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Po Rome was a [[Churu people|Churu]] chief, originally from present-day [[Đơn Dương District]], [[Lâm Đồng Province]].<ref name=taylor>{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnamese|author=K. W. Taylor|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|page=301}}</ref> According to local legends, his born name was Ja Kathaot ([[Cham script|Cham]]: ꨎ ꨆꨔꨯꨱꩅ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kauthara.org/article/636|title=Một số tên gọi vị vua Po Rome|author=Putra Podam|website=www.kauthara.org}}</ref> Malay historical tradition speaks of a Cham prince called Nik Mustafa who, prior to his ascent to the throne, stayed in [[Kelantan]] for several years. This prince has been identified as Po Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manager |first=Site |date=2004-03-11 |title=Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries |url=https://kyotoreview.org/issue-5/vietnam-champa-relations-and-the-malay-islam-regional-network-in-the-17th-19th-centuries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929104826/https://kyotoreview.org/issue-5/vietnam-champa-relations-and-the-malay-islam-regional-network-in-the-17th-19th-centuries/ |archive-date=2014-09-29 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> He succeeded the throne in 1627. Kelantan tradition says that Nik Mustafa, upon coming to the Champa throne, assumed the [[royal title]] ''Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah Bin Syarif Wan Abu Muzaffar Bin Syarif Wan Abdullah Umdatuddin'' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: سلطان عبدالحميد شاه بن شريف وان ابو موزففر بن شريف وان عبدالله اومداتو الدين).<ref name=poromevivua>{{Cite web|url=https://kauthara.org/article/643|title=Po Rome vị vua Champa dòng dõi Hồi giáo (Islam)|website=www.kauthara.org}}</ref> Whether Po Rome was officially a Muslim is, however, debated. Dutch vistors noted in 1644 that the king expressed disapproval of the usurpation of power in [[Cambodia]] by a Muslim prince.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin (1979) "L'Introduction de 1'Islam au Campa" ''Bulletin de l'École Francais d'Extrême-Orient'' tome LXV, p. 274.[https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1979_num_66_1_4016]</ref> At any rate, he took a conciliatory position as he subdued both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] factions, forcing peace between the [[Chams|Cham]] communities.<ref name=taylor/>
Po Rome was a [[Churu people|Churu]] chief, originally from present-day [[Đơn Dương District]], [[Lâm Đồng Province]].<ref name=taylor>{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnamese|author=K. W. Taylor|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|page=301}}</ref> According to local legends, his born name was Ja Kathaot ([[Cham script|Cham]]: ꨎ ꨆꨔꨯꨱꩅ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kauthara.org/article/636|title=Một số tên gọi vị vua Po Rome|author=Putra Podam|website=www.kauthara.org}}</ref> Malay historical tradition speaks of a Cham prince called Nik Mustafa who, prior to his ascent to the throne, stayed in [[Kelantan]] for several years. This prince has been identified as Po Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manager |first=Site |date=2004-03-11 |title=Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries |url=https://kyotoreview.org/issue-5/vietnam-champa-relations-and-the-malay-islam-regional-network-in-the-17th-19th-centuries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929104826/https://kyotoreview.org/issue-5/vietnam-champa-relations-and-the-malay-islam-regional-network-in-the-17th-19th-centuries/ |archive-date=2014-09-29 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> He succeeded the throne in 1627. Kelantan tradition says that Nik Mustafa, upon coming to the Champa throne, assumed the [[royal title]] ''Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah Bin Syarif Wan Abu Muzaffar Bin Syarif Wan Abdullah Umdatuddin'' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: سلطان عبدالحميد شاه بن شريف وان ابو موزففر بن شريف وان عبدالله اومداتو الدين).<ref name=poromevivua>{{Cite web|url=https://kauthara.org/article/643|title=Po Rome vị vua Champa dòng dõi Hồi giáo (Islam)|website=www.kauthara.org}}</ref> Whether Po Rome was officially a Muslim is, however, debated. Dutch vistors noted in 1644 that the king expressed disapproval of the usurpation of power in [[Cambodia]] by a Muslim prince.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin (1979) "L'Introduction de 1'Islam au Campa" ''Bulletin de l'École Francais d'Extrême-Orient'' tome LXV, p. 274.[https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1979_num_66_1_4016]</ref> At any rate, he took a conciliatory position as he subdued both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] factions, forcing peace between the [[Chams|Cham]] communities.<ref name=taylor/>


