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{{Short description|Early Portuguese settlers in West Africa}}
{{Short description|Early Portuguese settlers in West Africa}}
The '''''lançados''''' (literally, ''the thrown out ones''<ref name="pardue42">[[#pardue|Pardue 2015]]: p. 42</ref> or ''the cast out ones'') were settlers and colonizers of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] origin in [[Senegambia (geography)|Senegambia]], [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cabo Verde]], [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], and other areas on the coast of [[West Africa]]. Many were [[Jews]]—often [[New Christian]]s—escaping persecution from the [[Portuguese Inquisition]]. ''Lançados'' often took African wives from local ruling families, securing protection and advantageous trading ties. They established clandestine trading networks in weaponry, spices, and slaves. This black market angered the [[Portuguese Crown]] by disrupting its ability to collect taxes.
The '''''lançados''''' (literally, ''the thrown out ones''<ref name="pardue42">[[#pardue|Pardue 2015]]: p. 42</ref> or ''the cast out ones'') were settlers and colonizers of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] origin in [[Senegambia (geography)|Senegambia]], [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cabo Verde]], [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], and other areas on the coast of [[West Africa]]. Many were [[Jews]]—often [[New Christian]]s—escaping persecution from the [[Portuguese Inquisition]].


''Lançados'' often took African wives from local ruling families, thereby securing protection and trading ties that worked to the advantage of both sides. They established clandestine trading networks in weaponry, spices, and slaves. This black market angered the [[Portuguese Crown]] by disrupting its ability to collect taxes.
⚫
Although never large in numbers, mixed-race children born to the ''lançados'' and their African wives and concubines served as crucial intermediaries between Europeans and native Africans. These mixed-race people wielded significant power in the early development of port economies in [[Bissau]], [[Cacheu]], and surrounding areas.<ref name="ribeiro33"/>

⚫
Although never large in numbers, the [[mixed-race]] children born to the ''lançados'' and their African wives and concubines served as crucial intermediaries between Europeans and native Africans. They were often bilingual and grew up in both cultures, sometimes working as interpreters with traders. These mixed-race people wielded significant power in the early development of port economies in [[Bissau]], [[Cacheu]], and surrounding areas.<ref name="ribeiro33"/>


==History==
==History==
===Origin===
===Origin===
At the time of [[Prince Henry the Navigator]]'s death in 1460, the Portuguese had visited the West African coast from Cabo Verde as far south as the [[equator]]. They were familiar with points in between such as [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Elmina]] (the latter in present-day [[Ghana]]). The Portuguese monarchy attempted to hold a total [[monopoly]] over the West African slave trade by nominating official intermediaries for that purpose.<ref name="ribeiro33">[[#ribeiro|Ribeiro 2018]]: p. 33</ref>
At the time of [[Prince Henry the Navigator]]'s death in 1460, the Portuguese had visited the West African coast from Cabo Verde as far south as the [[equator]]. They were familiar with points in between such as present-day [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Elmina]] (the latter in present-day [[Ghana]]). The Portuguese monarchy attempted to hold a total [[monopoly]] over the West African slave trade by nominating official intermediaries for that purpose.<ref name="ribeiro33">[[#ribeiro|Ribeiro 2018]]: p. 33</ref>

⚫
In 1479 Portugal and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] signed the [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]] ending the [[War of the Castilian Succession]]. During the war Castile had contested the Portuguese slave trade monopoly by threatening Portuguese outposts and unsuccessfully [[Battle of Guinea|attacking their fleet]] in the [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref name="ribeiro33"/> With their main European rival neutralized, Portugal expanded its trade networks and settlements in [[West Africa]] essentially unopposed throughout the 15th century. During that century various Portuguese settlers, adventurers, and merchants traveled to the coastal areas and [[archipelago]]s of West Africa—particularly Cabo Verde—either voluntarily or by force. Some were merchants or agents of [[mercantilism|commercial enterprises]] who "threw themselves" willingly ("''lançavam''") into contact with African peoples for trading purposes, and often circumvented the Portuguese monarchy's monopolistic taxes.<ref name="unesco468">[[#unesco|UNESCO 2010]]: pp. 468–471</ref>

