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Coordinates: 52°31′45″N 13°11′59″E / 52.52917°N 13.19972°E / 52.52917; 13.19972
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de:Bullengraben; see its history for attribution.
 
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Bullengraben
The Bullengraben at Grabenkreuz, 2009
Location
CountriesGermany
DistrictSpandau, Staaken, Wilhelmstadt
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationAltstaaken , at the former Staaken-West Hospital
 • coordinates52°31′55″N 13°8′16″E / 52.53194°N 13.13778°E / 52.53194; 13.13778
 • elevation32 m (105 ft)
MouthIn Wilhelmstadt between Schulen and Dischinger bridges piped into the Havel
 • coordinates
52°31′45″N 13°11′59″E / 52.52917°N 13.19972°E / 52.52917; 13.19972
Length4.5 km (2.8 mi)
Basin features
River systemElbe
CitiesBerlin
Tributaries 
 • leftStieglake ditch, Neustaakener ditch
 • rightRamingraben/Amalienhofgraben, Egelpfuhl ditch
Channelized drainage ditch. Between 2004–2007 the Bullengraben green area was renovated and renatured.

The Bullengraben is a moat in Berlin’s glacial valley, which has been in use since the 7th century. It is located in the Berlin district of Spandau and runs from the old village center of Staaken eastwards for about five kilometers to the Havel River, into which it flows north of the Spandau castle rampart. Used for centuries to improve the wetlands, since the 1960s it has been used as a drainage ditch to collect rainwater from the surrounding neighborhoods of Spandau. The development of the areas around the Bullengraben reflects part of Spandau's settlement history.

Between 2004 and 2007, DB ProjektBau rehabilitated a ditch that had been canalized in the 1960s and 1970s but had later been neglected. This rehabilitation was conducted as part of a replacement measure. Parallel to the moat, the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary created the 200-meter-wide Bullengraben/Lindenufer green corridor with playgrounds and sports fields, recreational areas, bridges, footbridges, and a path that leads to Elsflether Weg. The Bullengrabenweg, one of Berlin's top 20 green paths, is open to pedestrians, cyclists, and skaters. The path is approximately four meters wide and has a smooth asphalt covering. The last section of the path includes the Burgwallgraben and a 100-metre-long promenade along the Havel. Additionally, biotopes located within the green corridor, such as the Stieglake and Wiesen basins, along with the ditches leading to them, such as the Egelpfuhlgraben, have undergone restoration. In 2008, Deutsche Bahn received the Gustav Meyer Prize for designing the entire park. This award is given every two years since 1995 to recognize excellent planning of public green spaces and parks. The prize bears the name of Johann Heinrich Gustav Meyer, Berlin's first municipal horticultural director.

Overview of the course of the ditch and the green corridor

The Bullengraben stretches between Heerstraße and Brunsbütteler Dam. It commences in the northwest of Altstaaken village church at the old Staaken-West hospital, although it is hardly noticeable and has become overgrown for the first few meters of its length. The Bullengraben Green Corridor, a recently established site, is located approximately one hundred meters towards the east at Nennhauser Dam. A metallic footbridge provides access to the lowland which leads to a small settling basin that is considered a symbol of the source of the Bullengraben. The ditch and green corridor later stretch towards the eastern direction in slight loops, spreading over approximately 4.5 kilometers. In Staaken, it passes the Staakener fields and the Louise-Schroeder estate. The green corridor departs from Staaken at the intersection of Egelpfuhlgraben and Neustaakener Graben. It serves as the boundary between the Spandau (to the north) and Wilhelmstadt (to the south) districts up to the Havel, where the district border follows both sides of the ditch. The ditch eventually leads to Elsflether Weg, passing through Klosterfeld, new housing developments, and allotment gardens in the Spandau district, before reaching the old housing developments around Klosterstrasse. A total of 17 bridges cross the Bullengraben, including several smaller wooden or metal footbridges connecting allotments and neighboring settlements.[1]

Green area at Ziegelhof with the “Blumenbach” above the Bullengraben, which is piped here

Beyond Elsflether Weg, the ditch and green corridor continue east for about 50 meters before ending at the back of the large Klosterstrasse development. At this point, the ditch subsequently runs underground towards the Havel. To the east of Klosterstrasse, the pipes are located beneath the Grünanlage am Ziegelhof (Green space at the Ziegelhof), which proceeds straight to the Havel. The underground path of the pipes is identified by a Blumenbach (Flower Brook). The green corridor is interrupted but resumes to the southeast at Ziegelhof Street, following the Burgwallgraben which begins at this point and reaches the Havel River after about 300 meters in a semicircular path. The green corridor gap must be bypassed through Elsflether, Seeburger, and Klosterstrasse up to Ziegelhof (as of 2009). However, according to the district office's plans, it will be closed.[2]

