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[[File:Grinspoon Headhshot .jpg|thumb|Steven Grinspoon]]
[[File:Grinspoon Headhshot .jpg|thumb|Steven Grinspoon]]
'''Steven Grinspoon''' (M.D.) is a [[Professor]] of Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]], Chief of the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] (MGH) [[Metabolism of nitric oxide|Metabolism Unit]], and Director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at [[Harvard University|Harvard]]. In addition, he is the MGH Endowed Chair in [[Neuroendocrinology]] and [[Metabolism]]. His work investigates the [[Neuroendocrine cell|neuroendocrine]] regulation of body composition, and [[Physiology|physiologic]] consequences of fat distribution on [[cardiovascular]] disease and inflammation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD|url=https://endocrinenews.endocrine.org/meet-the-2016-laureate-award-winners-steven-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Endocrine News|language=en-US}}</ref> He has investigated the effects of reduced growth hormone on metabolic dysregulation in obesity and was the first to propose the use of a [[Growth hormone–releasing hormone|Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone]] (GHRH) analogue to increase endogenous GH secretion on [[lipodystrophy]] and generalized obesity, which led to the FDA approval of [[Tesamorelin]] for excess visceral fat accumulation in HIV-infected patients.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD|url=https://endocrinenews.endocrine.org/meet-the-2016-laureate-award-winners-steven-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Endocrine News|language=en-US}}</ref> This work has now been extended to show robust effects on [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]] (NAFLD).<ref>{{Cite web|title=New insights into mechanism of therapy to reduce liver fat and prevent fibrosis|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200826140902.htm|access-date=2021-04-05|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> More recently, his research focuses on the inflammatory mechanisms by which ectopic fat and other metabolic perturbations contribute to HIV-Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in this regard, he led the AHA State of the Science Conference on CVD in HIV. Additionally, he is leading the large multicenter REPRIEVE study, the first study of a primary prevention strategy for CVD in HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven K. Grinspoon, MD|url=https://www.reprievetrial.org/our-team/clinical-coordinating-center-ccc/steven-k-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=REPRIEVE Trial|language=en-US}}</ref> He has also investigated increased [[Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system|Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System]] (RAAS) activation and immune activation in relationship to visceral fat accumulation, and the mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose dysfunction involving [[Dicer|DICER]]. Dr. Grinspoon has served on the Harvard faculty since 1995 and has been selected to the [[American Society for Clinical Investigation]] and the [[Association of American Physicians]] for his scientific contributions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven Grinspoon|url=https://hillel.harvard.edu/people/steven-grinspoon|access-date=2021-04-05|website=hillel.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The American Society for Clinical Investigation|url=https://www.the-asci.org/controllers/asci/ListingController.php?action=inst&key=27|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Directory|url=https://aap-online.org/admin/members.php?search=1|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Association of American Physicians}}</ref> He received the American Federation of Medical Research Investigator of the Year Award in 2005 and the Edward H. Ahrens Jr. Award for Patient Oriented Research in 2014 as well as the Endocrine Society Laureate Award for Translational Research in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Federation for Medical Research|url=https://afmr.org/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=American Federation for Medical Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous Translational Science Award Winners|url=https://www.actscience.org/Translational-Science/Schedule/Previous-Translational-Science-Award-Winners|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.actscience.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laureate Awards Winners|url=https://www.endocrine.org/our-community/breakthroughs-and-improving-care/laureate-award-winners|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.endocrine.org|language=en}}</ref> He has published over 330 articles and mentored over 40 trainees in his career. He was elected as a Member of the [[American Clinical and Climatological Association]] for his achievements in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Present Members|journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association|volume=129|pages=xxvi–xxxviii|issn=0065-7778|pmc=6116630}}</ref> His work demonstrating effects of Tesamorelin to reduce hepatic fat and fibrosis progression in NAFLD, published in ''Lancet HIV'', was a finalist for the Clinical Research Forum’s top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards in 2020.<ref>Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Aepfelbacher J, Buckless C, Tsao A, Kellogg A, Branch K, Lee H, Liu CY, Corey KE, Chung RT, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e821-e830. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8. Epub 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31611038; PMCID: PMC6981288.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards|url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.clinicalresearchforum.org/resource/resmgr/docs/top_ten/crforum_486658-20_2020_osg_f.pdf|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Clinical Research Forum}}</ref> In 2015, he became the Principal Investigator of the NIH funded Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership {{!}} Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard|url=https://dev.norch.org/leadership/|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Steven Grinspoon''' (M.D.) is a [[Professor]] of Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]], Chief of the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] (MGH) [[Metabolism of nitric oxide|Metabolism Unit]], and Director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at [[Harvard University|Harvard]]. In addition, he is the MGH Endowed Chair in [[Neuroendocrinology]] and [[Metabolism]]. His work investigates the [[Neuroendocrine cell|neuroendocrine]] regulation of body composition, and [[Physiology|physiologic]] consequences of fat distribution on [[cardiovascular]] disease and inflammation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD|url=https://endocrinenews.endocrine.org/meet-the-2016-laureate-award-winners-steven-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Endocrine News|language=en-US}}</ref> He has investigated the effects of reduced growth hormone on metabolic [[dysregulation]] in [[obesity]] and was the first to propose the use of a [[Growth hormone–releasing hormone|Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone]] (GHRH) analogue to increase [[endogenous]] GH secretion on [[lipodystrophy]] and generalized obesity, which led to the FDA approval of [[Tesamorelin]] for excess visceral fat accumulation in HIV-infected patients.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD|url=https://endocrinenews.endocrine.org/meet-the-2016-laureate-award-winners-steven-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Endocrine News|language=en-US}}</ref> This work has now been extended to show robust effects on [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]] (NAFLD).<ref>{{Cite web|title=New insights into mechanism of therapy to reduce liver fat and prevent fibrosis|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200826140902.htm|access-date=2021-04-05|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> More recently, his research focuses on the inflammatory mechanisms by which ectopic fat and other metabolic perturbations contribute to HIV-Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in this regard, he led the AHA State of the Science Conference on CVD in HIV. Additionally, he is leading the large multicenter REPRIEVE study, the first study of a primary prevention strategy for CVD in HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven K. Grinspoon, MD|url=https://www.reprievetrial.org/our-team/clinical-coordinating-center-ccc/steven-k-grinspoon-md/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=REPRIEVE Trial|language=en-US}}</ref> He has also investigated increased [[Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system|Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System]] (RAAS) activation and immune activation in relationship to visceral fat accumulation, and the mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose dysfunction involving [[Dicer|DICER]]. Dr. Grinspoon has served on the Harvard faculty since 1995 and has been selected to the [[American Society for Clinical Investigation]] and the [[Association of American Physicians]] for his scientific contributions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven Grinspoon|url=https://hillel.harvard.edu/people/steven-grinspoon|access-date=2021-04-05|website=hillel.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The American Society for Clinical Investigation|url=https://www.the-asci.org/controllers/asci/ListingController.php?action=inst&key=27|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Directory|url=https://aap-online.org/admin/members.php?search=1|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Association of American Physicians}}</ref> He received the American Federation of Medical Research Investigator of the Year Award in 2005 and the Edward H. Ahrens Jr. Award for Patient Oriented Research in 2014 as well as the Endocrine Society Laureate Award for Translational Research in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Federation for Medical Research|url=https://afmr.org/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=American Federation for Medical Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous Translational Science Award Winners|url=https://www.actscience.org/Translational-Science/Schedule/Previous-Translational-Science-Award-Winners|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.actscience.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laureate Awards Winners|url=https://www.endocrine.org/our-community/breakthroughs-and-improving-care/laureate-award-winners|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.endocrine.org|language=en}}</ref> He has published over 330 articles and mentored over 40 trainees in his career. He was elected as a Member of the [[American Clinical and Climatological Association]] for his achievements in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Present Members|journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association|volume=129|pages=xxvi–xxxviii|issn=0065-7778|pmc=6116630}}</ref> His work demonstrating effects of Tesamorelin to reduce hepatic fat and fibrosis progression in NAFLD, published in ''Lancet HIV'', was a finalist for the Clinical Research Forum’s top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards in 2020.<ref>Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Aepfelbacher J, Buckless C, Tsao A, Kellogg A, Branch K, Lee H, Liu CY, Corey KE, Chung RT, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e821-e830. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8. Epub 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31611038; PMCID: PMC6981288.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards|url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.clinicalresearchforum.org/resource/resmgr/docs/top_ten/crforum_486658-20_2020_osg_f.pdf|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Clinical Research Forum}}</ref> In 2015, he became the Principal Investigator of the NIH funded Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership {{!}} Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard|url=https://dev.norch.org/leadership/|access-date=2021-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Publications ==
== Publications ==

