Red-headed woodpecker: Difference between revisions

Red-headed woodpecker
	At a bird feeder in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Picidae
Genus:	Melanerpes
Species:	M. erythrocephalus
Binomial name
	Melanerpes erythrocephalus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Approximate distribution map Breeding Year-round Nonbreeding
Synonyms
	Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758

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The red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) is a mid-sized woodpecker found in temperate North America. Its breeding habitat is open country across southern Canada and the Eastern-central United States. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered species, having been down-listed from near threatened in 2018.^[2]

The red-headed woodpecker should not be confused with the unrelated red-bellied, which is similar-sized but has a vibrant orange-red crown and nape; the red-bellied woodpecker is named for the pale reddish blush of its lower belly and has a distinctly patterned black and white back.

Taxonomy

The English naturalist Mark Catesby described and illustrated the red-headed woodpecker in his book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The Red-headed Wood-pecker" and the Latin Picus capite toto rubro.^[3] In 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition. He included the red-headed woodpecker and coined the binomial name Picus erythrocephalus citing Catesby's book.^[4] The specific epithet combines the Classical Greek ἐρυθρός, eruthros meaning "red" and κεφαλή, kephalos meaning "headed".^[5] The type locality is South Carolina.^[6] The red-headed woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was introduced by the English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1832 specifically to accommodate the red-headed woodpecker.^[7]^[8] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognized.^[8]

Description

Adults are distinctly tri-colored, with a black back and tail, and a red head and neck. Their underparts are mainly white. The wings are black with white secondary remiges. Adult males and females are identical in plumage.^[9] Juveniles have very similar markings, but their heads are completely grey.^[9] While red-bellied woodpeckers have a vibrant orange crown and nape, red-headed woodpeckers are crimson entirely above their shoulders. Red-headed woodpeckers have a dramatically different overall plumage pattern; it is solid black rather than a patterned back.

These are mid-sized woodpeckers. Both sexes measure from 19 to 25 cm (7.5 to 9.8 in) in length, with a wingspan of 42.5 cm (16.7 in).^[10]^[11] They weigh from 56 to 97 g (2.0 to 3.4 oz) with an average of 76 g (2.7 oz).^[12] Each wing measures 12.7–15 cm (5.0–5.9 in), the tail measures 6.6–8.5 cm (2.6–3.3 in), the bill measures 2.1–3 cm (0.83–1.18 in) and the tarsus measures 1.9–2.5 cm (0.75–0.98 in).^[13] The maximum longevity in the wild is 9.9 years.^[12]

They give a tchur-tchur call or drum on their territory.

Behavior

The red-headed woodpecker is omnivorous, eating insects, seeds, fruits, berries, nuts, and occasionally small rodents―even the eggs of other birds.^[9] About two-thirds of its diet consists of plants.^[9] Red-headed woodpeckers keep food caches.^[14] This behavior is only seen in three other species of woodpeckers, the acorn woodpecker, the downy woodpecker, and the red-bellied woodpecker.^[14] They have been known to stuff food in tree cavities, crevices, and under tree bark.^[14] This keeps them well fed throughout the year.^[14]

During the breeding season, a mature male red-headed Woodpecker will establish a territory for himself and begin calling and drumming to attract a mate.^[15] Once the male has paired with a female, the relationship is believed to be mostly monogamous and that they will remain paired for years for every breeding season.^[16]^[14] It is uncertain whether these relationships are truly monogamous as there have been reports of polygyny.^[16] When in an established territory, the parents become very territorial.^[17] They have been known to destroy nests and eggs of other birds in their territory.^[17] Females choose the location of their new nesting cavity, indicating their choice by tapping on a site.^[15] This site could be a natural cavity, the wintering cavity use by the male, a cavity used the season before, a fence post, utility poles, or a dead tree.^[15]^[14] If the chosen site does not already have a nesting cavity, then both parents will drill out the nesting cavity, though the male will do most of the work.^[15]^[16] The chosen locations of these cavities are mostly in dead trees or utility poles between 2.45 and 24.5 m (8.0 and 80.4 ft) above the ground.^[9] In early May, the female lays four to seven white eggs which are incubated for two weeks.^[9] The female incubates the eggs during the day, and the male takes over at night.^[15] After hatching, the young are cared for by both parents.^[15] The young will stay in the nest until they are old enough to fledge, which is usually after 27 to 31 days.^[15] After the first brood leaves the nest, it is possible for the parents to start a second brood while still taking care of the fledglings from the first brood, though the first brood will not need as much care.^[15]^[16] This second brood may be raised in the same nesting cavity as the first, but it is common for the parents to make a fresh new nesting cavity.^[15] The fledglings of red-headed Woodpeckers are known to be fairly proficient flyers once out of the nest, so most are able to feed and care for themselves without too much help from the parents.^[16] Most of the fledglings will disperse on their own within a couple of weeks, but if a fledgling is still in the territory after a few weeks the parents will chase them out to force them to disperse.^[16] Two broods can be raised in a single nesting season.^[9] By late October, northern birds begin to migrate to the southern parts of the range to over-winter. Most will return to their breeding range by late April;^[18]^[19] southern birds are often permanent residents.