Geology and natural location

Green area with Bullengraben (left) and sunken garden

The Bullengraben lowland was formed from a previous flow channel located within the Weichsel glacial valley of Berlin. Presently, the Bullengraben flows in a direction against the original flow of the valley, from west to east, into the Havelrinne. This channel, which crosses the glacial valley for a considerable distance, finally discharges into the Havel about 800 meters south of the Spree. The valley is made up of substantial sand deposits that exceed 20 meters in depth. After the end of the Ice Age, soil rich in peat and limestone meadow deposits developed to the west of the Havel channel due to alluvial sedimentation processes. In contrast, the Spree flows through and drains the eastern part of the glacial valley in its natural direction of flow, whereas the western part of the Havel lacks significant rivers. The large lowland area was previously always very wet and frequently flooded but was eventually drained into the Havel through ditches like the Bullengraben and the Spekte. These ditches flowed parallel to the Bullengraben, approximately one kilometer to the north. The northern slope of the Nauener plate, which borders the glacial valley here to the south, lies on average around one kilometer away from the Bullengraben.[3][4]

Bullengraben valley, Egelpfuhl, Ziegelhof and Burgwallinsel on a map from 1836. The green-brown areas mark former vineyards on the northern slope of the Nauener Platte .

History of the Bullengraben and settlement history

Early melioration ditch and etymology

The Bullgraben, which was most likely artificially created in a glacial flow channel, has been used since the Slavic settlement of Havelland in the 7th century, to effectively improve the wet lowlands west of Havel. This resulted in the possibility of pasture and hay farming. The name of the canal is believed to have originated from the Slavic term for hay bales.[5] Another account suggests that the name arose from the canal's use as a watering trough for bulls.[6] It is said that the Bullengraben and the Spekte were connected to the Elbe through a nearly uninterrupted canal network that extended to Nauen and the Havelländisches Luch.[7] However, Winfried Schich has cast doubt on these claims, stating that there is no evidence to support them:[8]

"In Spandau, archaeologists believe they can reconstruct further canalized waterways beyond the Havel and Spree in the course of the Spekte and Bullengraben lowlands leading westwards. The historian can say just as little about this as he can about the question of whether the Mark Brandenburg cultural landscape with its numerous ditches and ramparts was even the legacy of a Bronze Age colonization with an agricultural irrigation system, as Klaus Goldmann believes. The tangle of natural and artificial watercourses dug at various times in the Mark is not easy to unravel in terms of its genesis."

— Winfried Schich: The Havel as a waterway in the Middle Ages: bridges, dams, mills, flood channels. 1992.

Former estuary at the Slavic settlement centre

The mouth of the Bullengraben into the still complete Burgwallgraben on a map from 1842

Up until the mid-19th century, the Bullengraben flowed into the northern section of the Burgwallgraben, which curved around the Burgwall Island in a semicircle. However, due to the construction of the Berlin-Hamburg railway, this part of the Burgwallgraben was filled in around 1870. There is no longer any connection between the Bullengraben and the southern remains of the Burgwallgraben.[9] The Burgwall Island, which was one of the biggest archaeological excavation sites in Berlin/Brandenburg at the end of the 20th century, served as the focal point of the Slavic settlement chamber of Spandau. Apart from this central castle, there was an additional Old Slavic settlement on the Bullengraben between the 8th and 10th centuries, which is now known as Cosmarweg.[10][11]

"The Burgwallgraben appears on the Spandau city map as follows: close to the eastern edge of the elevated Havelland, separated from it by a narrow ditch, lies the island, which stretches lengthwise from northwest to southeast and is bordered on the east side by the Havel. A row of trees and bushes, mostly formed by willows, reminds us that the terrain here [...] was once again subdivided. This old ditch is the actual boundary of today's castle rampart site; it was called Bullengraben."

— Max Muth: Preliminary report on the experimental excavation on the castle rampart in Spandau. 1963

Klosterfeld and Ziegelhof

The village of Stakene (Staaken), first mentioned in a document in 1273, was established at the source of the Bullengraben as part of the German settlement in the east. In the first half of the 13th century, the Ascanian margraves founded the Benedictine convent of St. Marien with a convent church, enclosure, and extensive farmyard in the estuary area. Until the dissolution of the convent in 1590, the Benedictine nuns cultivated their arable gardens on the land located in front of the convent gate between the Bullengraben, Burgwallgraben, and Havel. They possessed 60 hectares of arable land, which was 11.5 hectares more than the town of Spandau’s field area.[12] The Krummen Gärten (Crooked Gardens), situated directly on the Bullengraben, were also part of their possession. These gardens have been recorded on old maps. Nine small houses were laid out at Krummen Gärten in the 15th century, likely becoming the first residential buildings in the area outside of Staaken, the monastery, and Spandau city walls.[13] Around 1580, Rochus zu Lynar, the master builder of the citadel, obtained the nuns' farmland and began growing wine on the site.

After demolishing the old brick kiln on Stresow, Elector Georg Wilhelm commissioned the construction of a new council brickwork on the former monastery grounds in Spandau. The new brickworks included a kiln, a brick barn, and four lime barns, which were completed in 1676. Outflanked by the emerging brick-making centers of Glindow and Werder, the town demolished the brick kiln in 1755 and replaced it with a fruit tree plantation. The area experienced frequent flooding from the nearby Havel and Bullengraben rivers, leading the tenants to adopt an agricultural and gardening lifestyle. Klosterfeld and Potsdamer Vorstadt were part of the 8th Spandau district in 1872. In 1867, the development of Wilhelmstadt began at the former Ziegelhof site.[14]

1811 Flooding Act and piping

Stieglake Basin (retention basin) created in the 1960s, 2009

To maintain clear and free-flowing meadow ditches, Prussia implemented a law before the floods in 1811. The legislation required residents to clear the ditches every spring and autumn. The law was emphasized in public announcements as recently as 1863:[15]

"The owners of properties in the Amts-Closterfelde, who are obliged as adjacents to clear the Bullengraben, are hereby requested to clear the said ditch this year by October 1st at the latest. at the latest. Should the clearing not have been carried out by this date, we will arrange for it to be done at the expense of the defaulters."