But, the majority of ''lançados'' were legally or self-exiled to Africa, including [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[New Christian]]s escaping the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], and persons called ''[[degredado]]s'' serving out legally-imposed exiles.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> A small minority of ''lançados'' were not Portuguese, but [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Greeks|Greek]], or [[Indian people|Indian]].<ref name="ribeiro33"/>


''Lançados'' would live and trade in coastal areas, either individually or in small groups, and with the knowledge and protection of native Africans. Over time some ''lançado'' settlements grew large enough that they could impose violence on local peoples without fear of reprisal.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> They also built their own ships and recruited Africans known as ''{{interlanguage link|grumetes|pt}}'' to serve as auxiliary soldiers.<ref name="ribeiro34">[[#ribeiro|Ribeiro 2018]]: p. 34</ref>
⚫
In 1479 Portugal and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] signed the [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]] ending the [[War of the Castilian Succession]]. During the war Castile had contested the Portuguese slave trade monopoly by threatening Portuguese outposts and unsuccessfully [[Battle of Guinea|attacking their fleet]] in the [[Gulf of Guinea]].<ref name="ribeiro33"/> With their main European rival neutralized, Portugal grew its trade networks and settlements in [[West Africa]] essentially unopposed throughout the 15th century. During that century various Portuguese settlers, adventurers, and merchants traveled to the coastal areas and [[archipelago]]s of West Africa—particularly Cabo Verde—either voluntarily or by force. Some were merchants or agents of [[mercantilism|commercial enterprises]] who "threw themselves" willingly ("''lançavam''") into contact with African peoples for trading purposes, and often circumvented the Portuguese monarchy's monopolistic taxes.<ref name="unesco468">[[#unesco|UNESCO 2010]]: pp. 468–471</ref> However, the majority of ''lançados'' were legally or self-exiled to Africa, including [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[New Christian]]s escaping the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], and persons called ''[[degredado]]s'' serving out legally-imposed exiles.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> A very small minority of ''lançados'' were not Portuguese, but [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Greeks|Greek]], or [[Indian people|Indian]].<ref name="ribeiro33"/>


''Lançados'' would live and trade in coastal areas, either individually or in small groups, and with the knowledge and protection of native Africans. Over time some ''lançado'' settlements grew large enough they could impose violence on local peoples without fear of reprisal.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> They also built their own ships and recruited Africans known as ''{{interlanguage link|grumetes|pt}}'' to serve as auxiliary soldiers.<ref name="ribeiro34">[[#ribeiro|Ribeiro 2018]]: p. 34</ref> The ''lançados'' were primarily active on the [[Senegal River|Senegal]], [[Gambia River|Gambia]], [[Casamance]], and [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] valleys; the [[Cacheu River|Cacheu]] and [[Geba River]] regions in current-day [[Guinea-Bissau]]; and in the [[Port Loko]] region in current-day Sierra Leone, although they lived as far southwest as Elmina.<ref name="unesco468"/> Perhaps their largest settlements were at [[Buba]] and [[Grande de Buba River|Rio Grande de Buba]] in present-day Guinea-Bissau.<ref name="ribeiro34"/>
The ''lançados'' were primarily active on the [[Senegal River|Senegal]], [[Gambia River|Gambia]], [[Casamance]], and [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] valleys; the [[Cacheu River|Cacheu]] and [[Geba River]] regions in current-day [[Guinea-Bissau]]; and in the [[Port Loko]] region in current-day Sierra Leone. They lived as far southwest as Elmina.<ref name="unesco468"/> Perhaps their largest settlements were at [[Buba]] and [[Grande de Buba River|Rio Grande de Buba]] in present-day Guinea-Bissau.<ref name="ribeiro34"/>


