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The '''Angel Makers of Nagyrév''' ({{Lang-hu|Tiszazugi méregkeverők}}, "Tiszazug poison-mixers") were a group of women living in the village of [[Nagyrév, Hungary]], who, between 1914 and 1929, poisoned to death an estimated forty people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bodó |first1=Béla |title=Tiszazug: A Social History of a Murder Epidemic |date=2002 |publisher=East European Monographs |location=Boulder |pages=185–186 |isbn=9780880334877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xEEAQAAIAAJ&q=40%20victims}}</ref> They were supplied arsenic and encouraged to use it for the purpose by a midwife, or "wise woman", named '''Zsuzsanna Fazekas''', wife of Gyula Fazekas, née '''Zsuzsanna Oláh''' (Fazekas Gyuláné Oláh Zsuzsanna). Their story is the subject of the [[documentary film]] ''[[The Angelmakers]]''<ref>{{cite web|author1=Astrid Bussink|title=The Angelmakers|url=http://archive.dokweb.net/en/documentary-network/east-european-docs/the-angelmakers-1539/|website=archive.dokweb.net|publisher=Edinburgh College of Art|accessdate=10 December 2016|language=Hungarian, English|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101843/http://archive.dokweb.net/en/documentary-network/east-european-docs/the-angelmakers-1539|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharp|first1=Rob|title=Mirren film brings war tragedy to Yorkshire|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/06/film.filmnews|accessdate=10 December 2016|work=The Guardian|date=5 August 2006|ref=Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam|title=The Angelmakers {{!}} IDFA|url=https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?ID=38e77c53-fedc-4e9f-bc6d-b31b28fa5787|website=www.idfa.nl|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202339/https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?ID=38e77c53-fedc-4e9f-bc6d-b31b28fa5787|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the feature film ''[[Hukkle]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Stephen Holden|authorlink1=Stephen Holden|title=Film Festival Reviews; Life's Creatures Glow Until Violence Darkens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800EFDC1438F936A35757C0A9659C8B63|accessdate=10 December 2016|work=www.nytimes.com|date=5 April 2003|ref=NY Times}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2017}}
The '''Angel Makers of Nagyrév''' ({{Lang-hu|Tiszazugi méregkeverők}}, "Tiszazug poison-mixers") were a group of women living in the village of [[Nagyrév, Hungary]], who, between 1914 and 1929, had poisoned to death an estimated forty-one hundred people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/phillip-adams/2913410 |last2=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/taryn-priadko/13727882 |date=2023-08-02 |title=The Angel Makers: the most notorious murder ring you've never heard of |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/the-angel-makers-the-most-notorious-murder-ring-you-ve-never-hea/102680524 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=ABC Radio National |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bodó |first1=Béla |title=Tiszazug: A Social History of a Murder Epidemic |date=2002 |publisher=East European Monographs |location=Boulder |pages=185–186 |isbn=9780880334877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xEEAQAAIAAJ&q=40%20victims}}</ref> They were supplied arsenic and encouraged to use it for the purpose by a midwife, or "wise woman", named '''Zsuzsanna Fazekas''', wife of Gyula Fazekas, née '''Zsuzsanna Oláh''' (Fazekas Gyuláné Oláh Zsuzsanna). Their story is the subject of the [[documentary film]] ''[[The Angelmakers]]''<ref>{{cite web|author1=Astrid Bussink|title=The Angelmakers|url=http://archive.dokweb.net/en/documentary-network/east-european-docs/the-angelmakers-1539/|website=archive.dokweb.net|publisher=Edinburgh College of Art|accessdate=10 December 2016|language=Hungarian, English|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101843/http://archive.dokweb.net/en/documentary-network/east-european-docs/the-angelmakers-1539|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharp|first1=Rob|title=Mirren film brings war tragedy to Yorkshire|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/06/film.filmnews|accessdate=10 December 2016|work=The Guardian|date=5 August 2006|ref=Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam|title=The Angelmakers {{!}} IDFA|url=https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?ID=38e77c53-fedc-4e9f-bc6d-b31b28fa5787|website=www.idfa.nl|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202339/https://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?ID=38e77c53-fedc-4e9f-bc6d-b31b28fa5787|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the feature film ''[[Hukkle]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Stephen Holden|authorlink1=Stephen Holden|title=Film Festival Reviews; Life's Creatures Glow Until Violence Darkens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800EFDC1438F936A35757C0A9659C8B63|accessdate=10 December 2016|work=www.nytimes.com|date=5 April 2003|ref=NY Times}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2017}}


==Crimes==
==Crimes==

Revision as of 03:24, 7 August 2023

Angel Makers of Nagyrév
HungarianTiszazugi méregkeverők
Angel Makers of Nagyrév is located in Hungary
Angel Makers of Nagyrév
class=notpageimage|
Location of Nagyrév in Hungary
NationalityHungarian
Years active1914–1929
Criminal chargeMurder
Penalty8 death sentences, only 2 of which were carried out; 12 others imprisoned
Details
Target(s)abusive or unwanted relatives
Killed40–300
WeaponsArsenic
Date apprehended
1929

The Angel Makers of Nagyrév (Template:Lang-hu, "Tiszazug poison-mixers") were a group of women living in the village of Nagyrév, Hungary, who, between 1914 and 1929, had poisoned to death an estimated forty-one hundred people.[1][2] They were supplied arsenic and encouraged to use it for the purpose by a midwife, or "wise woman", named Zsuzsanna Fazekas, wife of Gyula Fazekas, née Zsuzsanna Oláh (Fazekas Gyuláné Oláh Zsuzsanna). Their story is the subject of the documentary film The Angelmakers[3][4][5] and the feature film Hukkle.[6][failed verification]

Crimes

Fazekas was a middle-aged midwife who arrived in Nagyrév in 1911,[7] with her husband already missing without explanation. Between 1911 and 1921, she was imprisoned ten times for performing illegal abortions but was consistently acquitted by judges supporting abortion.

In Hungarian society at that time, the future husband of a teenage bride was selected by her family, and she was forced to accept her parents' choice. Divorce was not allowed socially, even if the husband was an alcoholic or abusive.[8] During World War I, when able-bodied men were sent to fight for Austria-Hungary, rural Nagyrév was an ideal location for holding Allied prisoners of war. With POWs having limited freedom within the village, the women living there often had one or more foreign lovers while their husbands were away.[9] When the men returned, many of them rejected their wives' affairs and wished to return to their previous way of life, creating a volatile situation. At this time, Fazekas began secretly persuading women who wished to escape this situation to poison their husbands using arsenic made by boiling flypaper and skimming off the lethal residue.[10][11]

After the initial killing of their husbands, some of the women went on to poison parents who had become a burden to them, or to get hold of their inheritance. Others poisoned their lovers, some even their sons. As the midwife allegedly asked the poisoners, "Why put up with them?"[12][13]

The first poisoning in Nagyrév took place in 1911; it was not the work of Fazekas. The deaths of other husbands, children, and family members soon followed. The poisoning became a fad, and by the mid-1920s, Nagyrév earned the nickname "the murder district". There were an estimated 45–50 murders over the 18 years that Fazekas lived in the district. She was the closest thing to a doctor the village had, and her cousin was the clerk who filed all the death certificates, allowing the murders to go undetected.[14]

Capture

Defendants in the arsenic poisoning case of the Tiszazug area walking in the Szolnok prison yard

Three conflicting accounts have been cited to explain how the Angel Makers were eventually detected. In one, Szabó, one of the Angel Makers, was caught in the act by two visitors who survived her poisoning attempts. She pointed a finger at a woman with the surname Bukenoveski, who in turn named Fazekas. In another account, a medical student in a neighboring town found high arsenic levels in a body that washed up on the riverbank, leading to an investigation. However, according to Béla Bodó, a Hungarian-American historian and author of the first scholarly book on the subject, the murders were finally made public in 1929 when an anonymous letter to the editor of a small local newspaper accused women from the Tiszazug region of the country of poisoning family members.

Authorities exhumed dozens of corpses from the local cemetery.[15] 34 women and one man were indicted. Afterwards, 26 of the Angel Makers were tried, among them Susi Oláh. Eight were sentenced to death, but only two were executed. Another twelve received prison sentences.[16]

References

  1. ^ https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/phillip-adams/2913410; https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/taryn-priadko/13727882 (2 August 2023). "The Angel Makers: the most notorious murder ring you've never heard of". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 7 August 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |last2= and |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Bodó, Béla (2002). Tiszazug: A Social History of a Murder Epidemic. Boulder: East European Monographs. pp. 185–186. ISBN 9780880334877.
  3. ^ Astrid Bussink (2006). "The Angelmakers". archive.dokweb.net (in Hungarian and English). Edinburgh College of Art. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  4. ^ Sharp, Rob (5 August 2006). "Mirren film brings war tragedy to Yorkshire". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  5. ^ International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam. "The Angelmakers | IDFA". www.idfa.nl. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  6. ^ Stephen Holden (5 April 2003). "Film Festival Reviews; Life's Creatures Glow Until Violence Darkens". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  7. ^ Heather Sutfin (17 August 2016). "The Angel Makers of Nagyrév". Sword and Scale. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  8. ^ Popham, Peter (26 November 2005). "Hungary: Murder on the Danube". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  9. ^ Katherine Ramsland (3 March 2007). "Angels of Death – Nurses, nurses who kill their patients (Chapter 5, Murder by Proxy)". The Crime library. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  10. ^ Fish, Jim (29 March 2004). "| Europe | Unearthing Hungary husband murders". BBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  11. ^ Barry Yeoman (1 November 1999). "Bad Girls". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  12. ^ Katie Heaney (15 July 2014). "11 Terrifying Female Serial Killers You've Never Heard Of". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  13. ^ "RUBICONline | A Rubicon történelmi folyóirat honlapja".
  14. ^ Tonya Blust (12 January 2016). "Creepy crimes from the 1920s". www.historictruecrime.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  15. ^ "American front in the Hungarian village killer". www.transindex.ro. Index Media Association. 21 May 2004. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  16. ^ Bodó, Béla (2002). "The poisoning women of Tiszazug". Journal of Family History. 27 (1): 40–59. doi:10.1177/036319900202700103. PMID 11789522. S2CID 44608586.

Bibliography

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