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===Awards===
===Awards===
* [[Princess of Asturias Awards]] (2023 ; Spain)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2023-helene-carrere-dencausse.html?texto=acta&especifica=0|title=Hélène Carrère d'Encausse Premio Princesa de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales 2023|date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Princess of Asturias Awards]] (2023; Spain)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2023-helene-carrere-dencausse.html?texto=acta&especifica=0|title=Hélène Carrère d'Encausse Premio Princesa de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales 2023|date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
* Grand Gold Medal of the Society for the Encouragement of Progress (2020 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sep-france.org/gd_medaille.php|title=S.E.P : Société d'encouragement au Progrès}}</ref>
* {{ill|Grand Gold Medal of the Society for the Encouragement of Progress|fr|Grande médaille d'or de la Société d'encouragement au progrès}} (2020; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sep-france.org/gd_medaille.php|title=S.E.P : Société d'encouragement au Progrès}}</ref>
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (2008 ; Russia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en|title=Большая золотая медаль РАН имени М.В. Ломоносова}}</ref>
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (2008; Russia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ras.ru/win/db/award_dsc.asp?P=id-1.ln-en|title=Большая золотая медаль РАН имени М.В. Ломоносова}}</ref>
* ''Prix du nouveau cercle de l'union'' (2000 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Froire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* {{ill|Prix du nouveau cercle de l'union|fr}} (2000; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Froire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* ''Prix des Ambassadeurs'' (1997 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1997/07/12/prix-litteraires_3789082_1819218.html|title=Prix littéraires|date=12 July 1997}}</ref>
* {{ill|Prix des Ambassadeurs|fr}} (1997; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1997/07/12/prix-litteraires_3789082_1819218.html|title=Prix littéraires|date=12 July 1997}}</ref>
* Prize Paulée de Meursault (1995 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Froire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* {{ill|Prize Paulée de Meursault|fr}} (1995; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Froire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* Prize Comenius (1992 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Froire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* [[Prix Comenius]] (1992; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foiredulivredebrive.net/p=4862/index.html|title=Foire du livre de Brive}}</ref>
* [[Prix Aujourd'hui]] (1978 ; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1978/11/08/le-prix-aujourd-hui-a-helene-carrere-d-encausse-pour-l-empire-eclate_2997033_1819218.html|title=Le prix Aujourd'hui à Hélène Carrère d'Encausse|date=8 November 1978}}</ref>
* {{ill|Prix Aujourd'hui|fr}} (1978; France)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1978/11/08/le-prix-aujourd-hui-a-helene-carrere-d-encausse-pour-l-empire-eclate_2997033_1819218.html|title=Le prix Aujourd'hui à Hélène Carrère d'Encausse|date=8 November 1978}}</ref>


===Honorary degrees===
===Honorary degrees===

Revision as of 22:26, 8 August 2023

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
Carrère d'Encausse in 2013
Member of the European Parliament
In office
1994–1999
Member of the Académie Française
In office
1990–2023
1999–2023Perpetual Secretary
Personal details
Born
Hélène Zourabichvili

(1929-07-06)6 July 1929
16th arrondissement of Paris, France
Died5 August 2023(2023-08-05) (aged 94)
Paris, France
Political partyRally for the Republic
Spouse
Louis Carrère
​
(m. 1952)​
Children
ParentGeorges Zourabichvili (fr)
Relatives
EducationLycée Molière (Paris) [fr]
Alma mater
OccupationHistorian
Awards

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (French pronunciation: [elɛn kaʁɛːʁ dɑ̃kos]; born Hélène Zourabichvili; 6 July 1929 – 5 August 2023) was a French political historian of Georgian origin who specialized in Russian history. From 1999 up until her death in 2023, she served as the Perpetual Secretary of the Académie Française, to which she was first elected in 1990.

Carrère d'Encausse was a member of the European Parliament between 1994 and 1999, representing the Gaullist-conservative party RPR.[1] She was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal and Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in 2008 and 2011, respectively. She was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia. In 2023 she was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in Social Sciences.[2]

Early life and career

Hélène Zourabichvili was born in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to Georges Zourabichvili [fr], a Georgian émigré, and his German-Russian wife.[3] Her father, a doctor of philosophy and economics who spoke five langauges, disappeared in 1944 during the Liberation of France.[4][5] Her brother was the composer Nicolas Zourabichvili,[4] and she was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia.[6]

She graduated from Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and later earned a Doctorat ès lettres.[3][7] She lectured in history at both Sciences Po and Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1).[3]

Russian scholarship

Carrère d'Encausse with Vladimir Putin in October 2000

The bulk of Carrère d'Encausse's work focused on Russia and the Soviet Union. She had over two dozen books published in French, many of which have been translated into English.[8] Her 1978 work L'Empire éclaté [fr] (English version, Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt)[9] predicted that the Soviet Union was destined to break up along the lines of its 15 constituent republics, although she was incorrect in foreseeing that demographic pressures from the Muslim-majority republics of Central Asia would be the trigger.[10]