King Po Rome built dams and canals to nurture agriculture in the [[Phan Rang]] basin.<ref name=taylor/> During his reign, Champa traded with [[Siam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], the [[Malay world]], and even the Western countries including France and Portugal.<ref name=champeople>{{Cite web |url=https://www.quenhacarolina.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9007:tim-hi-u-c-ng-d-ng-ngu-i-cham-t-i-vi-t-nam-c-g-ng-t-n-t-i-trong-kho-khan&catid=38:non-nc-vit-nam&Itemid=398 |title=Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam: Cố gắng tồn tại trong khó khăn |access-date=2019-02-26 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526024559/https://quenhacarolina.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9007:tim-hi-u-c-ng-d-ng-ngu-i-cham-t-i-vi-t-nam-c-g-ng-t-n-t-i-trong-kho-khan&catid=38:non-nc-vit-nam&Itemid=398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Champa also raided the areas occupied by [[Nguyễn lord]]. The Vietnamese [[Phú Yên]] governor Văn Phong (文封, he was a Cham) revolted against Nguyễn lord in 1629, but was put down by general Nguyễn Hữu Vinh (阮有榮).<ref>[http://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/179/page/74 大南寔錄前編 • Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên ( q.01-02), page 74]</ref> At the occasion, the Vietnamese captured Cham land to the north of the Phan Rang River.<ref>Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) ''The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art''. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 244.</ref> Two years later, peaceful relations were restored as Po Rome married {{ill|Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa|vi|Công nữ Ngọc Khoa}} (阮福玉誇), daughter of Vietnamese lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nguyenphuoctoc.info/old/giapha/17npnguyen.htm |title=Nguyễn Phước tộc |access-date=2019-02-26 |archive-date=2009-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330055003/http://www.nguyenphuoctoc.info/old/giapha/17npnguyen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
King Po Rome built dams and canals to nurture agriculture in the [[Phan Rang]] basin.<ref name=taylor/> During his reign, Champa traded with [[Siam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], the [[Malay world]], and even the Western countries including France and Portugal.<ref name=champeople>{{Cite web |url=https://www.quenhacarolina.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9007:tim-hi-u-c-ng-d-ng-ngu-i-cham-t-i-vi-t-nam-c-g-ng-t-n-t-i-trong-kho-khan&catid=38:non-nc-vit-nam&Itemid=398 |title=Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam: Cố gắng tồn tại trong khó khăn |access-date=2019-02-26 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526024559/https://quenhacarolina.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9007:tim-hi-u-c-ng-d-ng-ngu-i-cham-t-i-vi-t-nam-c-g-ng-t-n-t-i-trong-kho-khan&catid=38:non-nc-vit-nam&Itemid=398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Champa also raided the areas occupied by [[Nguyễn lord]]. The Vietnamese [[Phú Yên]] governor Văn Phong (文封, he was a Cham) revolted against the Nguyễn lord in 1629, but was put down by general Nguyễn Hữu Vinh (阮有榮).<ref>[http://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/179/page/74 大南寔錄前編 • Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên ( q.01-02), page 74]</ref> At the occasion, the Vietnamese captured Cham land to the north of the Phan Rang River.<ref>Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) ''The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art''. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 244.</ref> Two years later, peaceful relations were restored as Po Rome married {{ill|Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa|vi|Công nữ Ngọc Khoa}} (阮福玉誇), daughter of the Vietnamese lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nguyenphuoctoc.info/old/giapha/17npnguyen.htm |title=Nguyễn Phước tộc |access-date=2019-02-26 |archive-date=2009-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330055003/http://www.nguyenphuoctoc.info/old/giapha/17npnguyen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In 1651, Po Rome died of wounds in [[Phú Yên]] during an outbreak of hostilities between Cham locals and Việt immigrants. His elder uterine brother [[Po Nraup]] succeeded.<ref name=taylor/>
In 1651, Po Rome died of wounds in [[Phú Yên]] during an outbreak of hostilities between Cham locals and Việt immigrants. His elder uterine brother [[Po Nraup]] succeeded.<ref name=taylor/>
Line 43: Line 43:
Phik Cak had good relations with the [[Nguyễn lord]] in the north, and revealed to him the weaker sides of Po Rome's character. The Nguyễn lord then sent his beuatiful daughter Bia Ut (Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa) to Champa, disguised as a vendor. Po Rome came to hear rumours about her extraordinary beauty and called for her. Completely enamoured, he made Bia Ut his consort. After three months in the palace, she pretended to fall seriously ill. The king, worried, asked his diviners, who in fact had been instructed by the traitor Phik Cak. They told Po Rome that the only remedy for the illness was to fell the sacred ''krek'' (trunk of [[ironwood]]) that protected Champa. The king, deaf to the pleas by his astrologers that it would ruin his kingdom, took a hatchet and felled the ''krek'', which gave off a blood-like substance.
Phik Cak had good relations with the [[Nguyễn lord]] in the north, and revealed to him the weaker sides of Po Rome's character. The Nguyễn lord then sent his beuatiful daughter Bia Ut (Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa) to Champa, disguised as a vendor. Po Rome came to hear rumours about her extraordinary beauty and called for her. Completely enamoured, he made Bia Ut his consort. After three months in the palace, she pretended to fall seriously ill. The king, worried, asked his diviners, who in fact had been instructed by the traitor Phik Cak. They told Po Rome that the only remedy for the illness was to fell the sacred ''krek'' (trunk of [[ironwood]]) that protected Champa. The king, deaf to the pleas by his astrologers that it would ruin his kingdom, took a hatchet and felled the ''krek'', which gave off a blood-like substance.