— Royal Domain Rent Office. Announcement. Spandau, August 19, 1863

Despite preventive measures, extensive flooding occurred around 1870, stretching from the Havel across Klosterstraße (then known as Potsdamer Chaussee) to the Egelpfuhlwiesen. The primary cause for this was the inadequate water supply in the Burgwallgraben, which had been filled in during railway construction. Consequently, the northern section of the Burgwallgraben was filled and the Bullengraben was diverted into the Havel.[16]

Canalization and change of function in the 20th century

View from Hahneberg to the Bullengraben lowlands and the Louise Schroeder settlement in Staaken, 2009

The development of the meadows around the ditch began at the beginning of the 20th century. After the construction of the Staaken airfield in 1915, the ditch lost its function as a floodplain for the Staaken fields. Until the 1960s, the area around the ditch remained largely undisturbed in its development and use as meadowland. The Bullengraben lowland was permanently altered by large-scale embankments for the development of the Klosterfeld meadows and adjacent areas. In the 1960s and 1970s, the ditch was converted and expanded into a drainage ditch and canalized to collect the rainwater running off the surface. Three retention basins were created: Stieglake, Wiesen, and Ulriken. Due to the construction of large housing estates and the increased pumping of drinking water from the Spandau waterworks, the groundwater level of the Bullengraben lowlands dropped, causing the vegetation of the lowlands to change considerably.[17][18]

In the Staakener fields, the Bullengraben flowed parallel to the inner-German border of Staaken, which was divided between 1951 and 1990, on West Berlin territory. The ditch was entirely overgrown and its lower regions were neglected during the 1980s and 1990s.[19] After the reunification of Germany, additional urban neighborhoods were linked to the Bullengraben drainage network.

Hydrology and ecology before rehabilitation and renaturation

All data on hydrology and ecology refer to studies conducted prior to the restoration and renaturation of the green corridor, which was completed in 2007. Information on the effects of the measures on the water balance and biotope quality as well as specific data on the "ecological improvement" carried out (see below) are not available.

Catchment area and stormwater drainage

In 1977, the Bullengraben lowland's groundwater level was between the groundwater contour lines of 28.0 and 29.0 meters above sea level. Subsequently, the groundwater level continuously declined and hit a minimum of 3.4 to 4.3 meters below ground level by 1978 once canalization was performed. In 1989, the groundwater level was approximately 1.5 to 1.8 meters lower than it had been 20 to 30 years prior.[17] The discharge of rainwater into the sewage system was established using data from the Informationssystem Stadt und Umwelt Berlin (Information System City and Environment Berlin) (ISU),[20] using the Federal Institute of Hydrology's ABIMO program (water balance model). In 2004, the first receiving water bodies' catchment areas were in the Green Corridor region.

Catchment area and storm drain
Bullengraben Stieglake-dig Stieglake

basin

Wiesenbecken Neustaakener

Graben

Burgwall-

graben

Catchment area m² 1,384,220 62,975 132,515 592,658 85,125 55,517
Rain runoff m³/a

(annual runoff volume)

174,818 8,018 19,713 67,025 5,422 6,082

This leads to a drainage basin of 1.4 km² for the Bullengraben and 2.3 km² for the entire green corridor with its associated tributaries (data basis status: December 2001, data status: August 30, 2004).[21]

Water structure quality of the Bullengraben 2003

In 2003, a water quality mapping using the on-site method revealed severe anthropogenic damage to the Bullengraben with an average overall rating of excessively damaged (quality class 7 on a scale of one to seven). The bed of the ditch, which was dry in 40 of 45 sections during the survey period, was excessively damaged (7) in all sections. The banks were found to be excessively damaged (7) in 93.3 % of the sections. The land proved to be conditionally near-natural (2) in 11.1 % of the sections and severely damaged (6) on average. The water environment parameter was assessed as noticeably degraded (5). The main parameters of course development, longitudinal profile, and bed structures were excessively degraded in all sections (7). The Bullengraben did not appear near-natural (1) in any section or parameter. Alongside the Hellersdorfer Graben, the Bullengraben thus had the highest level of damage of the ten smaller Berlin watercourses mapped.[22]

Protected biotopes and protected green space

Wet meadow at Bullengraben in Staaken

The Bullengraben is listed as a connecting biotope for species of wet and damp habitats, including wet and damp meadows, swamp forests, ditches, and lakes, by the Berlin Landscape and Species Conservation Program. The program assigns a protection status code of 30a in brackets. According to this designation, certain parts of the region are subject to § 30a of the Naturschutzgesetz Berlin (Berlin Nature Conservation Act) (NatSchGBln, § 30a old version; new version: § 26a) for specially protected biotopes as a reservoir for species of damp and wet habitats.[23][24]

