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{{see also|Human trafficking in Israel}}
{{see also|Human trafficking in Israel}}


According to the findings released in March 2005 by a Parliamentary Inquiry Committee, between 3,000 and 5,000 women had been smuggled into Israel and sold into prostitution in the previous four years. Most of the prostitutes came from [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[China]] and [[Russia]], and many were smuggled through [[Egypt]].<ref name="ynet2005"/><ref name="bbc2005">{{cite news |title=Israel women trafficking soars |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4380067.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=24 March 2005 |access-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/123357.pdf |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=June 2009 |website=State.gov |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>
According to the findings released in March 2005 by a Parliamentary Inquiry Committee, between 3,000 and 5,000 women had been smuggled into Israel and sold into prostitution in the previous four years. Most of the prostitutes came from [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Eritrea]] and [[Russia]] and many were smuggled through [[Egypt]].<ref name="ynet2005"/><ref name="bbc2005">{{cite news |title=Israel women trafficking soars |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4380067.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=24 March 2005 |access-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Vere |title=Eritrean Asylum Seekers in Israel Increasingly Turning to Prostitution |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-09-12/ty-article/.premium/more-eritrean-asylum-seekers-turning-to-prostitution/0000017f-da7a-d938-a17f-fe7ac0500000 |work=Haaretz |date=Sep 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lis |first1=Jonathan |title=More Female Eritrean Asylum Seekers Working in Prostitution in Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2018-03-09/ty-article/.premium/more-female-eritrean-asylum-seekers-in-sex-work-in-israel/0000017f-ebe3-d4a6-af7f-ffe7ecf00000 |work=Haaretz |date=Mar 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>Gebreyesus, T., Sultan, Z., Ghebrezghiabher, H.M. et al. Life on the margins: the experiences of sexual violence and exploitation among Eritrean asylum-seeking women in Israel. BMC Women's Health 18, 135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0624-y</ref>


In 2007, a report by the Knesset's Committee on the Status of Women reported that in recent years the number of trafficked women had dropped to less than 1,000, though there are still reports that women and other people who are forced into trafficking are brought in through more covert ways.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-new-prostitution-bill-may-change-the-lives-of-thousands-of-women-1.6343463|title=Analysis New Israeli Bill Fining Prostitution Clients May Change Thousands of Women's Lives|last=Lee|first=Vered|date=6 August 2018|work=Haaretz|access-date=4 October 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jpost2007">{{cite news |first=Sheera Claire |last=Frenkel |title=Israelis against punishing prostitutes |url= http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israelis-against-punishing-prostitutes |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=14 January 2008 }}</ref> In 2007, the United States State Department placed Israel as a "[[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|Tier 2]]" in its annual Trafficking in Persons reports, meaning that it does not fully comply with the standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so.<ref name="statedept">{{Cite web| url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007 |publisher=U.S. State Department|title=Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report 2007| date=June 2007}}</ref> In 2011 the country was upgraded to "Tier 1".<ref name="state18">{{cite web |title=Israel 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282677.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230745/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282677.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2018 |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
In 2007, a report by the Knesset's Committee on the Status of Women reported that in recent years the number of trafficked women had dropped to less than 1,000, though there are still reports that women and other people who are forced into trafficking are brought in through more covert ways.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-new-prostitution-bill-may-change-the-lives-of-thousands-of-women-1.6343463|title=Analysis New Israeli Bill Fining Prostitution Clients May Change Thousands of Women's Lives|last=Lee|first=Vered|date=6 August 2018|work=Haaretz|access-date=4 October 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jpost2007">{{cite news |first=Sheera Claire |last=Frenkel |title=Israelis against punishing prostitutes |url= http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israelis-against-punishing-prostitutes |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=14 January 2008 }}</ref> In 2007, the United States State Department placed Israel as a "[[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|Tier 2]]" in its annual Trafficking in Persons reports, meaning that it does not fully comply with the standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so.<ref name="statedept">{{Cite web| url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007 |publisher=U.S. State Department|title=Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report 2007| date=June 2007}}</ref> In 2011 the country was upgraded to "Tier 1".<ref name="state18">{{cite web |title=Israel 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282677.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230745/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282677.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2018 |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:37, 5 March 2024

Prostitution (the exchange of sexual acts for money) was legal in Israel until December 2018, but organised prostitution in the form of brothels and pimping were prohibited. Legislation passed in the Knesset on 31 December 2018 that criminalises the "clients" of prostitutes came into force in May 2020,[1][2] and was regulated since July 2020 under the Israeli Abolition of Prostitution Consumption Law, where fines will be cast for consumption of prostitution services from an adult.[3] This legislation makes Israel the tenth country to adopt the "Nordic model".[4] The Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services estimates there to be 14,000 prostitutes in the country.[4]

The main centre of prostitution in Israel is Tel Aviv. It has been estimated that 62% of the brothels and 48% of the massage parlors in the country are in Tel Aviv.[5] The traditional red-light district of the old bus station area was subjected to a number of raids and closures in 2017,[6] and the area is subject to gentrification.[6][7]