Status

The red-headed woodpecker was returned to a designation of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered species in 2018, having been downgraded to near threatened in 2004 after it appeared to have experienced a 65.5% decline in population over 40 years.^[1] From 1966 to 2015 there was a greater than 1.5% annual population decline throughout the Mississippi, Ohio River valleys, and central Florida.^[20] Most of the decline in red-headed Woodpeckers can be attributed to loss of habitat and the competition for nesting cavities with the invasive European starling.^[14]^[21]

Increased habitat management is claimed to have helped in part in stabilizing its numbers, leading to its down-listing.^[2]

The red-headed woodpecker was historically a common species in southern Canada and the east-central United States. Consistent long-term population declines have resulted in red-headed woodpecker's threatened status in Canada and several states in the US. Throughout most of its range, it inhabits areas that have been heavily altered by humans. Factors attributed to the red-headed woodpecker's decline include loss of overall habitat and, within habitats, standing dead wood required for nest sites,^[22] limitations of food supply,^[23] and possible nest-site competition with other cavity nesters such as European starlings or red-bellied woodpeckers.^[24]^[25]

Of the 600 Canadian Important Bird Areas, only seven report the red-headed woodpecker in their area: Cabot Head, Ontario on the Georgian Bay side of the tip of Bruce Peninsula; Carden Plain, Ontario east of Lake Simcoe; Long Point Peninsula and Marshes, Ontario along Lake Erie near London, Ontario; Point Abino, Ontario on Lake Erie near Niagara Falls; Port Franks Forested Dunes, Ontario northeast of Sarnia on Lake Huron; Kinosota/Leifur, Manitoba at the northwest side of Lake Manitoba south of The Narrows and east of Riding Mountain National Park; and along South Saskatchewan River from Empress, Alberta to Lancer Ferry in Saskatchewan.^[26]

Popular culture

In 1996, the United States Postal Service issued a 2-cent postage stamp depicting a perched red-headed Woodpecker.^[27] The stamp was discontinued at some time thereafter, but re-issued in 1999 and remained available for purchase until 2006.^[28]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2018). "Melanerpes erythrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680810A131390783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680810A131390783.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b BirdLife International. "Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback". BirdLife. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 20, Plate 20.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 113.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 158.
^ Swainson, William John (1831). Richardson, John (ed.). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. p. 316. The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Porter, Eloise F.; James F. Parnell; Robert P. Teulings; Ricky Davis (2006). Birds of the Carolinas (Second ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8078-5671-0.
^ Red-headed Woodpecker. All About Birds.
^ Red-headed woodpecker. biokids.umich.edu
^ ^a ^b Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.
^ Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. and Nurney, David (1995) Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Red-headed Woodpecker". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Red-headed Woodpecker". Audubon. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Axley, Elizabeth J. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus (red-headed woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
^ ^a ^b "Creature Feature: The Striking Red-headed Woodpecker". Forest Preserve District of Will County. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
^ Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ "The Red-headed Woodpecker Doesn't Make Sense". Audubon. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
^ Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online, Ithaca.
^ Ontario Partners in Flight. (2008). Ontario Landbird Conservation Plan: Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain, North American Bird Conservation Region 13. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bird Studies Canada, Environmental Canada. Draft Version 2.0.
^ Ingold, D. J. (1989). "Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings". Auk. 106: 209–217.
^ Ingold, D. J. (1994). "Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers". Wilson Bulletin. 106: 227–241.
^ Important Bird Area Canada, Site Catalogue Query
^ America's 1996 Stamps Program (1996): Red-headed Woodpecker. Retrieved 31 January 2006.
^ USA Philatelic (2006). "Red-headed Woodpecker". USA Philatelic. 11 (1): 31.