Tulip sign “ Protected green area ” on a platform towards the meadow pool

As of July 1995, the Senate Department for Urban Development listed the biotopes in the Bullengraben and Egelpfuhlgraben area that are legally protected under Section 30a (now under Section 26a):[25]

  • Meadow at Bullengraben (biotope no. 08035), stated reason for protection: fresh meadow, wet meadow
  • Bullengraben Green Corridor, sections (No. 08036 and 08039), protected ground: wet meadow
  • Meadow basin at Magistratsweg (No. 08037), reason for protection: reed beds
  • Willow quarry at Bullengraben (No. 08038), protected ground: wet meadow, reed beds
  • Pastures of the Egelpfuhl meadows (No. 08042), protected ground: quarry forest
  • Staakener fields (No. 08040), protected ground: rough grassland

The Bullengraben Green Corridor opened in 2007, and all its branches are listed as protected green spaces under the Berlin Green Spaces Act. Section 4 limits the protection offered compared to that provided by nature reserves, biotope protection, or landscape conservation areas, and leaves it up to Berlin districts to develop park maintenance plans or guidelines. The plans should be appropriate to the size and importance of the respective facility and should cover protection, maintenance, and development measures for public green and recreational facilities. The protected status is indicated by numerous signs with a tulip symbol.[26]

Limnological aspects using the example of the Wiesenbecken

Biotope-protected meadow pool

The Senate Administration conducted limnological research on the meadow basin, which has a depth of up to three meters, in 1989. The protected biotope covers an area of 1.5 hectares, with the water surface of the rainwater retention basin representing 0.3 hectares. Despite low levels of rainfall, the water level remained relatively stable. The average biovolume of phytoplankton in the main basin of the lake, mainly composed of green algae which forms the foundation of the autochthonous food pyramid, was 10.6 mm³/l in 1989. This measurement was lower than the mean value for smaller water bodies in Berlin, which was 11.2 mm³/l. The average chlorophyll concentration was 64 µg/l, which was also below the Berlin average of 89 µg/l. From March onwards and throughout the year, the zooplankton population was predominantly made up of rotifers, though ciliates dominated in March. The oxygen concentration fluctuated significantly between 48 and 136%, suggesting an undersaturated water body on average. The mean value for the total phosphorus concentration was 0.09 µg/l and for the total nitrogen concentration 4.1 mg/l. The concentration of heavy metals in sediment and water was determined to be exceedingly high.[27] Overall, the data demonstrate that these small water bodies are highly eutrophic. The elevated concentration of heavy metals resulted from the brick and slag fill material as well as rainwater runoff from nearby traffic areas.[28]

Soils, flora, and fauna

The information on soils, flora, and fauna is based on studies carried out in 1988/1989 on behalf of the Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection in parts of the Grabenniederung and in the biotopes as part of various protection, maintenance, and development concepts.[29]

Correlation soils - dominant plant communities

Dominant on Regosolen and Pararendzina: Common red fescue

The soil substrates consist of meltwater sands, peats, and sandy fills. Relic gleye can be found on the upper slopes, some of which are enriched with secondary limestone. Gleyed colluvia follows the mid-slopes. The lower slope and foot of the slope are dominated by colluvia, hortisols, calcareous regosols, and pararendzina above bog gleye and fens. In the Weidenbruch area, the structure of the fen soils remains largely undisturbed, with deep and well-aerated soils.

With pH values of 4.2 and 6.2 (up to 7 in Weidenbruch and Egelpfuhlwiese), the nutrient supply for shallow-rooted plants in the upper soil layers ranged from low to medium during the study period. Nutrient levels in the deep root zone were moderate to elevated, with values around and above 6 at one-meter depth. In the southern lowland part, nutrient levels were medium to high.[30][31]

The common red fescue grass dominated the calcareous regosols, regosols, and Pararendzina. Additionally, Arrhenatheretalia communities were discovered on the calcareous regosols, specifically in fertilized fresh meadows and pastures. The regosols in the fen regions were dominated by Common Red Fescue but tall perennials like Canada Goldenrod and Common Nettle increasingly displaced it on the embankment and bank edges. Common Tussock-grass, Creeping couch grass, and Giant Goldenrod partly displaced it as well. The wet gley and bog gley areas contain reed bed and sedge communities (Phragmitetea) with plants like reeds, reed canary grass, lesser pond-sedge, and purple loosestrife. Additionally, there are flood meadows (Agrostietalia stoloniferae) with creeping bentgrass as the dominant plant species in this community.

Other plant communities and endangered plants

In moist, nutrient-rich locations: Common bluegrass (Poa trivialis)

In very damp locations such as the meadow at Bullengraben or the meadow basin, willow plants with crack willows and commom sallow as well as ash maple stands were added, and occasionally black elder in the shrub layer. Some sites formed Molinietalia fragment communities ("wet herbaceous meadows, wet and reed meadows") with the species yellow meadow rue, meadow-sweet, and cabbage thistle as well as Arrhenatherion-elatioris fragment communities (valley fat meadows, planar and submontane smooth oat meadows) with wild chervil and common hogweed. The Egelpfuhl meadow was home to a relict pipe-grass community. In addition, the following were found in wet meadows: yellow meadow rue, valerian, meadow buttercup, pennywort , and meadow soft grass.

