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== Fetter of suffering == |
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Throughout the [[Pali canon]], the word "fetter" is used to describe an intrapsychic phenomenon that ties one to suffering. For example, in the Itivuttak, the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] says: |
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{{quote|"Monks, I don't envision even one other fetter — fettered by which beings conjoined go wandering and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|transmigrating]] on for a long, long time—like the fetter of [[Taṇhā|craving]]. Fettered with the fetter of craving, beings conjoined go wandering & transmigrating on for a long, long time.|character=Buddha|author=[[Khuddaka Nikaya]]|source=Itivuttaka 1.15<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.1.001-027.than.html#iti-015 Thanissaro (2001)].</ref>}} |
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Elsewhere, the suffering caused by a fetter is ''implied'' as in this more technical discourse from [[Samyutta Nikaya]] 35.232, where Ven. [[Sariputta]] converses with Ven. Kotthita: |
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{{quote|Ven. Kotthita: "How is it, friend Sariputta, is ... the ear the fetter of sounds or are sounds the fetter of the ear?..." |
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{{br}}Ven. Sariputta: "Friend Kotthita, the ... ear is not the fetter of sounds nor are sounds the fetter of the ear, but rather the desire and lust that arise there in dependence on both: that is the fetter there...."|author=|source=Samyutta Nikaya<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhikku |first1=Bodhi |title=The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya |date=2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-86171-331-8 |page=1230 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Connected_Discourses_of_the_Buddha/HJCvh8aWI_wC |access-date=15 July 2024 |name=bodhi2005|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Tangentially, in discussing the use of the concept of "the fetter" in the [[Satipatthana Sutta]], Bodhi references SN 35.232 as explaining what is meant by "fetter," that is, "desire and lust". He also states that the word fetter in the Satipatthana Sutta commentary refers to to all ten fetters.<ref>{{cite book |title=In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon |date=28 July 2005 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-491-9 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/In_the_Buddha_s_Words/11X1h60Qc0IC |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=en|name=bodhi2000}}</ref>}}}} |
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Revision as of 23:23, 15 July 2024
| Mru Letter | Name | Pronunciation IPA |
|---|---|---|
| 𖩀 | Ta | /t/ |
| 𖩁 | Ngi | /ŋ/ |
| 𖩂 | Yo | /ʝ~j/ |
| 𖩃 | Mim | /m/ |
| 𖩄 | Ba | /b/ |
| 𖩅 | Da | /d/ |
| 𖩆 | A | /a~ɑ/ |
| 𖩇 | Phi | /pʰ/ |
| 𖩈 | Khäy | /kʰ/ |
| 𖩉 | Hau | /h/ |
| 𖩊 | Dai | /i/ |
| 𖩋 | Cu | /c~ts~tsʰ/ |
| 𖩌 | Kä | /k/ |
| 𖩍 | Ol | /l/ |
| 𖩎 | Mäm | /m/ |
| 𖩏 | Nin | /n/ |
| 𖩐 | Pa | /p/ |
| 𖩑 | U | /u/ |
| 𖩒 | ʼO | /ʔ/ |
| 𖩓 | Ro | /r/ |
| 𖩔 | Si | /ʃ/ |
| 𖩕 | Thea | /tʰ/ |
| 𖩖 | Ea | /ɛ~ə/ |
| 𖩘 | E | /e/ |
| 𖩗 | Wa | /ɯ/ |
| 𖩙 | Ko | /k/ |
| 𖩚 | Lan | /l/ |
| 𖩛 | La | /l/ |
| 𖩜 | Hai | /h/ |
| 𖩝 | Ri | /ɔ/ |
| 𖩞 | Tek | /t/ |
ʼPhags-pa
Consonants
The order reflects the traditional order of the letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. As is the case with Tibetan and other Brahmic scripts, consonants have an inherent [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letterka with no attached vowel represents the syllable ka, but with an appended vowel i represents the syllable ki).
There are a few extra consonants used to represent sounds not found in Tibetan. These are either derived from other Tibetan base consonants or formed by combining an base consonant a with the semi-vowel letter WA. For example, ⟨ꡣ⟩ xa is derived from Tibetan ⟨ཁྭ⟩ khwa.