External links

Red-headed Woodpecker - Melanerpes erythrocephalus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Red-headed Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Red-headed Woodpecker Recovery
Enature.com – Red-headed Woodpecker
A video of the Red Headed Woodpecker - YouTube
"Red-headed Woodpecker media". Internet Bird Collection.
Red-headed Woodpecker photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Melanerpes erythrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680810A131390783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680810A131390783.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[:0-2] BirdLife International. "Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback". BirdLife. Retrieved 2018-11-23.

[3] Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 20, Plate 20.

[4] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 113.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[6] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 158.

[7] Swainson, William John (1831). Richardson, John (ed.). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. p. 316. The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.

[ioc-8] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[BirdsOfCarolinas-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Porter, Eloise F.; James F. Parnell; Robert P. Teulings; Ricky Davis (2006). Birds of the Carolinas (Second ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8078-5671-0.

[10] Red-headed Woodpecker. All About Birds.

[11] Red-headed woodpecker. biokids.umich.edu

[r1-12] Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.

[13] Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. and Nurney, David (1995) Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1

[:4-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Red-headed Woodpecker". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2022-03-02.

[:2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Red-headed Woodpecker". Audubon. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.

[:3-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Axley, Elizabeth J. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus (red-headed woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-03-02.

[:5-17] "Creature Feature: The Striking Red-headed Woodpecker". Forest Preserve District of Will County. Retrieved 2022-03-02.

[henninger1906-18] Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.

[OOS-19] Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.

[20] "Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Retrieved 2019-05-24.

[21] "The Red-headed Woodpecker Doesn't Make Sense". Audubon. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.

[22] Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online, Ithaca.

[23] Ontario Partners in Flight. (2008). Ontario Landbird Conservation Plan: Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain, North American Bird Conservation Region 13. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bird Studies Canada, Environmental Canada. Draft Version 2.0.

[24] Ingold, D. J. (1989). "Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings". Auk. 106: 209–217.

[25] Ingold, D. J. (1994). "Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers". Wilson Bulletin. 106: 227–241.

[26] Important Bird Area Canada, Site Catalogue Query

[ASP-27] America's 1996 Stamps Program (1996): Red-headed Woodpecker. Retrieved 31 January 2006.

[phil-28] USA Philatelic (2006). "Red-headed Woodpecker". USA Philatelic. 11 (1): 31.