In spring, rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis) formed a largely closed lawn on seepage-moist, nutrient-rich sites. In magnocaricion communities (fen sedge meadows), acute slender and brown sedges predominated. Numerous evening primrose species grew on fill areas. In marginal areas, ornamental plants such as common lilac, golden currant, blackthorn, or purging buckthorn were planted. The moss flora was rather poor in species and only more numerous in the heaped-up edge areas. A dense carpet of common duckweed-covered water bodies such as the meadow basin or the willow marsh at the ditch cross during the overflow phases in spring. On the north-western bank of the up to three-meter-deep meadow basin, yellow water-lilies - protected like all water lily plants in Germany - covered the water's surface.[29] In 2009, the green corridor was accompanied by stretches of trees with oaks, pears, and Japanese cherries.

Out of the 220 plant species recorded in 1989, approximately 30 were identified as rare or endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species. According to the 2001 Berlin Red List, the following plant species are threatened with extinction: the carex demissa and the ragged-robbin (both found in 1989 on the Egelpfuhlwiese), while the crack willow is extremely rare, and the marsh pea, the marsh marigold, the yellow meadow-rue, the brown sedge, the ragged-robin, the flower of the year 2005, and the narrow-leaved rattle are all endangered. The state of Berlin lists the false cypergrass sedge and the knotted rush in the early warning stage[32]

Species-poor fauna

Lurch of the year 2007: Spadefoot toad

The faunal research team, who conducted investigations in 1988/1989, categorized the highly urbanized region as having no significant impact on the population of most animal species.[33] Notable occurrences were found among the birds with the marsh warbler, which prefers damp high herbaceous vegetation and is listed in the Berlin Red List in the early warning stage of declining populations. There was also evidence of the reed warbler and reed bunting, which are dependent on reed beds, and of the pouch tit, which finds its preferred combination of different siltation communities in the lowlands. At the meadow basin biotope, common moorhen and coots were found alongside the little grebe, which is on the early warning list.[34] The grass frog, which is no longer on the current Berlin Red List due to a continuous good population development since 1991, was also observed by the working group at the meadow basin.[35] From the class of amphibians, the pond newt was also detected at all small water bodies. The meadow basin also formed a spawning area for the strictly nocturnal spadefoot toad, which the German Society for Herpetology and Terrarial Science named amphibian of the Year in 2007 due to its severe endangerment. Another frog, the European green toad, which is strictly protected under the Habitats Directive, used the bottom of the watercourse to lay its spawning lines.

Evidence in the willow quarry: endangered golden locust

All biotopes proved to be valuable for the living conditions of ground beetles, longhorn beetles, and weevils. In the wetland biotopes, there were high proportions of phytophagous and hygrophilous species, including the endangered Berlin black moth (Agonum lugens),[36] which prefer eutrophic or mesotrophic sedimentation zones.[37] There was also evidence of the highly endangered Heyden's slender weevil (Mecinus heydeni Wenck), which requires toadflax as a food plant, and of the endangered longhorned beetle Taenapion rufulum (syn.: Apion rufulum) on its food plant, the annual nettle.[38] Grasshoppers formed average occurrences on the meadows, including the long-winged conehead, Roesel's bush-cricket, and the lesser marsh grasshopper. On the dry lawns, common field grasshoppers and field grasshoppers predominated. The mole cricket, which has rarely been found in Berlin and is classified as endangered, was found in the soil of the Egelpfuhl meadows. In addition, there was evidence of the endangered large Chrysochraon dispar, which prefers wetlands and fresh to moderately dry meadows, in the Weidenbruch.[39] A special feature among the spiders in the area was the finds of the endangered marbled orbweaver (Araneus marmoreus).[40] The spider was found in the meadows of the Egelpfuhl meadows. The disc-shaped Gelippte Tellererschnecke found in the ponds at Egelpfuhl meadows and Weidenbruch is noteworthy as an endangered species in Berlin's aquatic ecosystem.[41] Occurrences of the highly endangered species Agabus fuscipennis and Cybister lateralimarginalis were observed among the water beetles, while the highly endangered damselfly and endangered yellow-spotted emerald were found among the dragonflies.[42][43]

Bullengraben/Lindenufer green corridor

Planning, realization, and award

Plastic bull pit bull by Sebastian Kulisch. Unveiled as a symbol of the green corridor at its opening on June 7, 2007

Since the early 1980s, the Spandau district authority has been planning the development and redevelopment of the neglected Bullengraben and the renaturation of its protected biotopes. The project failed due to the district's lack of financial resources. However, the district had already bought up some vacant plots of land to realize the project at a later date. After months of negotiations, the Spandau Parks Department convinced Deutsche Bahn in 1996 to implement the plan as a replacement measure under nature conservation law for the impairments to nature and landscape caused by the construction project for the Hanover-Berlin high-speed rail line.[19]