It was uncommon for male ''lançados'' to bring Portuguese or other white women with them to Africa.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> Instead, they took African wives or concubines, fathering Afro-Portuguese children with them.<ref name="unesco468"/> Some individual ''lançados'' lived so long with African people that they integrated into local cultures, abandoning their previous Portuguese identities.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> Sustained contact between the Portuguese and local African peoples established [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]—or at least a [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|proto-creole]] derived from Portuguese—as a West African [[lingua franca]] almost as widespread as the native [[Mande languages]].<ref name="unesco468"/><ref name="ribeiro34"/>
It was uncommon for male ''lançados'' to bring Portuguese or other white women with them to Africa.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> Instead, they took African wives or concubines, fathering Afro-Portuguese children with them.<ref name="unesco468"/> Some individual ''lançados'' lived so long with African people that they integrated into local cultures, abandoning their previous Portuguese identities.<ref name="ribeiro33"/> Sustained contact between the Portuguese and local African peoples established [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]—or at least a [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|proto-creole]] derived from Portuguese—as a West African [[lingua franca]] almost as widespread as the native [[Mande languages]].<ref name="unesco468"/><ref name="ribeiro34"/>


The coastal ''lançados'' constituted a new sociocultural group that spoke Portuguese, dressed in European clothes, and lived in rectangular Portuguese-style houses with [[whitewash]]ed walls and [[veranda]]s, but which also adopted local African customs such as [[tattoo]]ing and [[scarification]]. Their religious beliefs were likewise a mix of [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[West African Vodun]], and [[veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]].<ref name="unesco468"/> The strong linguistic and familial ties between the ''lançados'', their descendants, and native people resulted in a distinct [[Luso-Africans|Luso-African]] culture that partially persists into the 21st century.<ref name="unesco468"/><ref name="ribeiro34"/>
The coastal ''lançados'' and their descendants constituted a new sociocultural group that spoke Portuguese, dressed in European clothes, and lived in rectangular Portuguese-style houses with [[whitewash]]ed walls and [[veranda]]s. They also adopted local African customs such as [[tattoo]]ing and [[scarification]]. Their religious beliefs were likewise a mix of [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[West African Vodun]], and [[veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]].<ref name="unesco468"/> The strong linguistic and familial ties between the ''lançados'', their descendants, and native people resulted in a distinct [[Luso-Africans|Luso-African]] culture that partially persists into the 21st century.<ref name="unesco468"/><ref name="ribeiro34"/>


===Peak and decline===
===Peak and decline===
The number of ''lançados'' grew quickly during the first half of the 16th century in response to the [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal|persecution of Jews]] by Portuguese kings [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] and [[John III of Portugal|João III]]. The ''lançados'' supported and acted as intermediaries for increasing [[French people|French]], [[English people|English]], and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] trading along the West African coast from Cabo Verde to Elmina. In order to combat this trade, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] established fortified trading posts called ''[[feitoria]]s'' at strategic points along the Gulf of Guinea coast.<ref name="ribeiro34"/>
The number of ''lançados'' grew quickly during the first half of the 16th century in response to the [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal|persecution of Jews]] by Portuguese kings [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] and [[John III of Portugal|João III]]. The ''lançados'' supported and acted as intermediaries for an increasing number of [[French people|French]], [[English people|English]], and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] trading along the West African coast from Cabo Verde to Elmina. In order to combat this trade, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] established fortified trading posts called ''[[feitoria]]s'' at strategic points along the Gulf of Guinea coast.<ref name="ribeiro34"/>


During the [[Iberian Union]]—from the late 16th to early 17th centuries—''lançados'' started trading with the [[Susu people|Susu]] and [[Mandé peoples]], who lived relatively far inland.<ref name="ribeiro34"/> Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, ''lançados'' and their descendants controlled local commerce in the inland regions of Guinea.<ref name="unesco468"/>
During the [[Iberian Union]]—from the late 16th to early 17th centuries—''lançados'' started trading with the [[Susu people|Susu]] and [[Mandé peoples]]. They lived relatively far inland.<ref name="ribeiro34"/> Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, ''lançados'' and their descendants controlled local commerce in the inland regions of Guinea.<ref name="unesco468"/>