In commenting on current Russian affairs, Carrère d'Encausse warned against applying Western yardsticks to Russian democracy and said she regretted the excessive demonisation of the government of Vladimir Putin.[11] Up until the final days before Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine she refused to countenance such an eventuality, although her opinion of Putin changed after the start of hostilities.[12][13]

European and domestic politics

In 1992, Carrère d'Encausse was invited by Culture Minister Jack Lang to chair the committee he had founded to promote a "yes" vote in that year's referendum on the Maastricht Treaty,[14] a task that Lang said she performed with "fervour and enthusiasm".[15]

She was elected as a member of the European Parliament in 1994, representing Jacques Chirac's Gaullist-conservative party Rassemblement pour la République (RPR).[1] During her time in the parliament from 1994 to 1999, she sat first with the European Democratic Alliance and later with the Union for Europe group, and she served as one of the vice-chairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the delegation for relations with Russia.[16]

In 2005, she controversially identified polygamy as one of the causes of France's 2005 civil unrest. During an interview given to the Russian television channel NTV, she claimed: "Why can't their parents buy an apartment? It's clear why. Many of these Africans, I tell you, are polygamous. In an apartment, there are three or four wives and 25 children."[17][18] She also said that political correctness on French television was "a nightmare" and was almost comparable to media censorship in Russia.[17]

Académie Française

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse was elected to seat 14 of the Académie Française on 13 December 1990,[3] then the third woman,[7] and was elected its Perpetual Secretary [fr] on 21 October 1999, making her the first woman to hold its top position.[3][7] Her academician's sword [fr] was made by the Franco-Georgian sculptor Goudji.[19][20]

As a member of the Academy, she opposed both the feminization of language, insisting that she be styled Madame le secrétaire perpétuel, and gender-inclusive language, describing the use of the interpunct to accommodate both genders (as in les auteur·rice·s) as "stupid" because of its impact on the musicality of a text.[21] Her 2020 ruling that Covid be considered a feminine noun was also fiercely criticised, including by fellow members of the Academy.[22]

Personal life and death

Born stateless, Hélène Zourabichvili acquired French citizenship in 1950.[23] In 1952 she married Louis Édouard Carrère d'Encausse, with whom she had three children: Emmanuel (born 1957), an author, screenwriter and director; Nathalie (1959), a lawyer; and Marina (1961), a physician and broadcast journalist.[24][3][25]

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse died in Paris on 5 August 2023, at the age of 94.[25] President Emmanuel Macron announced that he would lead a national homage in her honour at the Hôtel des Invalides before the end of the summer.[26][13]

Honours and awards

Honours

Awards

Honorary degrees

Bibliography

Carrère d'Encausse's page on the website of the Académie Française provides the following list of her publications.[20]

  • 1963 – Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l'Empire russe (Armand Colin)
  • 1966 – Le Marxisme et l'Asie (avec Stuart R. Schram), 1853-1964 (Armand Colin)
  • 1967 – Central Asia, a century of Russian rule, Columbia Univ., réédition 1990 (Duke Univ. publication)
  • 1969 – L'URSS et la Chine devant la révolution des sociétés pré-industrielles (avec Stuart R. Schram) (Armand Colin)
  • 1972 – L'Union soviétique de Lénine à Staline (Éd. Richelieu)
  • 1975 – La Politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient, 1955-1975 (Presses de la F.N.S.P.)
  • 1978 – L'Empire éclaté (Flammarion)
  • 1979 – Lénine, la Révolution et le Pouvoir (Flammarion)
  • 1979 – Staline, l'ordre par la terreur (Flammarion)
  • 1980 – Le Pouvoir confisqué (Flammarion)
  • 1982 – Le Grand Frère (Flammarion)
  • 1985 – La déstalinisation commence (Complexe)
  • 1986 – Ni paix ni guerre (Flammarion)
  • 1987 – Le Grand Défi (Flammarion)
  • 1988 – Le Malheur russe (Fayard)
  • 1990 – La Gloire des Nations (Fayard)
  • 1992 – Victorieuse Russie (Fayard)
  • 1993 – L'URSS, de la Révolution à la mort de Staline (Le Seuil)
  • 1996 – Nicolas II, La transition interrompue (Fayard)
  • 1998 – Lénine (Fayard)
  • 2000 – La Russie inachevée (Fayard)
  • 2002 – Catherine II (Fayard)
  • 2003 – L'Impératrice et l'abbé : un duel littéraire inédit (Fayard)
  • 2005 – L'Empire d'Eurasie (Fayard)
  • 2006 – La Deuxième Mort de Staline
  • 2008 – Alexandre II. Le printemps de la Russie (Fayard)
  • 2010 – La Russie entre deux mondes (Fayard)
  • 2011 – Des siècles d'immortalité. L'Académie française 1635-.... (Fayard)
  • 2013 – Les Romanov - Une dynastie sous le règne du sang (Fayard)
  • 2015 – Six années qui ont changé le monde 1985-1991 - La chute de l'empire soviétique (Fayard)
  • 2017 – Le général de Gaulle et la Russie (Fayard)
  • 2019 – La Russie et la France (Fayard)
  • 2021 – Alexandra Kollontaï. La Walkyrie de la Révolution (Fayard)