Immediately afterwards, the Vietnamese attacked in full force. At first, Po Rome was successful in beating off the invaders and made a great slaughter among them. However, he refused to listen to his astrologers' advice that it was necessary to expel the Vietnamese princess Bia Ut. The protective deities of the realm, discontent with Po Rome, eventually abandoned the kingdom, and a last Vietnamese attack was successful. The victors put Po Rome in an iron cage and brought him towards [[Hue]]. However, his daughter Po Mul boded up troops and pursued the Vietnamese army, demanding to get her father back. The Vietnamese killed Po Rome and handed over the corpse which was then duly cremated. Po Rome's Rhade wife threw herself on the funeral pyre. The Vietnamese princess, on the other hand, was killed on the orders of Po Mul and the grandees. Po Mul's husband Phik Cak took over the throne of Champa some years later, as a tributary to the Nguyễn.<ref>E. Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", ''Excursions et reconnaissances'' 14, p. 174-6.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5738730j/f36.item]</ref>
Immediately afterwards, the Vietnamese attacked in full force. At first, Po Rome was successful in beating off the invaders and made a great slaughter among them. However, he refused to listen to his astrologers' advice that it was necessary to expel the Vietnamese princess Bia Ut. The protective deities of the realm, discontent with Po Rome, eventually abandoned the kingdom, and a last Vietnamese attack was successful. The victors put Po Rome in an iron cage and brought him towards [[Hue]]. However, his daughter Po Mul boded up troops and pursued the Vietnamese army, demanding to get her father back. The Vietnamese killed Po Rome and handed over the corpse which was then duly cremated. Po Rome's Rhade wife threw herself on the funeral pyre. The Vietnamese princess, on the other hand, was killed on the orders of Po Mul and the grandees. Po Mul's husband Phik Cak took over the throne of Champa some years later, as a tributary to the Nguyễn.<ref>Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", ''Excursions et reconnaissances'' 14, p. 174-6.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5738730j/f36.item]</ref>


The account raises a historiographical problem about the identity of the defeated king of Champa. Cham chronicles date Po Rome's demise in 1651, but Vietnamese chronicles date the invasion and the capture of king "Bà Thấm" in 1653. A contemporary account by a Catholic missionary confirms the detail about the king being put in an iron cage.<ref>Po Dharma (2001) "The History of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (ed.) ''Cham Art''. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 22.</ref> In the usual interpretation, the defeated king was actually the next king [[Po Nraup]] who is said to have died in 1653.<ref>Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) ''The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art''. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 246-7.</ref>
The account raises a historiographical problem about the identity of the defeated king of Champa. Cham chronicles date Po Rome's demise in 1651, but Vietnamese chronicles date the invasion and the capture of king "Bà Thấm" in 1653. A contemporary account by a Catholic missionary confirms the detail about the king being put in an iron cage.<ref>Po Dharma (2001) "The History of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (ed.) ''Cham Art''. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 22.</ref> In the usual interpretation, the defeated king was actually the next king [[Po Nraup]] who is said to have died in 1653.<ref>Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) ''The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art''. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 246-7.</ref>
Line 53: Line 53:
*Noble consort Bia Ut ("Northern Queen"), born name Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa, daughter of Vietnamese lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]](also known as '''Chúa Sãi''').
*Noble consort Bia Ut ("Northern Queen"), born name Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa, daughter of Vietnamese lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]](also known as '''Chúa Sãi''').