As the quantity of white Portuguese migrants declined from the 17th century onward, ''lançado'' descendants with mixed European and African blood began to outnumber Europeans. Towards the end of the 17th century these [[mulatto]]s or ''[[mestiço]]s'' became a sociocultural elite in the wider Afro-Portuguese community, as they outnumbered both white and black people.<ref name="unesco468"/> During this time they also controlled trade with the [[Biafada people]] and the [[Port Loko]] region.<ref name="unesco468"/>
As the quantity of white Portuguese migrants declined from the 17th century onward, ''lançado'' descendants with mixed European and African blood began to outnumber Europeans. Towards the end of the 17th century these [[mulatto]]s or ''[[mestiço]]s'' became a sociocultural elite in the wider Afro-Portuguese community, as they outnumbered both white and black people.<ref name="unesco468"/> During this time they also controlled trade with the [[Biafada people]] and the [[Port Loko]] region.<ref name="unesco468"/>


The ''lançados'' declined in importance starting in the 18th century, when the Portuguese monarchy assumed direct colonial control of coastal areas and began negotiating with indigenous rulers.
The ''lançados'' declined in importance starting in the 18th centuryt. At that time he Portuguese monarchy assumed direct colonial control of coastal areas and began negotiating with indigenous rulers.


==Notable Lançados==
==Notable Lançados==
* [[Bibiana Vaz]] (c. 1630–1694+)
* [[Bibiana Vaz]] (c. 1630–1694+)
* ''[[Ganagoga]]'' (literally, ''The Man who Speaks all the Languages'' in [[Biafada language|Biafada]], born João Ferreira) was a ''lançado'' New Christian. He was married to a [[Fula people|Fula]] king's daughter in [[Fuuta Tooro]] during the sixteenth century, who he also had a child with. Speaking many languages, he was influential among the Fula aristocracy and was close with the lineage head of [[Casão]] on the [[Gambia River]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Toby |last=Green |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/874275291 |title=The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01436-7 |pages=171 |oclc=874275291}}</ref>
* ''[[Ganagoga]]'' (literally, ''The Man who Speaks all the Languages'' in [[Biafada language|Biafada]], born João Ferreira) was a ''lançado'' New Christian. He was married to a [[Fula people|Fula]] king's daughter in [[Fuuta Tooro]] during the sixteenth century, and they had a child together. Speaking many languages, he was influential among the Fula aristocracy and was close with the lineage head of [[Casão]] on the [[Gambia River]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Toby |last=Green |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/874275291 |title=The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01436-7 |pages=171 |oclc=874275291}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:12, 18 June 2024

The lançados (literally, the thrown out ones[1] or the cast out ones) were settlers and colonizers of Portuguese origin in Senegambia, Cabo Verde, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and other areas on the coast of West Africa. Many were Jews—often New Christians—escaping persecution from the Portuguese Inquisition.

Lançados often took African wives from local ruling families, thereby securing protection and trading ties that worked to the advantage of both sides. They established clandestine trading networks in weaponry, spices, and slaves. This black market angered the Portuguese Crown by disrupting its ability to collect taxes.

Although never large in numbers, the mixed-race children born to the lançados and their African wives and concubines served as crucial intermediaries between Europeans and native Africans. They were often bilingual and grew up in both cultures, sometimes working as interpreters with traders. These mixed-race people wielded significant power in the early development of port economies in Bissau, Cacheu, and surrounding areas.[2]

History

Origin

At the time of Prince Henry the Navigator's death in 1460, the Portuguese had visited the West African coast from Cabo Verde as far south as the equator. They were familiar with points in between such as present-day Sierra Leone and Elmina (the latter in present-day Ghana). The Portuguese monarchy attempted to hold a total monopoly over the West African slave trade by nominating official intermediaries for that purpose.[2]

In 1479 Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas ending the War of the Castilian Succession. During the war Castile had contested the Portuguese slave trade monopoly by threatening Portuguese outposts and unsuccessfully attacking their fleet in the Gulf of Guinea.[2] With their main European rival neutralized, Portugal expanded its trade networks and settlements in West Africa essentially unopposed throughout the 15th century. During that century various Portuguese settlers, adventurers, and merchants traveled to the coastal areas and archipelagos of West Africa—particularly Cabo Verde—either voluntarily or by force. Some were merchants or agents of commercial enterprises who "threw themselves" willingly ("lançavam") into contact with African peoples for trading purposes, and often circumvented the Portuguese monarchy's monopolistic taxes.[3]