Renovated green corridor on Egelpfuhlstrasse, 2009

Work began in October 2004. The opening and handover to the public took place in June 2007. The client was the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary DB ProjektBau. The structural design and management for the structures was the responsibility of the company Dr. Herold AG, Department of Structural Engineering, and the Senate Department for Bridge Construction. The work was carried out in cooperation with the Senate Department for Urban Development, the Supreme Nature Conservation Authority, the Spandau District Office, and the Berlin Nature Conservation and Parks Department. The overall planning and project management was carried out by the state-owned service company for open space development tasks, Grün Berlin GmbH, which in turn commissioned five different offices or companies for landscape architecture/garden design with the realization of the individual construction phases. The design, restoration, and renaturation were carried out in six construction phases, each with a distinctive landscape design focus. Four of the sections, two to five, were on the Bullengraben itself, while section one comprised the Burgwallgraben and the Havelufer (Lindenufer) and section six the Egelpfuhlgraben, which branches off to the south at the Grabenkreuz. All six sections are now collectively referred to as the Bullengraben Green Corridor, occasionally as the Bullengraben/Lindenufer Green Corridor. The total investment for all six sections was around 7.5 million euros. In the process, a total of 21.33 hectares were qualitatively and ecologically upgraded.[44][45][46] In some places, the geometric shape of the Bullengraben was broken up so that ecologically valuable lowland areas with moisture-loving plants could be created. The measures included in detail:[47]

  • Tree planting: 757 trees
  • Footpaths and cycle paths: 33,270 m²
  • Planting measures on: 82,215 m²
  • Maintenance measures on: 103,650 m²
  • Play areas on: 3,700 m²
  • Bridges, footbridges, platforms: 14 pieces

At a ceremony held by the Berlin Senate on 20 May 2009, Deutsche Bahn was awarded the Gustav Meyer Prize 2008 for the design of the green corridor in the category for facilities up to five years old. The prize has been awarded every two years since 1995 for outstandingly planned and exceptional public green spaces and parks and bears the name of Johann Heinrich Gustav Meyer, Berlin's first municipal director of horticulture.[45][48]

Sections

After renovation, the concreted floor of the Bullengraben reaches a width of 1.30 meters and a height of 40 centimeters. In the first section, the dimensions of the ditch do not significantly exceed the invert values. After the Stieglake basin and in the following sections, the bottom is embedded in a ditch that has a width of over ten meters and a depth of around two meters. The width of the entire greenway varies between about 30 and 200 meters. The total length of the path, including all secondary sections, is around eight kilometers.[49]

Section 1: Symbolic spring, Staaken fields, Stieglake basin

Settling Basin, symbolic source in Staaken

The Bullengraben green corridor begins east of the Staaken village church on Nennhauser Dam, from where a metal footbridge leads through an old Linden grove into the lowlands. The footbridge ends in a square with benches and trees, which is subsequently followed by a wooden plateau positioned above a settling basin of roughly ten meters in width. At this juncture, the Bullengraben has already passed beneath the Nennhauser Dam through a pipe. The pipe flows into the small pond, which, as stated by the architect Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten, "symbolizes the 'origin' of the Bullengraben."[1] The renovated section of the Bullengraben begins after the settling basin. The green corridor then runs through rural areas and incorporates the remains of the remaining Staaken fields. The green corridor is flanked by Altstaaken village structures to the south and the Louise Schroeder housing estate to the north. Eventually, the green corridor leads to a wide meadow with groves of reeds and rushes. If needed, the meadow can be flooded to hold onto excessive rainfall and release it to the Havel River with a time delay. An elongated wooden footbridge leads halfway across the wet meadows to mostly four-story apartment buildings in the estate, which was expanded in the late 1960s by Südekumzeile and Zweiwinkelweg to the Staakener fields.[50]

The main trail, lined with evenly spaced ash trees, leads to the Stieglake basin. This marks the end of the section and can be accessed from the north side. The pond is fed by a 700-meter-long canal, Stieglake ditch, which branches off to the north. Stieglake ditch has been integrated into the Bullengraben green corridor and is accompanied by a pathway. The initial 6.8-hectare construction phase focuses on symbolizing the spring and highlighting the rural environment.[51]

Section 2: From the country to the city

Meadow area at the Louise Schröder settlement, flooding area if required

The second section progresses from the Stieglake basin to the Magistratsweg, illustrating the shift from rural to urban surroundings. The Weidinger Landscape Architects office employed textural changes in vegetation in a west-east direction as a design element. They used willow, reed, and lawn plantings to depict a sliding change of mood across the area. The plantings gradually became finer-grained in the transition. This section of the basin includes the protected biotope Wiese am Bullengraben (Meadow at Bullengraben), separated from the Stieglake basin by the branch to the Stieglake trench.[46] As the development to the north of the ditch grows denser and closer to the green corridor, green areas south of Ramingraben/Amalienhofgraben widen, stretching as far as Heerstrasse. The rural south bank also experiences an increase in population density at Spieroweg/Dörbeckweg.[52][53] In front of Magistratsweg and near the Geschwister-Scholl-Heim youth center/ Sophie-Scholl art school, there are extensive play and sports areas with two small soccer or field hockey fields, a basketball court, skate and BMX pipes, table tennis tables, a playground, and a toboggan hill in the green corridor. [54]

Section 3, Part 1: Meadow basin and ditch cross

Bridge extension of the Spieroweg

The segment from Magistratsweg to Päwesiner Weg was created by Grigoleit Landschaftsarchitekten, who also designed the initial section. This stretch of the green route is known for the meadow basin, ditch cross, and Bullengraben floodplain. The landscaping architects carefully integrated the protected biotope and inaccessible meadow basin into the design. Footbridges and plateaus along the banks cut through the thicket, offering views of the previously hidden pond and its reed beds. At Baluschekweg,[55] the residential buildings end, and the lowland opens up into the intersecting ditches of Bullengraben, Egelpfuhlgraben, and Neustaakener Graben, which divide the space into four uniquely shaped areas. The willow quarry's wilderness is contrasted by the short-mown grassland, loosely scattered trees, wet meadows with reed beds, and a planting of ornamental grasses. [56] A boardwalk runs through the elongated narrow lowland of Egelpfuhlgraben, which extends southward.