Through his daughter Po Mul, born from Bia Than Can, he was the ancestor of most of the later Cham kings.<ref>Etienne Aymonier (1889) "Grammaire de la langue chame. XXIV: Traduction de la chronique royale", ''Excursions et reconnaissances'' 14, p. 90-2.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5628667q/f94.item]</ref>
Through his daughter Po Mul, born from Bia Than Can, he was the ancestor of most of the later Cham kings.<ref>Étienne Aymonier (1889) "Grammaire de la langue chame. XXIV: Traduction de la chronique royale", ''Excursions et reconnaissances'' 14, p. 90-2.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5628667q/f94.item]</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:22, 1 July 2024

Po Rome
King of Champa
King of Panduranga
Po Rome statue at Museum of Vietnamese History - Ho Chi Minh City
King of Champa
Reign1627–1651
PredecessorPo Klaong Mah Nai
SuccessorPo Nraup
Born?
Champa
Died1651
Phú Yên
SpouseBia Than Cih
Bia Than Can
Bia Ut
IssuePo Mul
Names
Nik Mustafa Bin Wan Abul Muzaffar Waliyullah
Regnal name
Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah Bin Syarif Wan Abu Muzaffar Bin Syarif Wan Abdullah Umdatuddin
Po Rome Temple

Po Rome (?–1651), also spelled Po Romê, Po Romé or Po Ramo, with the presumed Muslim name Nik Mustafa Bin Wan Abul Muzaffar Waliyullah (Jawi: نئ مصطفى بن وان ابول موزففر والييولله),[1] regnal name Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah (Jawi: سلطان عبدالحميد شه),[1] was the king of Panduranga Champa, reigning from 1627 to 1651.

Reign

Po Rome was a Churu chief, originally from present-day Đơn Dương District, Lâm Đồng Province.[2] According to local legends, his born name was Ja Kathaot (Cham: ꨎ ꨆꨔꨯꨱꩅ).[3] Malay historical tradition speaks of a Cham prince called Nik Mustafa who, prior to his ascent to the throne, stayed in Kelantan for several years. This prince has been identified as Po Rome.[4] He succeeded the throne in 1627. Kelantan tradition says that Nik Mustafa, upon coming to the Champa throne, assumed the royal title Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah Bin Syarif Wan Abu Muzaffar Bin Syarif Wan Abdullah Umdatuddin (Jawi: سلطان عبدالحميد شاه بن شريف وان ابو موزففر بن شريف وان عبدالله اومداتو الدين).[1] Whether Po Rome was officially a Muslim is, however, debated. Dutch vistors noted in 1644 that the king expressed disapproval of the usurpation of power in Cambodia by a Muslim prince.[5] At any rate, he took a conciliatory position as he subdued both Hindu and Muslim factions, forcing peace between the Cham communities.[2]

King Po Rome built dams and canals to nurture agriculture in the Phan Rang basin.[2] During his reign, Champa traded with Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, the Malay world, and even the Western countries including France and Portugal.[6] Champa also raided the areas occupied by Nguyễn lord. The Vietnamese Phú Yên governor Văn Phong (文封, he was a Cham) revolted against the Nguyễn lord in 1629, but was put down by general Nguyễn Hữu Vinh (阮有榮).[7] At the occasion, the Vietnamese captured Cham land to the north of the Phan Rang River.[8] Two years later, peaceful relations were restored as Po Rome married Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa [vi] (阮福玉誇), daughter of the Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.[9]

In 1651, Po Rome died of wounds in Phú Yên during an outbreak of hostilities between Cham locals and Việt immigrants. His elder uterine brother Po Nraup succeeded.[2]

The current Sakawi Cham standard with its origins based on the Saka Raja standard of the Cham calendar was also likely instituted during the reign of Po Rome.[10]

The Cham people were sad to hear of his death. According to tradition they built a temple for him, the Po Rome Temple [vi] located at Ninh Phước district, Ninh Thuận province. However, the Po Rome Temple may actually have been constructed prior to the 17th century.[11]

The legend of Po Rome

Later tradition reformulated the story of Po Rome to provide an explanation to the expansion of the Vietnamese. It asserts that Po Rome's mother was made pregnant without intercourse with a man. She raised the future king in the village Razoh, where the other children insulted him for being a bastard. Unable to bear this, he moved with his mother to Hamou Barau, and then to Boh Matuh in the land of Panduranga, where he tended the king's buffaloes. His destiny was indicated through a meeting with a dragon when he once hunted birds in a forest. When he had grown up to be a young man, his lord Po Klaong Mah Nai wished to abdicate his throne. One day, the royal astrologist heard a voice from the kitchen, which was Po Rome chasing away dogs from the premises. He proclaimed: "This is the voice of the future King of Champa". The young man was summoned and the king proclaimed him his successor, giving him his daughter Bia Than Cih in marriage. As he did not have any children with her, he took a Rhade woman, Bia Than Can, as his second wife. She gave birth to the daughter Po Mul whom he later married off to prince Phik Cak (later king under the name Po Saktiraydapaghoh).[12]