But, the majority of lançados were legally or self-exiled to Africa, including Jews and New Christians escaping the Portuguese Inquisition, and persons called degredados serving out legally-imposed exiles.[2] A small minority of lançados were not Portuguese, but Spanish, Greek, or Indian.[2]

Lançados would live and trade in coastal areas, either individually or in small groups, and with the knowledge and protection of native Africans. Over time some lançado settlements grew large enough that they could impose violence on local peoples without fear of reprisal.[2] They also built their own ships and recruited Africans known as grumetes [pt] to serve as auxiliary soldiers.[4]

The lançados were primarily active on the Senegal, Gambia, Casamance, and Guinea valleys; the Cacheu and Geba River regions in current-day Guinea-Bissau; and in the Port Loko region in current-day Sierra Leone. They lived as far southwest as Elmina.[3] Perhaps their largest settlements were at Buba and Rio Grande de Buba in present-day Guinea-Bissau.[4]

It was uncommon for male lançados to bring Portuguese or other white women with them to Africa.[2] Instead, they took African wives or concubines, fathering Afro-Portuguese children with them.[3] Some individual lançados lived so long with African people that they integrated into local cultures, abandoning their previous Portuguese identities.[2] Sustained contact between the Portuguese and local African peoples established Portuguese—or at least a proto-creole derived from Portuguese—as a West African lingua franca almost as widespread as the native Mande languages.[3][4]

The coastal lançados and their descendants constituted a new sociocultural group that spoke Portuguese, dressed in European clothes, and lived in rectangular Portuguese-style houses with whitewashed walls and verandas. They also adopted local African customs such as tattooing and scarification. Their religious beliefs were likewise a mix of Catholicism, West African Vodun, and ancestor worship.[3] The strong linguistic and familial ties between the lançados, their descendants, and native people resulted in a distinct Luso-African culture that partially persists into the 21st century.[3][4]

Peak and decline

The number of lançados grew quickly during the first half of the 16th century in response to the persecution of Jews by Portuguese kings Manuel I and João III. The lançados supported and acted as intermediaries for an increasing number of French, English, and Dutch trading along the West African coast from Cabo Verde to Elmina. In order to combat this trade, the Kingdom of Portugal established fortified trading posts called feitorias at strategic points along the Gulf of Guinea coast.[4]

During the Iberian Union—from the late 16th to early 17th centuries—lançados started trading with the Susu and Mandé peoples. They lived relatively far inland.[4] Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, lançados and their descendants controlled local commerce in the inland regions of Guinea.[3]

As the quantity of white Portuguese migrants declined from the 17th century onward, lançado descendants with mixed European and African blood began to outnumber Europeans. Towards the end of the 17th century these mulattos or mestiços became a sociocultural elite in the wider Afro-Portuguese community, as they outnumbered both white and black people.[3] During this time they also controlled trade with the Biafada people and the Port Loko region.[3]

The lançados declined in importance starting in the 18th centuryt. At that time he Portuguese monarchy assumed direct colonial control of coastal areas and began negotiating with indigenous rulers.

Notable Lançados

  • Bibiana Vaz (c. 1630–1694+)
  • Ganagoga (literally, The Man who Speaks all the Languages in Biafada, born João Ferreira) was a lançado New Christian. He was married to a Fula king's daughter in Fuuta Tooro during the sixteenth century, and they had a child together. Speaking many languages, he was influential among the Fula aristocracy and was close with the lineage head of Casão on the Gambia River.[5]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Pardue 2015: p. 42
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Ribeiro 2018: p. 33
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i UNESCO 2010: pp. 468–471
  4. ^ a b c d e f Ribeiro 2018: p. 34
  5. ^ Green, Toby (2011). The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-107-01436-7. OCLC 874275291.

Sources

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