Branch Section 6: Egelpfuhlgraben ditch

Footbridge over the Egelpfuhlgraben to the Weidenbruch at the Grabenkreuz

From the ditch cross, the approximately 150-metre-long boardwalk leads past willows and tall reeds through the frequently flooded willow quarry. Furthermore, in this area, the dilapidated cobblestone path has been replaced by an asphalt surface designed for pedestrians and cyclists. This surface accompanies the Egelpfuhlgraben for around one kilometer in the southern direction. Following an initially narrow path, the green corridor widens in some places to 50 meters. The green corridor begins on the west side following the pergolas of Kolonie am Baluschekweg (Colony on Baluschekweg). It then runs close to the apartment blocks on Baluschekweg. Meanwhile, the east side features an open green area. Continuing southeast along Lutoner Street, the green corridor leads to the Egelpfuhl meadows and the ditch source before Seeburger Weg.[57]

Green corridor at Egelpfuhlgraben

The ARGE planning office Förster & maigrün upgraded the section along with the path, play, and rest areas by extensively clearing and maintaining the embankment area of the Egelpfuhlgraben. As a result, the ditch and its tree population are now visible again. Furthermore, seat walls made of concrete blocks highlight the entrance at Seeburger Weg. After planting 70,000 flower bulbs, the lawns are transformed into a vibrant display of blossoms in spring. The land use plan considers the requirements of the "protected green space":[58]

"The planning objective is to cautiously round off the residential areas in the area of the superordinate Egelpfuhlwiesen green corridor in line with the local situation, enabling additional residential development to the east of Seeburger Weg. The Egelpfuhlwiesen green corridor as part of a large-scale green network will continue to be shown in accordance with its function and value. [...] The compatibility of the residential development area W3 with the objectives of nature conservation is guaranteed and must be implemented as part of the binding urban land-use planning."

— Senate Department for Urban Development. Land use plan - Seeburger Weg amendment. 2002/2003

Section 3, Part 2: Bullengraben bull, Sunken garden, and Ulriken basin

Access to the green corridor on Elsflether Weg

On the Bullengraben, situated to the east of Egelpfuhl Street, there is a rust-brown steel bull sculpture that stands out against the green lawn. Created by artist Sebastian Kulisch, it is known as the Bullengraben Bull. The sculpture was unveiled on 7th June 2007 by Konrad Birkholz,[59] the district mayor of Spandau, as a symbolic gesture to mark the opening of the green corridor.[60]

As a symbol of the green corridor, the sculpture represents the ongoing development on both sides of the green corridor. On the northern side, there are alternating allotment garden colonies and scattered commercial areas, whereas the southern side is dominated by apartment buildings. The ditch, which is typically narrow, widens out at this point and is accompanied by high embankments. As a result, the southern embankment was flattened and shifted to the south, forming a large controlled flood area known as the Bullengraben floodplain. On a new, central embankment, the path leads past wild fruit orchards and a sunken garden with old ornamental and fruit trees, which is laid out with red concrete chairs as a recreation and rest area. A wooden footbridge crosses the sunken garden, providing access to the main pathway. Beyond the path, a steel bridge spans the Bullengraben, leading to the Freie Scholle allotment garden colony. Separated by a narrow earth wall, another dip continues from the sunken garden with the Ulriken basin, which is defined by a robust willow tree and its dense reeds. The green corridor then narrows to an 80-meter width, stretching through allotment gardens on the southern side up to Päwesiner Weg. The total cost for constructing the 9.1-hectare area amounted to 1.625 million euros.[56]

Section 4: Up to the Spandau settlement core

Mouth of the Burgwallgraben into the Havel on the banks of the linden trees

The section between Päwesiner Weg and Klosterstrasse is one kilometer long and up to 200 meters wide. Here, the green corridor reaches the center of Spandau and emphasizes the difference in elevation between the trench and the surrounding urban landscape. The trench's height varies from the surrounding urban environment due to the filling of muddy ground during the city's construction, rather than being naturally occurring. The city's height difference increases from west to east with its age, particularly noticeable at the intersections of Bullengraben and the crossing roads, as well as the large lowland meadow adorned with older trees, a characteristic landscape feature. The Häfner/Jimenez landscape architecture firm, responsible for this section, has furnished the footbridge over the lower-lying meadow with benches and a variety of perennial plantings, leading to the northern promenade. The entrance areas are characterized by fruit trees like decorative cherries and pears. The central asphalt path is accompanied by lawns and tree-lined avenues. To the north of Klosterfeld, there are four allotment garden colonies along the green corridor, while small commercial areas dominate the south side. Small sandy areas with play equipment complement the recreational facilities along Päwesiner Weg and Elsflether Weg. The construction costs for this section totaled approximately 1.5 million euros.[2]

