
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==Origin== |
==Origin== |
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[[File:On Ne Passe Pas 1918.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fr|On ne passe pas!}}. 1918 French propaganda poster by {{Interlanguage link multi|Maurice Neumont|fr}} (designed in 1917)]] |
[[File:On Ne Passe Pas 1918.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fr|On ne passe pas!}}. 1918 French propaganda poster by {{Interlanguage link multi|Maurice Neumont|fr}} (designed in 1917). The poster reads: "Twice I have stood and conquered on the Marne. Brother civilian, an underhand 'peace offensive' will attack you in turn; and like me you must stand firm and conquer. Be strong and shrewd. Beware of Boche hypocrisy".<ref>{{cite web | website=Temply University Libraries | url=https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p16002coll9/id/3688/ | accessdate=17 March 2022 | title=Allied Posters of World War I: Par deux fois j'ai tenu et vaincu sur la Marne}}</ref>]] |
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The widespread use of the slogan originates from the 1916 [[Battle of Verdun]] in the [[World War I|First World War]] when [[French Army|French]] General [[Robert Nivelle]] urged his troops not to let the enemy pass.<ref name=DK>{{cite book | title=Battles that Changed History: Epic Conflicts Explored and Explained | date=September 2018 | isbn= 978-0241301937 | publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] | author-link=Tony Robinson | first=Tony | last=Robinson | page=197}}</ref> The simplified slogan of "they shall not pass" appeared on French war propaganda posters, most notably by French artist {{ill|Maurice Neumont|fr}} in the last year of the war after the Allied victory at the [[Second Battle of the Marne]].<ref name=DK/> |
The widespread use of the slogan originates from the 1916 [[Battle of Verdun]] in the [[World War I|First World War]] when [[French Army|French]] General [[Robert Nivelle]] urged his troops not to let the enemy pass.<ref name=DK>{{cite book | title=Battles that Changed History: Epic Conflicts Explored and Explained | date=September 2018 | isbn= 978-0241301937 | publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] | author-link=Tony Robinson | first=Tony | last=Robinson | page=197}}</ref> The simplified slogan of "they shall not pass" appeared on French war propaganda posters, most notably by French artist {{ill|Maurice Neumont|fr}} in the last year of the war after the Allied victory at the [[Second Battle of the Marne]].<ref name=DK/> |
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Revision as of 11:01, 17 March 2022
French card, 1915
"They shall not pass" (French: Ils ne passeront pas; Romanian: Pe aici nu se trece; Spanish: No pasarán) is a slogan, most notably used by France during World War I, to express a determination to defend a position against an enemy.
Origin
The widespread use of the slogan originates from the 1916 Battle of Verdun in the First World War when French General Robert Nivelle urged his troops not to let the enemy pass.[2] The simplified slogan of "they shall not pass" appeared on French war propaganda posters, most notably by French artist Maurice Neumont in the last year of the war after the Allied victory at the Second Battle of the Marne.[2]
Later during the First World War, the slogan was used by Romanian soldiers during the Battle of Mărășești, with the Romanian translation of the phrase being "Pe aici nu se trece", translating as "One does not pass through here".
The slogan was adopted on uniform badges by French units manning the Maginot Line.
Léon Blum, in 1934, used this sentence "ils ne passeront pas!" against the Ligue's demonstration of the 6 February.[3] "Ils" ("they") designated the fascist protesters.
It was also used during the Spanish Civil War, this time at the siege of Madrid by Dolores Ibárruri Gómez, a member of the Communist Party of Spain, in her famous "No pasarán" speech on 18 July 1936.[4] The leader of the Nationalist forces, Generalísimo Francisco Franco, upon gaining Madrid, responded to this slogan by declaring "Hemos pasado" ("We have passed").