History

Prostitution has existed in Israel since Biblical times, and has been practiced by both women and men. People were advised never to become prostitutes or place their daughters in the trade, as it was viewed as "shameful profession".[8]

In the early 19th century, Jewish Women in Eastern Europe were upended by economic collapse. Many of these women were forced or coerced into prostitution or the sex trade, as it was the only viable means of self-support.[9]

By World War I, prostitution was well established in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Ramla, and most other cities. Brothels were owned by both Jews and Arabs. British soldiers added to the demand for prostitution in the 1930s and 1940s. Tel Aviv was considered to be the centre of the sex trade in the Middle East.[10]

Prostitution was legalized in Israel in 1949 under the Prostitution and Abomination Act, although homosexual prostitution was not legalized till 1954. However, in 1962, indoor prostitution, but not street prostitution, was prohibited, and is controlled by the Israeli Criminal Law 1966, Sections 199–202. However, indoor prostitution has continued to thrive. It was not perceived as a major problem till the 1970s, (Cnaan 1982), and prostitution policy has been described as "benign neglect". A 1975 inquiry (Ben-Eato) recommended legalization, but this was not implemented. (Cnaan 1982)

In the 1990s, as in other countries, trafficking in women became a political issue in women's movements in Israel, who engaged in political lobbying for legislative action. In 2003, Israel passed a law that would allow the state to confiscate the profits of traffickers, but watchdog groups claim it is rarely enforced.[11]

In 2007, a ban on advertising was debated.[12] In December 2009, a bill outlawing the purchase of sex was introduced into the Israeli parliament. In February 2012, another draft bill received cabinet approval.[13][14]

In 2017, the "Criminal Prohibition of Consumption of Prostitution Services and Community Treatment Bill" was introduced to the Knesset.[5] This proposed law criminalized the purchase of sex, and provides for the "client" to pay the prostitute compensation.[15] A government committee, headed by Justice Ministry director-general, Emmy Palmor, was set up to find the best model for criminalizing "clients". In January 2018, they reported that they had failed to agree on a method, but ultimately recommend "that if using prostitutes is deemed a criminal offense, they favor scaled criminalization".[16] The bill would subject those arrested for prostitution to a fine of up to NIS 1,500 for paying for prostitution services, and NIS 3,000 if the offense is repeated within three years. The accused would be allowed to contest the fine and go to trial if they so choose, but if convicted the fine would be increased up to NIS 75,300.[17]

On 31 December 2018, the proposed bill was passed, criminalizing "sex clients", but not prostitutes. It introduced a fine of NIS 2,000 for offenders, increasing to NIS 4,000 for repeat offenses within three years. A possible criminal case against sex buyers could carry a maximum penalty of NIS 75,300. The Justice Ministry may pursue alternatives to fines, such as "john schools".[4][18] The law additionally provides NIS 90,000,000 to help those in prostitution switch careers.[19][2]

Despite the penal code, using the services of a prostitute carries widespread legitimacy in Israel, and social norms distinguish between prostitution and trafficking.[20]

In July 2020, the bill went into effect over the objections of some government offices and welfare groups, who sought a delay to ensure government rehabilitation programs were ready to aid the thousands of newly out-of-work prostitutes.[21] The Public Security Ministry had also sought a delay, citing the police's inability to enforce the new law and the government's failure to set up mandatory seminars for offenders to raise awareness of the dangers of prostitution, which had been proposed on top of the fines. But Justice Minister Avi Nissenkorn denied the request for delay.[21]

Economics

The sex trade in Israel generates up to $500 million in revenue a year.[22]

Immigration

Israel has a large number of non-Jewish Russian, Ukrainian and Central Asian immigrants. Immigrant women have included prostitutes, while others turned to prostitution due to economic hardship in their new land. Prostitution in Israel has been dominated by immigrants from the former Soviet Union since the mass immigration in the 1990s.[10] A study published in 2005 found 1,000 Russian, Ukrainian and Central Asian prostitutes working in Israel, mostly in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. From 1991 to 1994, the number of "massage parlors" run by Russian, Ukrainian and Central Asian immigrants rose from 14 to 111.[23]

Politics

Various groups have advocated legalizing prostitution, or criminalizing the buyers. Conservative religious political parties have consistently opposed legalization on grounds of immorality. (Cnaan 1982)

Women leaders in the country have also worked to decrease prostitution and sex trafficking in the country with the "Nordic Model", which does not victimize sellers and bans the sale of prostitution. Their bill was set to reach Israel's Ministerial Committee for Legislation near the end of 2018.[24]

The Knesset unanimously passed a law forbidding the buying of sex, as Israel joins other countries that have taken this route in recent years such as Sweden and France.