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 [[File:Melanerpes erythrocephalus -tree trunk-USA.jpg|thumb|Adult males and females are identical in size and plumage]]
-The '''Red-headed woodpecker''' (''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'') is a mid-sized [[woodpecker]] found in temperate [[North America]]. Its breeding habitat is open country across [[Geography of Canada|southern Canada]] and the [[Eastern United States|Eastern]]-[[central United States]]. It is rated as [[Least-concern species|least concern]] on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)'s [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of Endangered species, having been down-listed from [[near threatened]] in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/red-list-northern-bald-ibis-pink-pigeon-making-comeback|title=Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback|author=BirdLife International|work=BirdLife|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-us}}</ref>
+The '''red-headed woodpecker''' (''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'') is a mid-sized [[woodpecker]] found in temperate [[North America]]. Its breeding habitat is open country across [[Geography of Canada|southern Canada]] and the [[Eastern United States|Eastern]]-[[central United States]]. It is rated as [[Least-concern species|least concern]] on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)'s [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of Endangered species, having been down-listed from [[near threatened]] in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/red-list-northern-bald-ibis-pink-pigeon-making-comeback|title=Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback|author=BirdLife International|work=BirdLife|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-us}}</ref>
-The Red-headed woodpecker should not be confused with the unrelated '''[[red-bellied woodpecker|red-bellied]]''', which is similar-sized but has a vibrant orange-red crown and [[nape]]; the Red-bellied woodpecker is named for the pale reddish blush of its lower belly, and has a distinctly patterned black and white back.
+The red-headed woodpecker should not be confused with the unrelated '''[[red-bellied woodpecker|red-bellied]]''', which is similar-sized but has a vibrant orange-red crown and [[nape]]; the red-bellied woodpecker is named for the pale reddish blush of its lower belly and has a distinctly patterned black and white back.
 ==Taxonomy==
-The English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] described and illustrated the Red-headed woodpecker in his book ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands'' which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The Red-headed Wood-pecker" and the Latin ''Picus capite toto rubro''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Catesby  | first=Mark | author-link=Mark Catesby | year=1729–1732 | title=The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands | volume=1 | place=London | publisher=W. Innys and R. Manby | page=20, Plate 20 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40753176}}</ref> In 1758, the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]]. He included the Red-headed woodpecker, and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Picus erythrocephalus'' citing Catesby's book.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=113 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727018 }}</ref> The specific epithet combines the [[Classical Greek]] ἐρυθρός, ''eruthros'' meaning "red" and κεφαλή, ''kephalos'' meaning "headed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997 | url-access=limited | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997/page/n149 149] }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=158 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477591 }}</ref> The red-headed woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Melanerpes]]'' that was introduced by the English ornithologist [[William John Swainson]] in 1832 specifically to accommodate the red-headed woodpecker.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Swainson | first1=William John | year=1831 | editor1-last=Richardson | editor1-first=John | editor1-link=John Richardson (naturalist) | title=Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds | page=316 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41549731 }} The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Woodpeckers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=27 May 2020 }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognized.<ref name=ioc/>
+The English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] described and illustrated the red-headed woodpecker in his book ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands'' which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The Red-headed Wood-pecker" and the Latin ''Picus capite toto rubro''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Catesby  | first=Mark | author-link=Mark Catesby | year=1729–1732 | title=The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands | volume=1 | place=London | publisher=W. Innys and R. Manby | page=20, Plate 20 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40753176}}</ref> In 1758, the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]]. He included the red-headed woodpecker and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Picus erythrocephalus'' citing Catesby's book.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=113 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727018 }}</ref> The specific epithet combines the [[Classical Greek]] ἐρυθρός, ''eruthros'' meaning "red" and κεφαλή, ''kephalos'' meaning "headed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997 | url-access=limited | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997/page/n149 149] }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=158 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477591 }}</ref> The red-headed woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Melanerpes]]'' that was introduced by the English ornithologist [[William John Swainson]] in 1832 specifically to accommodate the red-headed woodpecker.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Swainson | first1=William John | year=1831 | editor1-last=Richardson | editor1-first=John | editor1-link=John Richardson (naturalist) | title=Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds | page=316 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41549731 }} The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Woodpeckers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=27 May 2020 }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognized.<ref name=ioc/>