Phik Cak had good relations with the Nguyễn lord in the north, and revealed to him the weaker sides of Po Rome's character. The Nguyễn lord then sent his beuatiful daughter Bia Ut (Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa) to Champa, disguised as a vendor. Po Rome came to hear rumours about her extraordinary beauty and called for her. Completely enamoured, he made Bia Ut his consort. After three months in the palace, she pretended to fall seriously ill. The king, worried, asked his diviners, who in fact had been instructed by the traitor Phik Cak. They told Po Rome that the only remedy for the illness was to fell the sacred krek (trunk of ironwood) that protected Champa. The king, deaf to the pleas by his astrologers that it would ruin his kingdom, took a hatchet and felled the krek, which gave off a blood-like substance.

Immediately afterwards, the Vietnamese attacked in full force. At first, Po Rome was successful in beating off the invaders and made a great slaughter among them. However, he refused to listen to his astrologers' advice that it was necessary to expel the Vietnamese princess Bia Ut. The protective deities of the realm, discontent with Po Rome, eventually abandoned the kingdom, and a last Vietnamese attack was successful. The victors put Po Rome in an iron cage and brought him towards Hue. However, his daughter Po Mul boded up troops and pursued the Vietnamese army, demanding to get her father back. The Vietnamese killed Po Rome and handed over the corpse which was then duly cremated. Po Rome's Rhade wife threw herself on the funeral pyre. The Vietnamese princess, on the other hand, was killed on the orders of Po Mul and the grandees. Po Mul's husband Phik Cak took over the throne of Champa some years later, as a tributary to the Nguyễn.[13]

The account raises a historiographical problem about the identity of the defeated king of Champa. Cham chronicles date Po Rome's demise in 1651, but Vietnamese chronicles date the invasion and the capture of king "Bà Thấm" in 1653. A contemporary account by a Catholic missionary confirms the detail about the king being put in an iron cage.[14] In the usual interpretation, the defeated king was actually the next king Po Nraup who is said to have died in 1653.[15]

Family

King Po Rome had one queen consort and two noble consorts:[16]

  • Queen Bia Than Cih (also known as Bia Sucih), daughter of King Po Klaong Mah Nai (also known as Po Mah Taha).
  • Noble consort Bia Than Can, born name H Drah Jan Kpă, daughter of a Rhade or Kaho chief.
  • Noble consort Bia Ut ("Northern Queen"), born name Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa, daughter of Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên(also known as Chúa Sãi).

Through his daughter Po Mul, born from Bia Than Can, he was the ancestor of most of the later Cham kings.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Po Rome vị vua Champa dòng dõi Hồi giáo (Islam)". www.kauthara.org.
  2. ^ a b c d K. W. Taylor (2013). A History of Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
  3. ^ Putra Podam. "Một số tên gọi vị vua Po Rome". www.kauthara.org.
  4. ^ Manager, Site (2004-03-11). "Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Archived from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  5. ^ Pierre-Yves Manguin (1979) "L'Introduction de 1'Islam au Campa" Bulletin de l'École Francais d'Extrême-Orient tome LXV, p. 274.[1]
  6. ^ "Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam: Cố gắng tồn tại trong khó khăn". Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  7. ^ 大南寔錄前編 • Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên ( q.01-02), page 74
  8. ^ Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 244.
  9. ^ "Nguyễn Phước tộc". Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  10. ^ Tran Ky Phuong, Bruce Lockhart (2011-01-01). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. p. 326-335. ISBN 9789971694593.
  11. ^ Jean Boisselier (2001) "The Art of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (ed.) Cham Art. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 62.
  12. ^ Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 173-4.[2]
  13. ^ Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 174-6.[3]
  14. ^ Po Dharma (2001) "The History of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (ed.) Cham Art. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 22.
  15. ^ Danny Wong Tze Ken (2011) "Vietnam-Champa Relations during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", in Tran Ky Phuong & Bruce M. Lockhart (eds) The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 246-7.
  16. ^ "A love story between Rhade princess and Champa king". baotanglichsu.vn. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  17. ^ Étienne Aymonier (1889) "Grammaire de la langue chame. XXIV: Traduction de la chronique royale", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 90-2.[4]
Preceded by
Po Klaong Mah Nai 1622–1627
 Champa rulers
1627–1651 		Succeeded by
Po Nraup 1651–1653
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