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===Hugh Glass ordeal===
===Hugh Glass ordeal===
[[Image:Hugh Glass Illustration.jpeg|thumb|Bridger volunteered to stay with the dying [[Hugh Glass]] after he was mauled by a [[grizzly bear]] in 1823]]
[[Image:Hugh Glass Illustration.jpeg|thumb|Bridger volunteered to stay with the dying [[Hugh Glass]] after he was mauled by a [[grizzly bear]] in 1823]]
The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of [[Hugh Glass]] has been repeated by many.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hughglass.org/jim-bridger/|title=Jim Bridger|website=The Real Story of Hugh Glass}}</ref> Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the [[Grand River (South Dakota)|Grand River]] in present-day [[Perkins County, South Dakota]]. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave. Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hughglass.org/jim-bridger/ |title = Did Jim Bridger Abandon Hugh Glass |access-date = December 18, 2015 |website = HughGlass.org/ |publisher = Museum of the Mountain Man }}</ref> It is plausible that 'Bridges' was in fact Jim Bridger.
The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of [[Hugh Glass]] has been repeated by many.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hughglass.org/jim-bridger/|title=Jim Bridger|website=The Real Story of Hugh Glass}}</ref> Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the [[Grand River (South Dakota)|Grand River]] in present-day [[Perkins County, South Dakota]]. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave. Claiming they were interrupted by an [[Arikara]] attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hughglass.org/jim-bridger/ |title = Did Jim Bridger Abandon Hugh Glass |access-date = December 18, 2015 |website = HughGlass.org/ |publisher = Museum of the Mountain Man }}</ref> It is plausible that 'Bridges' was in fact Jim Bridger.


===Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake===
===Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake===

Revision as of 22:17, 27 July 2023

Jim Bridger
Bridger c. 1876
Born
James Felix Bridger

(1804-03-17)March 17, 1804
Richmond, Virginia
DiedJuly 17, 1881(1881-07-17) (aged 77)
Kansas City, Missouri
Occupation(s)Frontiersman, explorer, hunter, trapper, scout, guide
Employer(s)Rocky Mountain Fur Company, U.S. Government
Known forFamous mountain man of the American fur trade era
Spouse(s)Three Native American wives: one Flathead and two Shoshone
Children5
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1859–1860
RankScout
Unit
CommandsRifleman
Battles / warsRaynolds Expedition

James Felix "Jim" Bridger (March 17, 1804 – July 17, 1881) was an American mountain man, trapper, Army scout, and wilderness guide who explored and trapped in the Western United States in the first half of the 19th century. He was known as Old Gabe in his later years.[1] He was from the Bridger family of Virginia, English immigrants who had been in North America since the early colonial period.[2]

Bridger was part of the second generation of American mountain men and pathfinders who followed the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806, and became well known for participating in numerous early expeditions into the western interior as well as mediating between Native American tribes and westward-migrating European-American settlers. By the end of his life, he had earned a reputation as one of the foremost frontiersmen in the American Old West. He was described as having a strong constitution that allowed him to survive the extreme conditions he encountered while exploring the Rocky Mountains from what would become southern Colorado to the Canadian border. He had conversational knowledge of French, Spanish, and several indigenous languages.

In 1830, Bridger and several associates purchased a fur company from Jedediah Smith and others, which they named the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.[3][4]

Early life and career

James Felix Bridger was born on March 17, 1804, in Richmond, Virginia.[5] His parents were James Bridger, an innkeeper in Richmond, and his wife Chloe.[5] About 1812, the family moved near St. Louis at the eastern edge of America's vast new western frontier.[5] At age 13, Bridger was orphaned; he had no formal education, was unable to read or write, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith.[6] He was illiterate the whole of his life.[6] On March 20, 1822, at age 18, he left his apprenticeship after responding to an advertisement in a St. Louis newspaper, the Missouri Republican, and joined General William Henry Ashley's fur trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River. The party included Jedediah Smith and many others who would later become famous mountain men.[5] For the next 20 years, he repeatedly traversed the continental interior between the Canada–U.S. border and the southern boundary of present-day Colorado, and from the Missouri River westward to Idaho and Utah, either as an employee of or a partner in the fur trade.[5]

Hugh Glass ordeal

Bridger volunteered to stay with the dying Hugh Glass after he was mauled by a grizzly bear in 1823

The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of Hugh Glass has been repeated by many.[7] Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the Grand River in present-day Perkins County, South Dakota. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave. Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died.[8] It is plausible that 'Bridges' was in fact Jim Bridger.

Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone
Great Salt Lake

Bridger was among the first mountain men to explore the natural wonders of the Yellowstone region. In the fall of 1824, Bridger explored the Great Salt Lake region, reaching it by bull boat.[4]: 64, 95, 108, 132 [9] He was one of the first European people to explore Yellowstone's springs and geysers. He also shared that the creek split in two, with one side going to the Pacific Ocean and the other side to the Atlantic Ocean. Bridger took a raft on the rapids at the Big Horn River; he was the only man known to have done this.[1]

Guide and adviser

In 1843, Bridger and Louis Vasquez established Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River along the Oregon Trail.[4]: 153 

Bridger had explored, trapped, hunted, and blazed new trails in the West since 1822 and later worked as a wilderness guide in these areas. He could reportedly assess any wagon train or group, their interests in travel, and give them expert advice on any and all aspects of heading West, over any and all trails, and to any destination the party had in mind if the leaders sought his advice. In 1846, the Donner Party came to Fort Bridger and were assured by Bridger and Vasquez that Lansford Hastings' proposed shortcut ahead was "a fine, level road, with plenty of water and grass, with the exception before stated (a forty-mile waterless stretch)." The 40-mile stretch was in fact 80 miles, and the "fine level road" was difficult enough to slow the Donner Party, who become trapped in the Sierra Nevada in the winter.[10]

From 16 July 1857 until July 1858, Bridger was employed as a guide during the Utah War. In 1859, Bridger was paid to be the chief guide on the Yellowstone-bound Raynolds Expedition, led by Captain William F. Raynolds.[11] Though unsuccessful in reaching Yellowstone, because of deep snow, the expedition explored Jackson Hole and Pierre's Hole. In 1861, Bridger was a guide for Edward L. Berthoud. From October 1863 until April 1864, Bridger was employed as a guide at Fort Laramie.[4]: 199–206, 208, 215 

Bridger then served as a scout under Colonel Henry B. Carrington during Red Cloud's War. Bridger was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny during the Fetterman Fight, and the Wagon Box Fight. Bridger was discharged on 21 July 1868.[4]: 246–295 

Suffering from goiter and rheumatism, Bridger returned to Missouri in 1868. He was unsuccessful in collecting back rent from the government for the lease on Fort Bridger. By 1875, he was blind.[4]: 297–300 

Bridger Pass and the Bridger Trail

Bridger's Pass

In 1850, while guiding the Stansbury Expedition on its return from Utah, Bridger discovered what would eventually become known as Bridger Pass, an alternate overland route which bypassed South Pass and shortened the Oregon Trail by 61 miles. Bridger Pass, in what is now south-central Wyoming, would later become the chosen route across the Continental Divide, for the Overland Stage, Pony Express, the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Route, and Interstate 80.[4]: 167 [12]

In 1864, Bridger blazed the Bridger Trail, an alternative route from Wyoming to the gold fields of Montana that avoided the dangerous Bozeman Trail. In 1865, he served as Chief of Scouts during the Powder River Expedition.[4]: 218–220 

Family and death

In 1835, Bridger married a woman[13] from the Flathead tribe, whom he named "Emma", with whom he had three children. After she died in 1846 from fever, he married the daughter of a Shoshone chief, who died in childbirth three years later. In 1850, he married Shoshone Chief Washakie's daughter Mary Washakie Bridger[14] and they raised two children. Some of his children were sent back east to be educated. His firstborn Mary Ann, while being tutored, was captured by a band of Cayuse during the Whitman Massacre and died soon after being released. His son Felix, who fought with the Missouri Artillery, died of sickness on Bridger's farm. His daughter Josephine, who married Jim Baker, also died, leaving his daughter Virginia as his only living child.[13] In 1867, while in his early sixties, his eyesight had already begun failing to the point where "he could not shoot very good."[15] By the early 1870s, he was living under the care of his daughter Virginia and could no longer recognize people unless they spoke. Jim Bridger was totally blind by 1875.[16]

Bridger died on his farm near Kansas City, Missouri, on July 17, 1881, at age 77.[4]: 299–300 

Legacy

Jim Bridger (right) honored along with Pony Express founder Alexander Majors (left) and Kansas City founder John Calvin McCoy at Pioneer Square in Westport in Kansas City
Sculpture of Bridger by David Alan Clark in Fort Bridger, Wyoming

Historical reputation

Bridger is remembered as one of the most colorful and widely traveled mountain men of the era. In addition to his explorations and his service as a guide and adviser, he was known for his storytelling. His stories about the geysers at Yellowstone, for example, proved to be true. Others were grossly exaggerated or clearly intended to amuse: one of Bridger's stories involved a petrified forest in which there were "petrified birds" singing "petrified songs" (though he may have seen the petrified trees in the Tower Junction area of what is now Yellowstone National Park). Over the years, Bridger became so associated with telling tall tales that many stories invented by others were attributed to him.

Supposedly one of Bridger's favorite yarns to weave to greenhorns told of his pursuit by one hundred Cheyenne warriors. After being chased for several miles, Bridger found himself at the end of a box canyon, with the Indians bearing down on him. At this point, Bridger would go silent, prompting his listener to ask, "What happened then, Mr. Bridger?" Bridger would then reply, "They killed me."

Places and things named for Jim Bridger

Media portrayals

References

  1. ^ a b Gard, Wayne. “RUGGED MOUNTAIN MAN.” Southwest Review, vol. 48, no. 3, 1963, pp. 305–305. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43471161. Accessed 28 Apr. 2021.
  2. ^ Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-506905-1.
  3. ^ Caesar, Gene (1961). "King of the Mountain Men". E.P. Dutton Co. pp. 22, 81–82, 103. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vestal, Stanley (1970). Jim Bridger; Mountain Man. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 8, 13, 40, 68, 86, 103. ISBN 9780803257207.
  5. ^ a b c d e Dale 1929, p. 33.
  6. ^ a b Dale 1929, pp. 33–34.
  7. ^ "Jim Bridger". The Real Story of Hugh Glass.
  8. ^ "Did Jim Bridger Abandon Hugh Glass". HughGlass.org/. Museum of the Mountain Man. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  9. ^ Russell, Osborne (2001). Haines, Aubrey (ed.). Journal of a Trapper; In the Rocky Mountains between 1834 and 1843. Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 9781589760523.
  10. ^ Wallis, Michael (2017). The Best Land under Heaven: The Donner Party in the Age of Manifest Destiny. Liveright. ISBN 978-0871407696.
  11. ^ Baldwin, Kenneth H. (2005). "II— TERRA INCOGNITA: The Raynolds Expedition of 1860". Enchanted Enclosure:The Army Engineers and Yellowstone National Park. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-2180-3. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  12. ^ Stansbury, Howard (1852). "Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a Reconnoissance of a New Route Through the Rocky Mountains". Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co. p. 261. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  13. ^ a b Jim Bridger Greatest Of The Mountain Men Shannon Garst 1952
  14. ^ Jim Bridger's Wives. Interpretive sign in the Fort Bridger Historic Site Museum. Viewed and photographed on June 16, 2020. Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
  15. ^ Vestal (1970) p. 292
  16. ^ Vestal (1970) p. 297
  17. ^ Jim Bridger, retrieved 2022-04-26

Sources

  • Dale, Harrison Clifford (1929). Allen Johnson (ed.). Dictionary of American Biography Bridger, James. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Vestal, Stanley. (1970). Jim Bridger, Mountain Man. A biography. University of Nebraska Press. First Bison Book Printing.

Further reading

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