According to the law, which passed in a 34-0 vote, anyone buying or attempting to buy sex would be fined 2,000 shekels ($534), which doubles for a second offense. For any further violations the offender could be prosecuted and the fine could reach 75,300 shekels.[25]

Sex trafficking

See also: Human trafficking in Israel

According to the findings released in March 2005 by a Parliamentary Inquiry Committee, between 3,000 and 5,000 women had been smuggled into Israel and sold into prostitution in the previous four years. Most of the prostitutes came from Ukraine, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Eritrea and Russia and many were smuggled through Egypt.[11][26][27][28][29]

In 2007, a report by the Knesset's Committee on the Status of Women reported that in recent years the number of trafficked women had dropped to less than 1,000, though there are still reports that women and other people who are forced into trafficking are brought in through more covert ways.[30][31] In 2007, the United States State Department placed Israel as a "Tier 2" in its annual Trafficking in Persons reports, meaning that it does not fully comply with the standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so.[32] In 2011 the country was upgraded to "Tier 1".[33]

Since 2010, no cases of human trafficking have been reported in Israel and only a limited number of women were brought to the country to be prostitutes.[34]

An organization calling itself the 'Task Force on Human Trafficking' claims that men, in total, visit brothels in Israel up to one million times a month.[35]

References

  1. ^ Berg, Raffi (6 November 2007). "Israel's fight against sex trafficking". Jerusalem: BBC News. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  2. ^ a b Israel, David (31 December 2018). "Knesset Passes Bills Punishing Prostitution Clients, Compelling Security Cameras in Old Age Homes". JewishPress. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  3. ^ "2019 Prostitution Penal Law" (PDF). fs.knesset.gov.il.
  4. ^ a b c Harkov, Lahav (31 December 2018). "Israel becomes 10th country to criminalize hiring prostitutes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b "City in Focus: Tel Aviv, Israel - Exodus Cry". Exodus Cry. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Tel Aviv sex workers resist gentrification and raids". Global Network of Sex Work Projects. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  7. ^ Lee, Vered (2 October 2017). "Empty Streets and Locked Doors: Prostitution Is Disappearing From Tel Aviv's Underbelly". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Issues in Jewish Ethics: Prostitution". The Jewish Virtual Library. The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Prostitution". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b Miller, Tal (10 December 2012). "Meet Angelique Sabag Gautiller, Israel's First Female Pimp". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  11. ^ a b Hasson, Miri (23 March 2005). "Israel's sex trade booming". Tel Aviv: Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  12. ^ "Selling Their Bodies and Their Souls - Haaretz - Israel News Haaretz.com". Haaretz. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  13. ^ "Should Israel Make Paying for Sex a Criminal Offense?". Huffingtonpost.com. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  14. ^ Lis, Jonathan; Weiler-Polak, Dana (12 February 2012). "Israel Cabinet Approves Bill That Criminalizes Soliciting Prostitution". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  15. ^ "Proposed Legislation". ATZUM Justice Works. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  16. ^ Hovel, Revital (10 January 2018). "Israeli Gov't Committee Opts for 'Soft Criminalization' of Prostitute Clients". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  17. ^ Mualem, Mazal (10 August 2018). "Israeli bill aims to crack down on those hiring prostitutes".
  18. ^ Hai, Shahar (31 December 2018). "Israel bans prostitution, backs rehabilitation for sex workers". Ynetnews. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  19. ^ i24NEWS (25 December 2018). "Israel passes law to punish 'johns' who hire prostitutes". i24NEWS. Retrieved 31 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. p. 419. ISBN 9780313329708. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  21. ^ a b "Seeking prostitution services is now illegal in Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  22. ^ "Prostitution Revenue By Country". Havocscope.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  23. ^ Patrick Cockburn (21 September 1995). "Sex slur enrages Russian Jews | World | News". The Independent. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  24. ^ Hughes, Rebecca (14 September 2018). "What Israel's Campaign to End Prostitution Teaches Us About Women Leaders". The National Interest. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  25. ^ Sevald, Flavia (31 December 2018). "ISRAEL PASSES LAW BANNING THE BUYING OF SEX". jij.org.
  26. ^ "Israel women trafficking soars". BBC News. 24 March 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  27. ^ Lee, Vere (12 September 2017). "Eritrean Asylum Seekers in Israel Increasingly Turning to Prostitution". Haaretz.
  28. ^ Lis, Jonathan (9 March 2018). "More Female Eritrean Asylum Seekers Working in Prostitution in Israel". Haaretz.
  29. ^ Gebreyesus, T., Sultan, Z., Ghebrezghiabher, H.M. et al. Life on the margins: the experiences of sexual violence and exploitation among Eritrean asylum-seeking women in Israel. BMC Women's Health 18, 135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0624-y
  30. ^ Lee, Vered (6 August 2018). "Analysis New Israeli Bill Fining Prostitution Clients May Change Thousands of Women's Lives". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  31. ^ Frenkel, Sheera Claire (15 October 2007). "Israelis against punishing prostitutes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  32. ^ "Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report 2007". U.S. State Department. June 2007.
  33. ^ "Israel 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  34. ^ "Trafficking for Prostitution in Israel". Trafficking for Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  35. ^ "Israeli Men visit brothels one million times a month". Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2010.

Further reading

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