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[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar, denarius, 44 BC, RRC 480-10.jpg|thumb|Denarius of [[Sepullia gens|Publius Sepullius Macer]], 44 BC, with the head of [[Julius Caesar]] on the obverse. The legend on the obverse reads DICT PERPETVO CAESAR.<ref>Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', p. 490.</ref>]]
[[File:Gaius Julius Caesar, denarius, 44 BC, RRC 480-10.jpg|thumb|Denarius of [[Sepullia gens|Publius Sepullius Macer]], 44 BC, with the head of [[Julius Caesar]] on the obverse. The legend on the obverse reads DICT PERPETVO CAESAR.<ref>Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', p. 490.</ref>]]


'''{{Lang|la|Dictator perpetuo}}''' ([[English language|English]]: "dictator in perpetuity"), also called '''''dictator in perpetuum''''',<ref>For this title in inscriptions and texts ''cf''. the ''Fasti Capitolini'' (Rome): ..../ ''[C(aius) Iulius C(ai) f(ilius) C(ai) n(epos) Caesar in perpetuum dict(ator)] / [rei gerundae causa]''... and the ''Fasti Amiternini'' (''Amiternum''/ Poggio San Vittorino): ''...[C(aius) Iulius Ca]esar dict(ator) [in p]erpetuum/ [bellu]m civil(e) Mutine(n)se / cum M(arco) [A]ntonio...''; important is also [https://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae116.html Livy, ''Perioch.'' CXVI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053846/http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae116.html |date=2018-12-04 }}: ''Caesar... Et cum plurimi maximique honores a senatu decreti essent (inter quos... dictator in perpetuum esset...)...'' For the date [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/datesjc.html "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events"].</ref> was the office held by [[Julius Caesar]] towards the end of his life. He was granted the title between 26 January and 15 February during the year 44 BC. [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|He would be killed shortly thereafter on 15 March]].<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/datesjc.html "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events"]</ref> By abandoning the time restrictions usually applied in the case of the [[Roman dictator|Roman dictatorship]], it elevated Caesar's dictatorship into the monarchical sphere.
'''{{Lang|la|Dictator perpetuo}}''' ([[English language|English]]: "dictator in perpetuity"), also called '''''dictator in perpetuum''''',<ref>For this title in inscriptions and texts ''cf''. the ''Fasti Capitolini'' (Rome): ..../ ''[C(aius) Iulius C(ai) f(ilius) C(ai) n(epos) Caesar in perpetuum dict(ator)] / [rei gerundae causa]''... and the ''Fasti Amiternini'' (''Amiternum''/ Poggio San Vittorino): ''...[C(aius) Iulius Ca]esar dict(ator) [in p]erpetuum/ [bellu]m civil(e) Mutine(n)se / cum M(arco) [A]ntonio...''; important is also [https://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae116.html Livy, ''Perioch.'' CXVI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053846/http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae116.html |date=2018-12-04 }}: ''Caesar... Et cum plurimi maximique honores a senatu decreti essent (inter quos... dictator in perpetuum esset...)...'' For the date [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/datesjc.html "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events"].</ref> was the office held by [[Julius Caesar]] towards the end of his life. He was granted the title between 26 January and 15 February during the year 44 BC. [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|He would be killed shortly thereafter on 15 March]].<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/datesjc.html "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events"]</ref> By abandoning the time restrictions usually applied in the case of the [[Roman dictator|Roman dictatorship]], it elevated Caesar's dictatorship into the monarchical sphere.{{Clarify}}


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 19:15, 8 February 2024

Denarius of Publius Sepullius Macer, 44 BC, with the head of Julius Caesar on the obverse. The legend on the obverse reads DICT PERPETVO CAESAR.[1]

Dictator perpetuo (English: "dictator in perpetuity"), also called dictator in perpetuum,[2] was the office held by Julius Caesar towards the end of his life. He was granted the title between 26 January and 15 February during the year 44 BC. He would be killed shortly thereafter on 15 March.[3] By abandoning the time restrictions usually applied in the case of the Roman dictatorship, it elevated Caesar's dictatorship into the monarchical sphere.[clarification needed]

History

Julius Caesar held the dictator position for only eleven days in 49 BCE (holding elections either as dictator Comit. habend. or as dictator rei gerundae causa) and again for the year 48/47 BCE. In 46 BCE, he was elected dictator for the next ten years. At some point between January and February 44 BCE he was appointed dictator perpetuo, but was assassinated less than two months later (on the Ides of March).[4]

Stefan Weinstock has argued that the perpetual dictatorship was part of the senatorial decrees regarding Caesar's divine honors, as well as his planned apotheosis as Divus Iulius, a complex of honors aimed at eternity and divinity.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 490.
  2. ^ For this title in inscriptions and texts cf. the Fasti Capitolini (Rome): ..../ [C(aius) Iulius C(ai) f(ilius) C(ai) n(epos) Caesar in perpetuum dict(ator)] / [rei gerundae causa]... and the Fasti Amiternini (Amiternum/ Poggio San Vittorino): ...[C(aius) Iulius Ca]esar dict(ator) [in p]erpetuum/ [bellu]m civil(e) Mutine(n)se / cum M(arco) [A]ntonio...; important is also Livy, Perioch. CXVI Archived 2018-12-04 at the Wayback Machine: Caesar... Et cum plurimi maximique honores a senatu decreti essent (inter quos... dictator in perpetuum esset...)... For the date "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events".
  3. ^ "Julius Caesar: Dates and Events"
  4. ^ Martin Jehne, Der Staat des Dicators Caesar, Köln/Wien 1987, p. 15-38.
  5. ^ Stefan Weinstock, Divus Julius, Oxford 1971.

Bibliography

  • Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press, 1974, ISBN 9780521074926.
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