ཀ ka ꡀ IPA: /ka/
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ཁ kha ꡁ IPA: /kʰa/
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ག ga ꡂ IPA: /ɡa/
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ང nga ꡃ IPA: /ŋa/
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ཅ ca ꡄ IPA: /tʃa/
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ཆ cha ꡅ IPA: /tʃʰa/
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ཇ ja ꡆ IPA: /dʒa/
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ཉ nya ꡇ IPA: /ɲa/
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ཏ ta ꡈ IPA: /ta/
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ཐ tha ꡉ IPA: /tʰa/
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ད da ꡊ IPA: /da/
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ན na ꡋ IPA: /na/
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པ pa ꡌ IPA: /pa/
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ཕ pha ꡍ IPA: /pʰa/
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བ ba ꡎ IPA: /ba/
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མ ma ꡏ IPA: /ma/
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ཙ tsa ꡐ IPA: /tsa/
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ཚ tsha ꡑ IPA: /tsʰa/
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ཛ dza ꡒ IPA: /dza/
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ཝ wa ꡓ IPA: /wa/
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ཞ zha ꡔ IPA: /ʒa/
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ཟ za ꡕ IPA: /z/
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འ 'a ꡖ IPA: /'a/
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ཡ ya ꡗ IPA: /ja/
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ར ra ꡘ IPA: /ra/
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ལ la ꡙ IPA: /la/
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ཤ sha ꡚ IPA: /ʃa/
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ས sa ꡛ IPA: /sa/
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ཧ ha ꡜ IPA: /ha/
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ཨ ʼa ꡝ IPA: /ha/
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ཁ qa ꡢ
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ཁྭ xa ꡣ
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ཧྭ fa ꡤ
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ག gga ꡥ
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ཊ tta ꡩ
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ཋ ttha ꡪ
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ཌ dda ꡫ
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ཎ nna ꡬ
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◌ྭ wa ◌ꡧ
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ྱ ya ◌ꡨ
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ྲ ra ◌ꡱ subjoined
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ར ra ꡲ◌ superfixed
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◌ྃ ꡳ◌
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ꡀꡧ kwa
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ꡀꡨ kya
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ꡀꡱ kra
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ꡲꡀ rka
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ꡳꡀ ka
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Vowels
Initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant. As there is no sign for the vowel a, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, words that start with an a vowel must begin with a null base consonant letter. In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant, ⟨ꡐ⟩, -a, may be found before initial vowels.
One difference from the Tibetan script, in which a vowel must always be attached to a base consonant, is that in ʼPhags-pa, an initial vowel other than a can appear without a base consonant when it is not the first element in a diphthong or a digraph. ⟨◌ꡦ⟩, ee represents a vowel that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan vowel sign ⟨ ཻ⟩. It is never found in an initial position.
◌ꡞ ི
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◌ꡟ ུ
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◌ꡠ ེ
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◌ꡡ ོ
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◌ꡦ ཻ
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ꡝꡞ i
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ꡝꡟ u
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ꡝꡠ e
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ꡝꡡ o
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ꡝꡦ ee
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ꡀꡞ ki
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ꡀꡟ ku
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ꡀꡠ ke
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ꡀꡡ ko
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ꡀꡦ kee
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Shilin Guangji
During the Yuan dynasty, Chen Yuanjing employed ʼPhagspa as a kind of precursor to modern pinyin, using it to annotate the Chinese text of his encyclopedia, the Shilin Guangji, (simplified Chinese: 事林广记; traditional Chinese: 事林廣記, Phags-pa: ꡎꡗ ꡂꡨ ꡛꡞꡃ). His transcriptions include the Hundred family surnames (Chinese: 百家姓).[1]
cew ꡄꡠꡓ
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dzen ꡒꡠꡋ
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sun ꡛꡟꡋ
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li ꡙꡞ
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jiw ꡆꡞꡓ
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u ꡟ
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cing ꡄꡞꡃ
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wang ꡝꡧꡃ
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fung ꡤꡟꡃ
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cin ꡄꡞꡋ
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趙 zhào
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錢 qián
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孫 sūn
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李 lǐ
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周 zhōu
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吳 wú
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鄭 zhèng
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王 wáng
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馮 féng
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陳 chén
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