 ==Description==
-Adults are distinctly tri-colored, with a black back and tail, and a red head and neck. Their underparts are mainly white. The wings are black with white secondary [[remiges]]. Adult males and females are identical in plumage.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas">{{cite book| last = Porter| first = Eloise F. |author2=James F. Parnell |author3=Robert P. Teulings |author4=Ricky Davis | title = Birds of the Carolinas | edition = Second| publisher = University of North Carolina Press | year = 2006| location = Chapel Hill, NC | pages = 220| isbn =978-0-8078-5671-0 }}</ref> Juveniles have very similar markings, but their heads are completely grey.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> While [[red-bellied woodpecker]]s have a vibrant orange crown and [[nape]], Red-headed woodpeckers are crimson entirely above their shoulders. Red-headed woodpeckers have a dramatically different overall [[plumage]] pattern; it is solid black rather than a patterned back.
+Adults are distinctly tri-colored, with a black back and tail, and a red head and neck. Their underparts are mainly white. The wings are black with white secondary [[remiges]]. Adult males and females are identical in plumage.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas">{{cite book| last = Porter| first = Eloise F. |author2=James F. Parnell |author3=Robert P. Teulings |author4=Ricky Davis | title = Birds of the Carolinas | edition = Second| publisher = University of North Carolina Press | year = 2006| location = Chapel Hill, NC | pages = 220| isbn =978-0-8078-5671-0 }}</ref> Juveniles have very similar markings, but their heads are completely grey.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> While [[red-bellied woodpecker]]s have a vibrant orange crown and [[nape]], red-headed woodpeckers are crimson entirely above their shoulders. Red-headed woodpeckers have a dramatically different overall [[plumage]] pattern; it is solid black rather than a patterned back.
 These are mid-sized woodpeckers. Both sexes measure from {{convert|19|to|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with a wingspan of {{convert|42.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/red-headed_woodpecker/lifehistory/ac Red-headed Woodpecker]. All About Birds.</ref><ref>[http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus/ Red-headed woodpecker]. biokids.umich.edu</ref> They weigh from {{convert|56|to|97|g|oz|abbr=on}} with an average of {{convert|76|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=r1/> Each wing measures {{convert|12.7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the tail measures {{convert|6.6|-|8.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the bill measures {{convert|2.1|-|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the tarsus measures {{convert|1.9|-|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. and Nurney, David (1995) ''Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World'', Houghton Mifflin, {{ISBN|978-0-395-72043-1}}</ref> The maximum longevity in the wild is 9.9 years.<ref name=r1>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wasser | first1 = D. E. | last2 = Sherman | first2 = P. W. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x | title = Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 280 | issue = 2 | pages = 103 | year = 2010 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ==Behavior==
 <!--[[File:Covid Granary.jpg|thumb|left|The the Red-headed woodpecker uses the [[cork oak]]'s soft bark to store acorns]] ***This claim is dubious, as the cork oak is limited to Spain and the Mediterranean coast, while the Red-headed woodpecker is exclusively a bird of eastern and central North America.*** -->
-The Red-headed woodpecker is [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], eating insects, seeds, [[fruit]]s, berries, nuts, and occasionally small [[rodent]]s―even the eggs of other birds.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> About two-thirds of its diet consists of plants.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> Red-headed woodpeckers keep food [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|caches]].<ref name=":4" /> This behavior is only seen in three other [[species]] of woodpeckers, the [[Acorn woodpecker|Acorn Woodpecker]], the [[Downy woodpecker|Downy Woodpecker]], and the [[Red-bellied woodpecker|Red-bellied Woodpecker]].<ref name=":4" /> They have been known to stuff food in tree cavities, crevices, and under tree bark.<ref name=":4" /> This keeps them well fed throughout the year.<ref name=":4" />
+The red-headed woodpecker is [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], eating insects, seeds, [[fruit]]s, berries, nuts, and occasionally small [[rodent]]s―even the eggs of other birds.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> About two-thirds of its diet consists of plants.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas"/> Red-headed woodpeckers keep food [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|caches]].<ref name=":4" /> This behavior is only seen in three other [[species]] of woodpeckers, the [[acorn woodpecker]], the [[downy woodpecker]], and the [[red-bellied woodpecker]].<ref name=":4" /> They have been known to stuff food in tree cavities, crevices, and under tree bark.<ref name=":4" /> This keeps them well fed throughout the year.<ref name=":4" />
-During the breeding season, a mature male Red-headed Woodpecker will establish a [[Territory (animal)|territory]] for himself and begin [[Bird vocalization|calling]] and drumming to attract a mate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-headed-woodpecker |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref> Once the male has paired with a female, the relationship is believed to be mostly [[Monogamy|monogamous]] and that they will remain paired for years for every breeding season.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Axley |first=Elizabeth J. |title=Melanerpes erythrocephalus (red-headed woodpecker) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://abcbirds.org/bird/red-headed-woodpecker/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=American Bird Conservancy |language=en}}</ref> It is uncertain whether these relationships are truly monogamous as there have been reports of [[polygyny]].<ref name=":3" /> When in an established territory, the parents become very territorial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Creature Feature: The Striking Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://reconnectwithnature.org/News-Events/The-Buzz/Red-headed-Woodpecker-Creature-Feature |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Forest Preserve District of Will County |language=en-US}}</ref> They have been known to destroy [[nest]]s and eggs of other birds in their territory.<ref name=":5" /> Females choose the location of their new [[Nest cavity|nesting cavity]], indicating their choice by tapping on a site.<ref name=":2" /> This site could be a natural cavity, the wintering cavity use by the male, a cavity used the season before, a fence post, utility poles, or a dead tree.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> If the chosen site does not already have a nesting cavity, then both parents will drill out the nesting cavity, though the male will do most of the work.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The chosen locations of these cavities are mostly in dead trees or utility poles between {{Convert|2.45|and|24.5|m|ft|abbr = on}} above the ground.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> In early May, the female lays four to seven white eggs which are [[avian incubation|incubated]] for two weeks.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> The female incubates the eggs during the day, and the male takes over at night.<ref name=":2" /> After hatching, the young are cared for by both parents.<ref name=":2" /> The young will stay in the nest until they are old enough to [[fledge]], which is usually after 27 to 31 days.<ref name=":2" /> After the first [[Offspring|brood]] leaves the nest, it is possible for the parents to start a second brood while still taking care of the fledglings from the first brood, though the first brood will not need as much care.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> This second brood may be raised in the same nesting cavity as the first, but it is common for the parents to make a fresh new nesting cavity.<ref name=":2" /> The fledglings of Red-headed Woodpeckers are known to be fairly proficient flyers once out of the nest, so most are able to feed and care for themselves without too much help from the parents.<ref name=":3" /> Most of the fledglings will disperse on their own within a couple of weeks, but if a fledgling is still in the territory after a few weeks the parents will chase them out to force them to disperse.<ref name=":3" />  Two broods can be raised in a single nesting season.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> By late October, northern birds begin to [[bird migration|migrate]] to the southern parts of the range to over-winter. Most will return to their breeding range by late April;<ref name="henninger1906" /><ref name="OOS" /> southern birds are often permanent residents.
+During the breeding season, a mature male red-headed Woodpecker will establish a [[Territory (animal)|territory]] for himself and begin [[Bird vocalization|calling]] and drumming to attract a mate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-headed-woodpecker |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref> Once the male has paired with a female, the relationship is believed to be mostly [[Monogamy|monogamous]] and that they will remain paired for years for every breeding season.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Axley |first=Elizabeth J. |title=Melanerpes erythrocephalus (red-headed woodpecker) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://abcbirds.org/bird/red-headed-woodpecker/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=American Bird Conservancy |language=en}}</ref> It is uncertain whether these relationships are truly monogamous as there have been reports of [[polygyny]].<ref name=":3" /> When in an established territory, the parents become very territorial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Creature Feature: The Striking Red-headed Woodpecker |url=https://reconnectwithnature.org/News-Events/The-Buzz/Red-headed-Woodpecker-Creature-Feature |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Forest Preserve District of Will County |language=en-US}}</ref> They have been known to destroy [[nest]]s and eggs of other birds in their territory.<ref name=":5" /> Females choose the location of their new [[Nest cavity|nesting cavity]], indicating their choice by tapping on a site.