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[[File:Supernova 2012Z.jpg|thumb|The two inset images show before-and-after images captured by NASA's [[Hubble Space Telescope]] of Supernova 2012Z in the spiral galaxy NGC 1309. The white X at the top of the main image marks the location of the supernova in the galaxy.]]
[[File:Supernova 2012Z.jpg|thumb|The two inset images show before-and-after images captured by NASA's [[Hubble Space Telescope]] of Supernova 2012Z in the spiral galaxy NGC 1309. The white X at the top of the main image marks the location of the supernova in the galaxy.]]


==Observed instances==
==Candidate observed instances==
Supernova SN 2012Z in the [[NGC 1309]] galaxy is thought to be of type Iax, and was discovered by S.B. Cenko, W. Li, and [[Alexei Filippenko|A.V. Filippenko]] using the [[Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope]] on 2012 January 29.15 [[Universal Time|UT]] as part of a supernova search at [[Lick Observatory]].
Supernova [[NGC 1309#Supernova 2012Z|SN 2012Z]] in the galaxy [[NGC 1309]] is thought to be of type Iax, and was discovered by S.B. Cenko, W. Li, and [[Alexei Filippenko|A.V. Filippenko]] using the [[Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope]] on 2012 January 29.15 [[Universal Time|UT]] as part of a supernova search at [[Lick Observatory]].


The proposed formation scenario for SN&nbsp;2012Z is that the original system at the heart of the supernova was a binary pair of large, but otherwise ordinary [[main sequence star]]s. The more massive of the binary stars lost substantial amounts of its hydrogen and helium to its smaller companion, and became a white dwarf. The newly engorged companion star then evolved into an enlarged stage, whose outer layers engulfed the white dwarf. The outer hydrogen layers of the overlapping stars were then ejected, leaving behind a still-active helium core and the white dwarf. In turn, the white dwarf drained back some matter from the remaining companion star, until the white dwarf became so unstable that it exploded as a supernova, with the former helium core left behind as a remnant zombie star.<ref name=Hubble/>
The proposed formation scenario for SN&nbsp;2012Z is that the original system at the heart of the supernova was a binary pair of large, but otherwise ordinary [[main sequence star]]s. The more massive of the binary stars lost substantial amounts of its hydrogen and helium to its smaller companion, and became a white dwarf. The newly engorged companion star then evolved into an enlarged stage, whose outer layers engulfed the white dwarf. The outer hydrogen layers of the overlapping stars were then ejected, leaving behind a still-active helium core and the white dwarf. In turn, the white dwarf drained back some matter from the remaining companion star, until the white dwarf became so unstable that it exploded as a supernova, with the former helium core left behind as a remnant zombie star.<ref name=Hubble/>

Revision as of 10:19, 1 June 2023

For other uses, see Zombie (disambiguation).

A zombie star is a hypothetical result of a Type Iax supernova which leaves behind a remnant star, rather than completely dispersing the stellar mass.[1][2][3][4][5] Type Iax supernovae are similar to Type Ia, but have a lower ejection velocity and lower luminosity.[6] Type Iax supernovae may occur at a rate between 5 and 30 percent of the Ia supernova rate. Thirty supernovae have been identified in this category.[7]

In a binary system consisting of a white dwarf and a companion star, the white dwarf strips away material from its companion. Normally the white dwarf would eventually reach a critical mass, and fusion reactions would make it explode and completely dissipate it, but in a Type Iax supernova, only half of the dwarf's mass is lost.[8]

The two inset images show before-and-after images captured by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope of Supernova 2012Z in the spiral galaxy NGC 1309. The white X at the top of the main image marks the location of the supernova in the galaxy.

Candidate observed instances

Supernova SN 2012Z in the galaxy NGC 1309 is thought to be of type Iax, and was discovered by S.B. Cenko, W. Li, and A.V. Filippenko using the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope on 2012 January 29.15 UT as part of a supernova search at Lick Observatory.

The proposed formation scenario for SN 2012Z is that the original system at the heart of the supernova was a binary pair of large, but otherwise ordinary main sequence stars. The more massive of the binary stars lost substantial amounts of its hydrogen and helium to its smaller companion, and became a white dwarf. The newly engorged companion star then evolved into an enlarged stage, whose outer layers engulfed the white dwarf. The outer hydrogen layers of the overlapping stars were then ejected, leaving behind a still-active helium core and the white dwarf. In turn, the white dwarf drained back some matter from the remaining companion star, until the white dwarf became so unstable that it exploded as a supernova, with the former helium core left behind as a remnant zombie star.[3]

There were images of the area from before the supernova, allowing before and after images, and the process of the supernova to be studied. To test the zombie star hypothesis, the area was observed again a few years after the event. The authors found that the decline of the light curve was consistent with the existence of a radioactively-heated bound remnant, but that it was difficult to come up with a model that could explain the whole light curve.[9]

This discovery is a milestone in a decades long search by astronomers for such an occurrence; the observation of SN 2012Z was the first time astrophysicists were able to identify a star system that later went supernova.[8]

SN 2008ha may be a type Iax supernova, but significantly weaker than SN 2012Z.[3]

References

  1. ^ Hubbard, Amy (6 August 2014). "Hubble sees 'zombie star' lurking in space: What it is, why it matters". Los Angeles Times. latimes.com. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  2. ^ "Hubble discovers 'zombie star' haunting the universe". CNET. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (6 August 2014). "NASA's Hubble Finds Supernova Star System Linked to Potential "Zombie Star"". HubbleSite - NewsCenter. NASA. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  4. ^ "Zombie star: Hubble spots star SN 2012Z living after supernova". Slate Magazine (Video). 12 August 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  5. ^ Hauk, Alexis (6 August 2014). "Hubble Finds Supernova Star System Linked to Potential "Zombie Star"". Time Magazine. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  6. ^ McCully, Curtis; Jha, Saurabh W.; Foley, Ryan J.; Bildsten, Lars; Fong, Wen-fai; Kirshner, Robert P.; Marion, G. H.; Riess, Adam G.; Stritzinger, Maximilian D. (7 August 2014). "A luminous, blue progenitor system for the Type Iax supernova 2012Z". Nature. 512 (512): 54–56. arXiv:1408.1089. Bibcode:2014Natur.512...54M. doi:10.1038/nature13615. PMID 25100479. S2CID 4464556.
  7. ^ Feltman, Rachel. "Astronomers may have found a new zombie star". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  8. ^ a b Choi, Charles Quixote (6 August 2014). "Supernovas Might Create Weird 'Zombie Stars'". Space.com. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  9. ^ Curtis McCully; Saurabh W. Jha; Richard A. Scalzo; D. Andrew Howell; Ryan J. Foley; Yaotian Zeng; Zheng-Wei Liu; Griffin Hosseinzadeh; Lars Bildsten; Adam G. Riess; Robert P. Kirshner; G. H. Marion; Yssavo Camacho-Neves (2022). "Still Brighter than Pre-explosion, SN 2012Z Did Not Disappear: Comparing Hubble Space Telescope Observations a Decade Apart". The Astrophysical Journal. 925. arXiv:2106.04602. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3bbd.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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