Revision as of 08:51, 24 August 2022

Steven Grinspoon

Steven Grinspoon (M.D.) is a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chief of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Metabolism Unit, and Director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard. In addition, he is the MGH Endowed Chair in Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism. His work investigates the neuroendocrine regulation of body composition, and physiologic consequences of fat distribution on cardiovascular disease and inflammation.[1] He has investigated the effects of reduced growth hormone on metabolic dysregulation in obesity and was the first to propose the use of a Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH) analogue to increase endogenous GH secretion on lipodystrophy and generalized obesity, which led to the FDA approval of Tesamorelin for excess visceral fat accumulation in HIV-infected patients.[2] This work has now been extended to show robust effects on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).[3] More recently, his research focuses on the inflammatory mechanisms by which ectopic fat and other metabolic perturbations contribute to HIV-Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in this regard, he led the AHA State of the Science Conference on CVD in HIV. Additionally, he is leading the large multicenter REPRIEVE study, the first study of a primary prevention strategy for CVD in HIV.[4] He has also investigated increased Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) activation and immune activation in relationship to visceral fat accumulation, and the mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose dysfunction involving DICER. Dr. Grinspoon has served on the Harvard faculty since 1995 and has been selected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians for his scientific contributions.[5][6][7] He received the American Federation of Medical Research Investigator of the Year Award in 2005 and the Edward H. Ahrens Jr. Award for Patient Oriented Research in 2014 as well as the Endocrine Society Laureate Award for Translational Research in 2016.[8][9][10] He has published over 330 articles and mentored over 40 trainees in his career. He was elected as a Member of the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his achievements in 2017.[11] His work demonstrating effects of Tesamorelin to reduce hepatic fat and fibrosis progression in NAFLD, published in Lancet HIV, was a finalist for the Clinical Research Forum’s top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards in 2020.[12][13] In 2015, he became the Principal Investigator of the NIH funded Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard.[14]

Publications

Grinspoon has published 265 original research articles, and over 50 review papers in his field. He has authored key Chapters in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology and The Oxford textbook of Endocrinology on the endocrine manifestation of HIV/AIDS.[15][16] He has served on the Weight Loss and Wasting Working Group Expert Panel on National HIV/AIDS to develop Nutrition Guidelines for the Department of Health and Human Services and developed guidelines for the Nutritional Assessment of HIV-infected Patients in work commissioned by the NIH and WHO.[17] He has contributed to key guidelines on the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in HIV, Chairing the AHA State of the Science Conference on CVD Risk in HIV in 2008, published in Circulation and the NIH sponsored symposium on the Review and Recognition of Obesity in HIV in 2017, published in Clinical Infectious Diseases.[18] He has also participated in the writing group of guidelines for International AIDS Society-USA Management of Metabolic Complications Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-1 infection.[19] He has served on the Advisory Boards of JCEM, JAIDS AIDS, and Nature Reviews Endocrinology, and the Journal of Clinical Investigation.[citation needed]

Education

Grinspoon graduated Phi Beta Kappa, Magna Cum Laude as a College Scholar from Cornell University in 1983, attended the University of Rochester School of Medicine, graduating in 1988, and was awarded AOA Alumni Award from the medical school in 2006.  He did his Medical residency and Chief Residency at Columbia Presbyterian from 1988 to 1992 and his Endocrinology Fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1992 to 1995.[20]

Research and awards

Dr. Grinspoon’s primary research focus has been to investigate the effects of augmenting endogenous GH pulsatility on visceral fat in lipodystrophic patients with abdominal fat accumulation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This work was initiated by an observation of reduced GH secretion in HIV patients with lipodystrophy. Subsequent studies examined the mechanisms and demonstrated reduced area under the curve per peak, but maintenance of the GH pulse generator in such patients. Reasoning that augmentation of GH pulsatility might reduce visceral fat, because of its potent effects to oxidize adipose tissue, Dr. Grinspoon led a series of studies culminating in a NEJM paper demonstrating that Tesamorelin, a GHRH1-44 secretagogue, reduced visceral fat by 20% and reduced triglyceride, while improving adiponectin.[21] This work led to FDA approval of Tesamorelin as the only such approved drug for HIV lipodystrophy and first in class molecule. Subsequent studies, published in JAMA and Lancet HIV, demonstrated that Tesamorelin significantly reduced hepatic steatosis as well, the first drug to demonstrate a significant effect among patients with HIV lipodystrophy.[22][23][24] Subsequent work demonstrated significant effects to stimulate hepatic oxidative pathways and reduce inflammatory pathways in gene set enrichment studies.[25] Dr. Grinspoon was granted a US Patent entitled “GHRH or Analogues thereof for the Use in Treatment of Hepatic Disease” for this work.[26] Tesamorelin was also investigated in generalized obesity and showed significant effects to reduce cIMT, inflammatory markers, lipids and visceral adiposity.[27]

A second major and related focus of Dr. Grinspoon’s work has been to investigate the mechanisms and strategies for CVD in HIV.  In this regard, he led an AHA sponsored State of the Science Symposium on CVD in HIV. The conclusions from this conference called for a better understanding and treatment strategies of CVD in HIV. This work began with epidemiologic studies demonstrating increased myocardial infarction rates in HIV patients in the JCEM.[28] This data was followed by a series of mechanistic studies demonstrating increased prevalence of plaque, particularly noncalcified, lipid rich, plaque. Dr. Grinspoon used FDG PET to demonstrate for the first time significant arterial inflammation in asymptomatic low traditional risk HIV patients, compared to Framingham risk matched control subjects, as well as non HIV patients with known CVD, published in JAMA.[29] Of note, increased arterial inflammation was most significantly associated with increased markers of immune activation. He also recently proposed the first use of tilmanocept as a CD206 specific imaging agent for arterial inflammation, with significant success in HIV published in JID.[30] This work was followed by studies in HIV patients in which he phenotyped the morphological characteristics of coronary plaque in HIV patients, demonstrating an increased prevalence of high risk plaque with low attenuation and positive remodeling, more vulnerable to rupture.[31] His studies suggested that treatment with a statin might uniquely target both traditional risk factors including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) but also increased immune activation indices driving atypical noncalcified high risk plaque in this population. This work culminated in a recent paper in Lancet HIV, in which he showed for the first time that a statin can significantly reduce high risk plaque volume as well as improve the high-risk morphological features in coronary lesions in HIV.[32] In recognition of this work, he has led the REPRIEVE trial, a global primary prevention study performed in 12 countries, since 2013 and gave the plenary lecture at CROI 2015 on this topic.[33][34]

Finally, Dr. Grinspoon has worked to understand the mechanism, and treatment strategies for metabolic dysregulation in HIV, and was among the first to assess metformin and rosiglitazone to reverse insulin resistance and increase adipogenesis in this population. He also recognized reduced DICER as a factor that may contribute to dysfunctional adipose tissue in HIV.[35][36][37]

Awards

Grinspoon was elected to the Honor Society for Humanism in Medicine for the Arnold P. Gold Foundation in 2004.[38] He received the Outstanding Investigator Award from the American Federation for Medical Research in 2005 and was honored with the Pfizer Visiting Professorship at UC Davis in 2004, the Frank H. Tyler Honorary Endowed Lectureship at the University of Utah in 2008, the Dorothy M. Kahkonen Lectureship at the Henry Ford Health System in 2009, the Johnson Maguire Visiting Professorship at the University of Cincinnati in 2015 and the Michael O. Thorner Distinguished Lectureship in Endocrinology from the University of Virginia in 2019.[39]

Key discoveries

  • Efficacy of Tesamorelin to reduce visceral adiposity 2007 (NEJM)[40]
  • Efficacy of Tesamorelin to reduce liver fat 2014 (JAMA)[41]
  • Efficacy of Tesamorelin to prevent liver fibrosis progression in 2019 (Lancet HIV)[42]
  • Demonstration of Tesamorelin effects on key hepatic metabolic pathways in 2020 (JCI Insight)[43]
  • Demonstration of increased arterial inflammation in HIV in 2012 (JAMA)[44]

Board memberships

  • Arnold Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine (2002-2004)
  • Massachusetts General Hospital Executive Committee on Research (2016-2018)
  • Harvard Hillel (2019-Present)
  • American Jewish Committee New England (2020-Present)
  • University of Rochester (2021-Present)[45]