<ref name=":2" /> This site could be a natural cavity, the wintering cavity use by the male, a cavity used the season before, a fence post, utility poles, or a dead tree.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> If the chosen site does not already have a nesting cavity, then both parents will drill out the nesting cavity, though the male will do most of the work.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The chosen locations of these cavities are mostly in dead trees or utility poles between {{Convert|2.45|and|24.5|m|ft|abbr = on}} above the ground.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> In early May, the female lays four to seven white eggs which are [[avian incubation|incubated]] for two weeks.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> The female incubates the eggs during the day, and the male takes over at night.<ref name=":2" /> After hatching, the young are cared for by both parents.<ref name=":2" /> The young will stay in the nest until they are old enough to [[fledge]], which is usually after 27 to 31 days.<ref name=":2" /> After the first [[Offspring|brood]] leaves the nest, it is possible for the parents to start a second brood while still taking care of the fledglings from the first brood, though the first brood will not need as much care.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> This second brood may be raised in the same nesting cavity as the first, but it is common for the parents to make a fresh new nesting cavity.<ref name=":2" /> The fledglings of red-headed Woodpeckers are known to be fairly proficient flyers once out of the nest, so most are able to feed and care for themselves without too much help from the parents.<ref name=":3" /> Most of the fledglings will disperse on their own within a couple of weeks, but if a fledgling is still in the territory after a few weeks the parents will chase them out to force them to disperse.<ref name=":3" />  Two broods can be raised in a single nesting season.<ref name="BirdsOfCarolinas" /> By late October, northern birds begin to [[bird migration|migrate]] to the southern parts of the range to over-winter. Most will return to their breeding range by late April;<ref name="henninger1906" /><ref name="OOS" /> southern birds are often permanent residents.
 ==Status==
-The Red-headed woodpecker was returned to a designation of [[least concern]] on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)'s [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of Endangered species in 2018, having been downgraded to [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]] in 2004 after it appeared to have experienced a 65.5% decline in population over 40 years.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> From 1966 to 2015 there was a greater than 1.5% annual population decline throughout the Mississippi, Ohio River valleys, and central Florida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015 |url=https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/tr2015/trend2015_v3.html |website=Patuxent Wildlife Research Center |publisher=USGS |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> Most of the decline in Red-headed Woodpeckers can be attributed to loss of [[habitat]] and the [[Competition (biology)|competition]] for nesting cavities with the [[Invasive species|invasive]] [[Common starling|European starling]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-13 |title=The Red-headed Woodpecker Doesn’t Make Sense |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/the-red-headed-woodpecker-doesnt-make-sense |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref>
+The red-headed woodpecker was returned to a designation of [[least concern]] on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)'s [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of Endangered species in 2018, having been downgraded to [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]] in 2004 after it appeared to have experienced a 65.5% decline in population over 40 years.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> From 1966 to 2015 there was a greater than 1.5% annual population decline throughout the Mississippi, Ohio River valleys, and central Florida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015 |url=https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/tr2015/trend2015_v3.html |website=Patuxent Wildlife Research Center |publisher=USGS |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> Most of the decline in red-headed Woodpeckers can be attributed to loss of [[habitat]] and the [[Competition (biology)|competition]] for nesting cavities with the [[Invasive species|invasive]] [[Common starling|European starling]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-13 |title=The Red-headed Woodpecker Doesn’t Make Sense |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/the-red-headed-woodpecker-doesnt-make-sense |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref>
 <!-- Note that this date period (1966-2015) and its claim (that there was consistent deterioration of species numbers throughout) is inconsistent with the bird being reclassified from near threatened back to least concern in 2018.  Reclassified after just three years of reverse following 40 years of decline?  Something is inconsistent or inaccurate or both here.  Also, the date ranges do not correspond, as the classification downgrade was in 2004 (after "40 years of decline") while the data supporting decline specifies a 40 year-period from 1966 to 2105.-->Increased habitat management is claimed to have helped in part in stabilizing its numbers, leading to its down-listing.<ref name=":0" /><!-- Although cited, this claim is dubious.  The bird's range is extensive and extremely diverse.  No actions specific to preserving habitat for it (by curating dead trees with suitable nesting cavities) could possibly have been taken on a sufficient scale to reverse a 40-year population decline.  Other factors unaddressed in this section had to be responsible for at least its population reversal, if not both its decline and reversal.-->
-The Red-headed woodpecker was historically a common species in southern Canada and the east-central United States. Consistent long-term population declines have resulted in Red-headed woodpecker's threatened status in Canada and several states in the US. Throughout most of its range, it inhabits areas that have been heavily altered by humans. Factors attributed to the Red-headed woodpecker's decline include: loss of overall habitat and, within habitats, standing dead wood required for nest sites,<ref>Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/518/articles/introduction Red-headed Woodpecker (''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'')]. The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online, Ithaca.</ref> limitations of food supply,<ref>Ontario Partners in Flight. (2008). Ontario Landbird Conservation Plan: Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain, North American Bird Conservation Region 13. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bird Studies Canada, Environmental Canada. Draft Version 2.0.</ref> and possible nest-site competition with other cavity nesters such as European starlings or red-bellied woodpeckers.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ingold, D. J.|year= 1989|title= Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings|journal= Auk|volume= 106|pages=209–217|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/24683}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ingold, D. J.|year= 1994|title=Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers|journal= Wilson Bulletin |volume=106|pages=227–241|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/131188}}</ref>
+The red-headed woodpecker was historically a common species in southern Canada and the east-central United States. Consistent long-term population declines have resulted in red-headed woodpecker's threatened status in Canada and several states in the US. Throughout most of its range, it inhabits areas that have been heavily altered by humans. Factors attributed to the red-headed woodpecker's decline include loss of overall habitat and, within habitats, standing dead wood required for nest sites,<ref>Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/518/articles/introduction Red-headed Woodpecker (''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'')]. The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online, Ithaca.</ref> limitations of food supply,<ref>Ontario Partners in Flight. (2008). Ontario Landbird Conservation Plan: Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain, North American Bird Conservation Region 13. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bird Studies Canada, Environmental Canada. Draft Version 2.0.</ref> and possible nest-site competition with other cavity nesters such as European starlings or red-bellied woodpeckers.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ingold, D. J.|year= 1989|title= Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings|journal= Auk|volume= 106|pages=209–217|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/24683}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ingold, D. J.|year= 1994|title=Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers|journal= Wilson Bulletin |volume=106|pages=227–241|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/131188}}</ref>
-Of the 600 Canadian [[Important Bird Area]]s, only seven report the Red-headed woodpecker in their area: Cabot Head, Ontario on the [[Georgian Bay]] side of the tip of [[Bruce Peninsula]]; Carden Plain, Ontario east of [[Lake Simcoe]]; [[Long Point, Ontario|Long Point]] Peninsula and Marshes, Ontario along [[Lake Erie]] near [[London, Ontario]]; Point Abino, Ontario on Lake Erie near [[Niagara Falls]]; Port Franks Forested Dunes, Ontario northeast of [[Sarnia]] on [[Lake Huron]]; Kinosota/Leifur, Manitoba at the northwest side of [[Lake Manitoba]] south of [[The Narrows, Manitoba|The Narrows]] and east of [[Riding Mountain National Park]]; and along [[South Saskatchewan River]] from [[Empress, Alberta]] to [[Lancer Ferry]] in [[Saskatchewan]].<ref>[http://www.ibacanada.com/explore.jsp?lang=EN Important Bird Area Canada, Site Catalogue Query]</ref>
+Of the 600 Canadian [[Important Bird Area]]s, only seven report the red-headed woodpecker in their area: Cabot Head, Ontario on the [[Georgian Bay]] side of the tip of [[Bruce Peninsula]]; Carden Plain, Ontario east of [[Lake Simcoe]]; [[Long Point, Ontario|Long Point]] Peninsula and Marshes, Ontario along [[Lake Erie]] near [[London, Ontario]]; Point Abino, Ontario on Lake Erie near [[Niagara Falls]]; Port Franks Forested Dunes, Ontario northeast of [[Sarnia]] on [[Lake Huron]]; Kinosota/Leifur, Manitoba at the northwest side of [[Lake Manitoba]] south of [[The Narrows, Manitoba|The Narrows]] and east of [[Riding Mountain National Park]]; and along [[South Saskatchewan River]] from [[Empress, Alberta]] to [[Lancer Ferry]] in [[Saskatchewan]].<ref>[http://www.ibacanada.com/explore.jsp?lang=EN Important Bird Area Canada, Site Catalogue Query]</ref>
 ==Popular culture==<!-- If you remove this, then don't forget to remove the references in the reflist -->
-In 1996, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 2-[[Cent (U.S. coin)|cent]] [[postage stamp]] depicting a perched Red-headed Woodpecker.<ref name=ASP/> The stamp was discontinued at some time thereafter, but re-issued in 1999 and remained available for purchase until 2006.<ref name=phil/>
+In 1996, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 2-[[Cent (U.S. coin)|cent]] [[postage stamp]] depicting a perched red-headed Woodpecker.<ref name=ASP/> The stamp was discontinued at some time thereafter, but re-issued in 1999 and remained available for purchase until 2006.<ref name=phil/>
 ==References==