Vitandus and toleratus: Difference between revisions
simplify language. If you say "formerly", you don't need to say that they aren't used any more. |
Manannan67 (talk | contribs) exp |
||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
According to the 1917 code ([[Canon (canon law)|canon]] 809), public [[Mass in the Catholic Church|masses]] could not be held for either ''vitandi'' or ''tolerati''. "[[Private Mass|Private Masses]] could be applied for tolerated excommunicates (''excommunicati tolerati''), which included baptized non-Catholics, but for the excommunicates who must be avoided (''excommunicati vitandi''), a private Mass could be applied only for their [[Religious conversion|conversion]] (''CIC'' 2262, §2, 2°). A 'private Mass' excluded any publicizing of the name of the person for whom the Mass was being applied. A 1976 [[Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] decree derogated from the 1917 code to permit public Masses to be applied for deceased non-Catholic Christians when their families, friends, or subjects expressly request it and the ordinary judges that [[scandal]] is absent".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huels |first=John M. |url= |title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law |date=2000 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4 |editor-last=Beal |editor-first=John P. |edition= |location=New York |pages=1098 |chapter=TITLE III: THE MOST HOLY EUCHARIST |oclc=52708639 |editor-last2=Coriden |editor-first2=James A. |editor-last3=Green |editor-first3=Thomas J.}}</ref> |
According to the 1917 code ([[Canon (canon law)|canon]] 809), public [[Mass in the Catholic Church|masses]] could not be held for either ''vitandi'' or ''tolerati''. "[[Private Mass|Private Masses]] could be applied for tolerated excommunicates (''excommunicati tolerati''), which included baptized non-Catholics, but for the excommunicates who must be avoided (''excommunicati vitandi''), a private Mass could be applied only for their [[Religious conversion|conversion]] (''CIC'' 2262, §2, 2°). A 'private Mass' excluded any publicizing of the name of the person for whom the Mass was being applied. A 1976 [[Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] decree derogated from the 1917 code to permit public Masses to be applied for deceased non-Catholic Christians when their families, friends, or subjects expressly request it and the ordinary judges that [[scandal]] is absent".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huels |first=John M. |url= |title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law |date=2000 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4 |editor-last=Beal |editor-first=John P. |edition= |location=New York |pages=1098 |chapter=TITLE III: THE MOST HOLY EUCHARIST |oclc=52708639 |editor-last2=Coriden |editor-first2=James A. |editor-last3=Green |editor-first3=Thomas J.}}</ref> |
||
In 1930, there were only five living who received the status of ''vitandus''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1930-12-12 |title=Heretical Priest Placed under Ban |pages=22 |work=New Britain herald. [microfilm reel], Second Section, Image 22 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014519/1930-12-12/ed-1/seq-22/ |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref> |
In 1908 [[Alfred Loisy]], [[Ernesto Buonaiuti]] (1925), [[Joseph Turmel]] (1930), and other [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|Modernists]] were declared ''vitandi''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fIlnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Alfred+Loisy+excommunication+vitandus&source=bl&ots=LOdpj5S_QL&sig=ACfU3U397vlJcsP5lLpgYnizyliKcl5_gg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4krOo6fr8AhV2kYkEHaTtBLE4FBDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=Alfred%20Loisy%20excommunication%20vitandus&f=false Lannoy, Annelies. ''Alfred Loisy and the Making of History of Religions'', Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2020, p. 75, n.1] {{ISBN|9783110584356}}</ref> In 1930, there were only five living who received the status of ''vitandus''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1930-12-12 |title=Heretical Priest Placed under Ban |pages=22 |work=New Britain herald. [microfilm reel], Second Section, Image 22 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014519/1930-12-12/ed-1/seq-22/ |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref> |
||
This distinction between ''vitandus'' and ''toleratus'' "was still found in [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]] as late as the early 20th century, but it has been dropped from current law as being unworkable given the way [[Modernity|modern]] societies are set up".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Edward N. |url= |title=Excommunication and the Catholic Church: Straight Answers to Tough Questions |date=2006 |publisher=Ascension Press |isbn=1-932645-45-4 |location=West Chester, Pa. |chapter=Questions & Answers – 28. |oclc=122349065 |author-link=Edward N. Peters}}</ref> |
This distinction between ''vitandus'' and ''toleratus'' "was still found in [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]] as late as the early 20th century, but it has been dropped from current law as being unworkable given the way [[Modernity|modern]] societies are set up".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Edward N. |url= |title=Excommunication and the Catholic Church: Straight Answers to Tough Questions |date=2006 |publisher=Ascension Press |isbn=1-932645-45-4 |location=West Chester, Pa. |chapter=Questions & Answers – 28. |oclc=122349065 |author-link=Edward N. Peters}}</ref> |
||
Revision as of 03:00, 4 February 2023
 |
| Part of a series on the |
| Canon law of the Catholic Church |
|---|
 Catholicism portal |
Vitandus and toleratus are former categories of excommunicant from the Catholic Church.