References

  1. ^ "Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD". Endocrine News. 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  2. ^ "Meet the 2016 Laureate Award Winners: Steven Grinspoon, MD". Endocrine News. 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  3. ^ "New insights into mechanism of therapy to reduce liver fat and prevent fibrosis". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  4. ^ "Steven K. Grinspoon, MD". REPRIEVE Trial. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  5. ^ "Steven Grinspoon". hillel.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  6. ^ "The American Society for Clinical Investigation". Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  7. ^ "Member Directory". Association of American Physicians. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  8. ^ "American Federation for Medical Research". American Federation for Medical Research. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  9. ^ "Previous Translational Science Award Winners". www.actscience.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  10. ^ "Laureate Awards Winners". www.endocrine.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  11. ^ "Present Members". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 129: xxvi–xxxviii. 2018. ISSN 0065-7778. PMC 6116630.
  12. ^ Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Aepfelbacher J, Buckless C, Tsao A, Kellogg A, Branch K, Lee H, Liu CY, Corey KE, Chung RT, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e821-e830. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8. Epub 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31611038; PMCID: PMC6981288.
  13. ^ "Top 10 Clinical Research Achievement Awards" (PDF). Clinical Research Forum. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Leadership | Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard". Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  15. ^ Achermann, John C.; et al. (2016-01-01). "Contributors". Williams Textbook of Endocrinology: v–xiv. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-29738-7.00047-2. ISBN 9780323297387.
  16. ^ Wass, John A. H.; Stewart, Paul M. (2011-07-28). Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-923529-2.
  17. ^ "Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  18. ^ Lake JE, Stanley TL, Apovian CM, Bhasin S, Brown TT, Capeau J, Currier JS, Dube MP, Falutz J, Grinspoon SK, Guaraldi G, Martinez E, McComsey GA, Sattler FR, Erlandson KM. Practical Review of Recognition and Management of Obesity and Lipohypertrophy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 15;64(10):1422-1429. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix178. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 15;65(8):1431-1433. PMID: 28329372; PMCID: PMC5411395.
  19. ^ Schambelan M, Benson CA, Carr A, Currier JS, Dubé MP, Gerber JG, Grinspoon SK, Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Mulligan K, Powderly WG, Saag MS; International AIDS Society-USA. Management of metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Nov 1;31(3):257-75. doi: 10.1097/00126334-200211010-00001. PMID: 12439201.
  20. ^ "Steven Grinspoon, MD - Neuroendocrinology". Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  21. ^ Falutz, Julian; Allas, Soraya; Blot, Koenraad; Potvin, Diane; Kotler, Donald; Somero, Michael; Berger, Daniel; Brown, Stephen; Richmond, Gary; Fessel, Jeffrey; Turner, Ralph (2007-12-06). "Metabolic Effects of a Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor in Patients with HIV". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (23): 2359–2370. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072375. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 18057338.
  22. ^ Lo J, You SM, Canavan B, Liebau J, Beltrani G, Koutkia P, Hemphill L, Lee H, Grinspoon S. Low-dose physiological growth hormone in patients with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Aug 6;300(5):509-19. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.5.509. PMID: 18677023; PMCID: PMC2532757.
  23. ^ Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul 23-30;312(4):380-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8334. PMID: 25038357; PMCID: PMC4363137.
  24. ^ Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Aepfelbacher J, Buckless C, Tsao A, Kellogg A, Branch K, Lee H, Liu CY, Corey KE, Chung RT, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e821-e830. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8. Epub 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31611038; PMCID: PMC6981288.
  25. ^ Fourman LT, Billingsley JM, Agyapong G, Ho Sui SJ, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Corey KE, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Stanley TL, Chung RT, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD. JCI Insight. 2020 Aug 20;5(16):e140134. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.140134. PMID: 32701508; PMCID: PMC7455119.
  26. ^ US 10946073, Grinspoon, Steven K., "GHRH or analogues thereof for use in treatment of hepatic disease", published 2021-03-16, assigned to Massachusetts General Hospital 