References

  1. ^ a b "La préparation des élections européennes Mme Carrère d'Encausse représentera le RPR derrière M. Baudis". Le Monde.fr (in French). 28 April 1994. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  2. ^ "PRINCESS OF ASTURIAS AWARDS LAUREATES". The Princess of Asturias Foundation. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Paoli, Paul-François (5 August 2023). "Décès d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, première femme à la tête de l'Académie française". Le Figaro. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b Catinchi, Philippe-Jean (7 August 2023). "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, first woman to head the Académie Française, has died". Le Monde. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  5. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Munzinger Archiv (in German). 2000. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  6. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, petite fille du Caucase devenue Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie française". Radio France / France Culture. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Schmid, Ulrich (6 August 2023). "Die Erste im Kreis der Unsterblichen". FAZ (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  8. ^ "Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène: Writings". encyclopedia.com.
  9. ^ Newsweek Books, 1979, ISBN 9780882252803
  10. ^ Monluçon, Anne-Marie; Saignes, Anna; Salha, Agathe (15 May 2012). "La chute de l'URSS : une fin d'Empire". Recherches & Travaux. doi:10.4000/recherchestravaux.498.
  11. ^ de Villers, Vincent Tremolet (16 March 2018). "Il ne faut pas juger le pouvoir autoritaire de Poutine à l'aune de nos seuls critères". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  12. ^ Mahler, Thomas (24 February 2022). "Guerre en Ukraine : ces "experts" qui assuraient que Poutine n'attaquerait pas". L'Express. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Vladimir Poutine espère que «l'héritage» d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse aidera à améliorer les relations Russie-France". Europe 1 with AFP. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  14. ^ Lesegretain, Claire (25 August 2006). "Portrait : Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, une passionnée lucide". La Croix. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017.
  15. ^ Lang, Jack (6 August 2023). "#helenecarreredencausse". Facebook. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  16. ^ "Fourth parliamentary term: Hélène CARRÈRE D'ENCAUSSE". European Parliament. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  17. ^ a b Millot, Lorraine (15 November 2005). "Banlieues : «Beaucoup de ces Africains sont polygames...» selon Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Libération. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  18. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (18 November 2005). "Immigrant Polygamy Is a Factor in French Unrest, a Gaullist Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Goudji et les épées d'académiciens". Canal Académies. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  20. ^ a b c d e f "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Académie française (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  21. ^ "«Iel» dans le Robert : «un coup de pub» pour Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, de l'Académie française". Le Parisien. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  22. ^ Martel, Frédéric (1 November 2020). "À l'Académie française on refuse toujours la féminisation des mots… sauf pour "la" Covid". Radio France / France Culture. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Mort de l'académicienne Hélène Carrère d'Encausse à l'âge de 94 ans". Reuters. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  24. ^ Martin, Thomas (6 August 2023). "Mort d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse à Paris : qui sont ses trois enfants ?". actu.fr. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, grande figure de la culture française, est morte". Le Point. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  26. ^ "Disparition d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". elysee.fr. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  27. ^ Hélène Carrère d’Encausse dialoguefrancorusse.com
  28. ^ Launet, Edouard (5 August 2023). "La croix et la vivandière". Libération (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  29. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse grand'croix de la Légion d'honneur". Franceinfo (in French). 10 December 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  30. ^ Sovereign Ordonnance n° 14.274 du 18 Novembre 1999 portant promotions Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Legimonaco.mc (in French). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  31. ^ Dorman, Veronika (5 August 2023). "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, la compagne de Russie". Libération (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  32. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse Premio Princesa de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales 2023". 10 May 2023.
  33. ^ "S.E.P : Société d'encouragement au Progrès".
  34. ^ "Большая золотая медаль РАН имени М.В. Ломоносова".
  35. ^ "Froire du livre de Brive".
  36. ^ "Prix littéraires". 12 July 1997.
  37. ^ "Froire du livre de Brive".
  38. ^ "Foire du livre de Brive".
  39. ^ "Le prix Aujourd'hui à Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". 8 November 1978.
  40. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Docteure Honoris Causa". 2004.
  41. ^ "Docteurs honoris causa depuis 1951".
  42. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse".
  43. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Doctorat honoris causa ès lettres".
  44. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse".
  45. ^ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse".
  46. ^ "L'USJ honore quatre grandes personnalités pour leurs carrières". 18 June 2016.
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