Section 5: Am Ziegelhof, Burgwallgraben, Havel

After the interruption at Klosterstrasse, the green pathway departs the Bullengraben and curves southeastward from Ziegelhof towards the Havel. At this point, a footpath replaces the former asphalt trail and treads alongside the remaining segment of the Burgwallgraben characterized by sharp-edged bends. The landscape architectural design by Topotek 1, Gesellschaft von Landschaftsarchitekten mbH, highlights the immersive quality of this elongated space molded by water. In the lower section of the Burgwallgraben, which is suitable for pleasure boat navigation, the landscape architects built a generous water staircase into the embankment. "Towards the Havel, the path opens up and becomes an urban promenade with bright yellow park benches in keeping with the scale of the waterway."[46] The Havel segment of the promenade is currently laid out over approximately 30 meters, with the extension towards the south progressing up to the Schulenburg Bridge. As of 2009, this extension is still under development. To the north of the Burgwall estuary, the Lindenuferpromenade extends further. This promenade was built in 2006 as a replacement for Deutsche Bahn. As there is currently no bridge over the ditch, accessing this area requires bypassing a majority of the Burgwallgraben.[61]

Integration into Berlin's network of paths and development concept

End of the green corridor at the Havel-Lindenufer and transition to the Havelseenweg , main green path no. 12

The Bullengrabenweg, which runs alongside the moat and the green corridor, is one of Berlin's 20 main green routes, most of which are marked with blue and white stickers with the corresponding number. There are still some gaps in the network, for which alternative and bypass routes are provided.[62][63]

The Bullengraben green corridor intersects with the Havelseenweg (main path 12) at the Lindenuferpromenade. There is a gap in the pathway and green space network between Lindenufer and the Tiefwerder Wiesen landscape conservation area on the southeastern side of the Havel River. As part of the West Berlin Plan in 2004, the Senate Department for Urban Development suggested a direct connection:[64]

"A footbridge over the Havel could connect the Bullengraben green corridor with Tiefwerder, the Murellenschlucht gorge and the proposed elevated path on the edge of the Teltow slope and encourage long walks to Charlottenburg Palace [...]."

— Senate Department for Urban Development: Planwerk Westraum Berlin. 2004

The Bullengraben green corridor would be connected to the west of Berlin and the European hiking trail E11 through Charlottenburg Palace and the Großer Tiergarten by using the Spree hiking trail (main trail 01). Towards the north, the Havelseenweg (main trail 12) joins with the Heiligenseer Weg (main trail 03). To the south, the Havelhöhenweg in the Grunewald gives access to Wannseeweg (main trail 11). To the southwest, the Berlin Wall Trail intersects with Bullengraben near its symbolic source in Staaken (sedimentation basin), while the Ramingraben/Amalienhofgraben connects to the Hahneberg green space and the Spandauer Weg (main trail 02) in the northern part of Nauener plate.[65] Furthermore, the green corridor lies just 1,200 metres from the western Berlin border, prompting the city to plan a connection towards the Dallgower Niederung. Once completed, the Bullengraben green corridor will create an almost uninterrupted green belt linking the Berlin city centre with the Döberitzer Heide and the Seeburg agricultural landscape.[66]

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Further reading

  • Elke Hickisch, Reinhard Hanke: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Ziegelhofs und des Bullengrabens in Spandau. Landschaft und Geschichten. Hrsg.: Bezirksamt Spandau von Berlin, Abt. Bau- und Wohnungswesen – Gartenbauamt. Berlin 1987.
  • Adriaan von Müller; Klara von Müller-Muci, Ausgrabungen, Funde und Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen auf dem Burgwall in Berlin-Spandau, Hrsg.: Klaus Goldmann, Alfred Kerndl. Wissenschaftsverlag Volker Spieß, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-89166-068-5.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Egelpfuhlwiese. Teil: Boden/Vegetation. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Egelpfuhlwiese. Teil: Die faunistischen Aspekte. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Faunistische Arbeitsgruppe Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Weidenbruch am Bullengraben. Teil: Boden/Vegetation. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Weidenbruch am Bullengraben. Teil: Die faunistischen Aspekte. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Faunistische Arbeitsgruppe Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Wiese am Bullengraben. Teil: Boden/Vegetation. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Wiese am Bullengraben. Teil: Die faunistischen Aspekte. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Faunistische Arbeitsgruppe Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Wiesenbecken am Bullengraben. Teil: Boden/Vegetation. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Wolfgang Linder, Nonno Schacht. Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Wiesenbecken am Bullengraben. Teil: Die faunistischen Aspekte. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Auftragnehmer: Faunistische Arbeitsgruppe Berlin (FAB). Berlin 1990.
  • Schutz-, Pflege- und Entwicklungskonzept: Wiesenbecken am Bullengraben. Teil: Limnologie. Endbericht. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III A. Wissenschaftliche Leitung: Wilhelm Ripl. Berlin 1990.
  • Wolfgang Ribbe (Hrsg.), Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau, Colloquium-Verlag, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-7678-0593-6.

External links

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