  27. ^ Makimura H, Feldpausch MN, Rope AM, Hemphill LC, Torriani M, Lee H, Grinspoon SK. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in obese subjects with reduced growth hormone secretion: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4769-79. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-2794. Epub 2012 Sep 26. PMID: 23015655; PMCID: PMC3513535.
  28. ^ Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2506-12. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2190. Epub 2007 Apr 24. PMID: 17456578; PMCID: PMC2763385.
  29. ^ Subramanian, Sharath; Tawakol, Ahmed; Burdo, Tricia H.; Abbara, Suhny; Wei, Jeffrey; Vijayakumar, Jayanthi; Corsini, Erin; Abdelbaky, Amr; Zanni, Markella V.; Hoffmann, Udo; Williams, Kenneth C. (2012-07-25). "Arterial Inflammation in Patients With HIV". JAMA. 308 (4): 379–386. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6698. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 3724172. PMID 22820791.
  30. ^ Zanni MV, Toribio M, Wilks MQ, Lu MT, Burdo TH, Walker J, Autissier P, Foldyna B, Stone L, Martin A, Cope F, Abbruzzese B, Brady T, Hoffmann U, Williams KC, El-Fakhri G, Grinspoon SK. Application of a Novel CD206+ Macrophage-Specific Arterial Imaging Strategy in HIV-Infected Individuals. J Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 15;215(8):1264-1269. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix095. PMID: 28204544; PMCID: PMC5853590.
  31. ^ Zanni MV, Abbara S, Lo J, Wai B, Hark D, Marmarelis E, Grinspoon SK. Increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by coronary computed tomography angiography in HIV-infected men. AIDS. 2013 May 15;27(8):1263-72. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835eca9b. PMID: 23324657; PMCID: PMC3740057.
  32. ^ Lo J, Lu MT, Ihenachor EJ, Wei J, Looby SE, Fitch KV, Oh J, Zimmerman CO, Hwang J, Abbara S, Plutzky J, Robbins G, Tawakol A, Hoffmann U, Grinspoon SK. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015 Feb;2(2):e52-63. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(14)00032-0. Epub 2015 Jan 9. PMID: 26424461; PMCID: PMC4820828.
  33. ^ "Steven K. Grinspoon, MD". REPRIEVE Trial. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  34. ^ "Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: An Emerging Paradigm and Call to Action". CROI Conference. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  35. ^ Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul 23-30;312(4):380-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8334. PMID: 25038357; PMCID: PMC4363137.
  36. ^ Hadigan, Colleen; Yawetz, Sigal; Thomas, Abraham; Havers, Fiona; Sax, Paul E.; Grinspoon, Steven (2004-05-18). "Metabolic Effects of Rosiglitazone in HIV Lipodystrophy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 140 (10): 786–794. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00008. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 15148065. S2CID 53089714.
  37. ^ Torriani M, Srinivasa S, Fitch KV, Thomou T, Wong K, Petrow E, Kahn CR, Cypess AM, Grinspoon SK. Dysfunctional Subcutaneous Fat With Reduced Dicer and Brown Adipose Tissue Gene Expression in HIV-Infected Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Mar;101(3):1225-34. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3993. Epub 2016 Jan 12. PMID: 26756119; PMCID: PMC4803164.
  38. ^ "The Arnold P. Gold Foundation: Details for Individual Member". ghhs.z2systems.com. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  39. ^ "American Federation for Medical Research". American Federation for Medical Research. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  40. ^ Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, Potvin D, Kotler D, Somero M, Berger D, Brown S, Richmond G, Fessel J, Turner R, Grinspoon S. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 6;357(23):2359-70. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072375. PMID: 18057338.
  41. ^ Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul 23-30;312(4):380-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8334. PMID: 25038357; PMCID: PMC4363137.
  42. ^ Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Aepfelbacher J, Buckless C, Tsao A, Kellogg A, Branch K, Lee H, Liu CY, Corey KE, Chung RT, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019 Dec;6(12):e821-e830. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8. Epub 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31611038; PMCID: PMC6981288.
  43. ^ Fourman LT, Billingsley JM, Agyapong G, Ho Sui SJ, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Corey KE, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Stanley TL, Chung RT, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD. JCI Insight. 2020 Aug 20;5(16):e140134. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.140134. PMID: 32701508; PMCID: PMC7455119.
  44. ^ Subramanian S, Tawakol A, Burdo TH, Abbara S, Wei J, Vijayakumar J, Corsini E, Abdelbaky A, Zanni MV, Hoffmann U, Williams KC, Lo J, Grinspoon SK. Arterial inflammation in patients with HIV. JAMA. 2012 Jul 25;308(4):379-86. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.6698. PMID: 22820791; PMCID: PMC3724172.
  45. ^ "University of Rochester Trustees". University of Rochester. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
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