"¡No pasarán!" was used by British anti-fascists during the October 1936 Battle of Cable Street, and is still used in this context in some political circles. It was often accompanied by the words nosotros pasaremos (we will pass) to indicate that communists rather than fascists will be the ones to seize state power.[5]
The phrase was brought to the public consciousness again following action in December 1943 by French-Canadian officer Paul Triquet of the Royal 22e Regiment; his action included his use of Nivelle's phrase "to win a key objective at Ortona, Italy, in the face of overwhelming German opposition."[6]
In the 1980s, the phrase ¡No pasarán! was a theme in the civil wars in Central America, particularly in Nicaragua.[7] Nicaragua no pasarán is also the title of a 1984 documentary by David Bradbury about the events in Nicaragua that led to the overthrow of Somoza's dictatorship.[8][9][10]
In popular culture
- The name of the 1975 Romanian film Pe aici nu se trece is based on the Romanian version of the slogan.
- In The Fellowship of the Ring by J. R. R. Tolkien, a veteran of WWI who had fought at the Battle of the Somme, the wizard Gandalf shouts "You cannot pass!" at a Balrog.
- In the 2001 Peter Jackson movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Gandalf warns the Balrog first saying "You cannot pass!", before shouting "You shall not pass!".
- The 2016 WWI first-person shooter video game Battlefield 1 features a downloadable content update titled "They Shall Not Pass".[11][12]
- Author Max Brooks referenced the French phrase in his 2006 book World War Z, with a fictional oral history of a worldwide war between zombies and the living.
- The title of the 2018 Scottish documentary Nae Pasaran, which focuses on Scottish solidarity with Chile during the Pinochet dictatorship, is a play on the phrase using the Scots word nae.
- In the British 1950s to 1970s television sitcom Whack-O!, Chiselbury School for the Sons of Gentlefolk had "They shall not pass" as its school motto.[13]
- The 2019 song Fields Of Verdun, by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton, includes a line which states "... It was said, ‘They shall not pass!’”.
Gallery
-
On ne passe pas! on a French medal commemorating the Battle of Verdun -
Red plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable Street -
Tomb of the unknown soldier at the Mausoleum of Mărășești with the inscription "Pe aci nu se trece - Mărășești 1917"
.jpg)
See also
- Awake iron!
- Molon labe
- Order No. 227 (Stalin's "Not one step back" order)
- Venceremos
- Raised fist
- List of last stands
References
- ^ "Allied Posters of World War I: Par deux fois j'ai tenu et vaincu sur la Marne". Temply University Libraries. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ a b Robinson, Tony (September 2018). Battles that Changed History: Epic Conflicts Explored and Explained. DK. p. 197. ISBN 978-0241301937.
- ^ "1936, le Front Populaire et des lendemains qui chantent". www.franceinter.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- ^ Ibárruri, D.; Ibárruri, I.D.; Partido Comunista de España (1966). They Shall Not Pass: The Autobiography of La Pasionaria. New world paperbacks. International Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7178-0468-9. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ Audrey Gillan (2006-10-02). "Day the East End said No pasaran to Blackshirts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "French Canadian Wins Victoria Cross". Ottawa Citizen. March 6, 1944. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
- ^ Kunzle, David (1995). The Murals of Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979–1992. University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780520081925.
- ^ Kallen, Stuart A. (2009). The Aftermath of the Sandinista Revolution. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 152. ISBN 9780822590910.
- ^ "Nicaragua: No Pasaran". Frontline Films. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ FitzSimons, Trish; Laughren, Pat; Williamson, Dugald (2011). Australian Documentary: History, Practices and Genres. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780521167994.
- ^ "Battlefield 1 Update Notes – They Shall Not Pass Update". Battlefield. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
- ^ "Battlefield 1: They Shall Not Pass guide: trench raider class, new maps, tanks, weapons, release date – everything you need to know". VG247.com. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
- ^ Slide, A (2018) Wake up at the Back There: It's Jimmy Edwards. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. https://books.google.ca/books?id=j8xgDwAAQBAJ