A vitandus (Latin for "(one) to be avoided"; plural: vitandi) is someone affected by a rare and grave form of excommunication, in which the Catholic Church ordered, as a remedial measure, that the faithful were not to associate with an excommunicated individual in any way "except in the case of husband and wife, parents, children, servants, subjects", and in general unless there was some reasonable excusing cause.[1] It thus imposed a form of shunning, somewhat similar to Jewish practise of cherem.
A toleratus (Latin for "tolerated"; plural: tolerati) is someone excommunicated but that law does not obliges the faithful to abstain from intercourse with, even in religious matters.[2]
Origin
The distinction between a vitandus ("to be avoided") and a toleratus ("tolerated") excommunicate was introduced by Pope Martin V in 1418 in his apostolic constitution Ad evitanda scandala.[2][3]
History
The 1917 Code included this distinction. It imposed automatically (as a latae sententiae) the status of vitandus to anyone who committed physical violence on the Pope himself,[4] and states that with that exception "nobody is a vitandus excommunicate unless the Apostolic See has excommunicated him by name and has proclaimed the excommunication publicly and in the decree has stated expressly that he must be avoided".[5][6]
According to the 1917 code (canon 809), public masses could not be held for either vitandi or tolerati. "Private Masses could be applied for tolerated excommunicates (excommunicati tolerati), which included baptized non-Catholics, but for the excommunicates who must be avoided (excommunicati vitandi), a private Mass could be applied only for their conversion (CIC 2262, §2, 2°). A 'private Mass' excluded any publicizing of the name of the person for whom the Mass was being applied. A 1976 Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith decree derogated from the 1917 code to permit public Masses to be applied for deceased non-Catholic Christians when their families, friends, or subjects expressly request it and the ordinary judges that scandal is absent".[7]
In 1908 Alfred Loisy, Ernesto Buonaiuti (1925), Joseph Turmel (1930), and other Modernists were declared vitandi.[8] In 1930, there were only five living who received the status of vitandus.[9]
This distinction between vitandus and toleratus "was still found in canon law as late as the early 20th century, but it has been dropped from current law as being unworkable given the way modern societies are set up".[10]
See also
References
- ^ "Dictionary : VITANDUS". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
- ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Hyland, Francis Edward (1928). Excommunication: its nature, historical development and effects. Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America. p. 40.
- ^ Canon 2343 §1 1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
- ^ Canon 2258 §2 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
- ^ Connell, F. J. (27 February 1953). "What Is Meant by 'Excommunication'? Theologian Explains Discipline of Church". The Catholic Standard and Times. Vol. 58. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-02-03 – via Catholic Research Resources Alliance.
- ^ Huels, John M. (2000). "TITLE III: THE MOST HOLY EUCHARIST". In Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J. (eds.). New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law. New York: Paulist Press. p. 1098. ISBN 978-0-8091-4066-4. OCLC 52708639.
- ^ Lannoy, Annelies. Alfred Loisy and the Making of History of Religions, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2020, p. 75, n.1 ISBN 9783110584356
- ^ "Heretical Priest Placed under Ban". New Britain herald. [microfilm reel], Second Section, Image 22. 1930-12-12. p. 22. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
- ^ Peters, Edward N. (2006). "Questions & Answers – 28.". Excommunication and the Catholic Church: Straight Answers to Tough Questions. West Chester, Pa.: Ascension Press. ISBN 1-932645-45-4. OCLC 122349065.
| This Catholic canon law–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |