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'The '''Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn''' (or, more commonly, the '''Golden Dawn''') was a [[Magic (paranormal)|magical]] order of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, practicing a form of [[theurgy]] and spiritual development. It was probably the single greatest influence on twentieth century [[western civilization|western]] [[occultism]]. Concepts of magic and ritual that became core elements of many other traditions, including [[Wicca]], [[Thelema]] and other forms of magical [[spirituality]] popular today, are drawn from the Golden Dawn tradition.
{{for|the non-profit corporation of the same name|The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.}}

The '''Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn''' (or, more commonly, the '''Golden Dawn''') was a [[Magic (paranormal)|magical]] order of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, practicing a form of [[theurgy]] and spiritual development. It was probably the single greatest influence on twentieth century [[western civilization|western]] [[occultism]]. Concepts of magic and ritual that became core elements of many other traditions, including [[Wicca]], [[Thelema]] and other forms of magical [[spirituality]] popular today, are drawn from the Golden Dawn tradition.

The three founders, Dr. [[William Robert Woodman]], [[William Wynn Westcott]], and [[Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers]] were Freemasons and members of [[Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia]] (S.R.I.A.),<ref>Regardie, 1993, page 10</ref> an [[Masonic appendant bodies|appendant body]] to [[Freemasonry]]. Westcott, also a member of the [[Theosophy|Theosophical]] Society, appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn.
The three founders, Dr. [[William Robert Woodman]], [[William Wynn Westcott]], and [[Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers]] were Freemasons and members of [[Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia]] (S.R.I.A.),<ref>Regardie, 1993, page 10</ref> an [[Masonic appendant bodies|appendant body]] to [[Freemasonry]]. Westcott, also a member of the [[Theosophy|Theosophical]] Society, appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn.

Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include: [[Christian mysticism]], [[Kabbalah]], [[Hermeticism]], the [[religion of Ancient Egypt]], [[Theurgy]], [[Freemasonry]], [[Alchemy]], [[Theosophy]], [[Eliphas Levi]], [[Papus]], [[Enochian magic]], and Renaissance [[grimoire]]s.
Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include: [[Christian mysticism]], [[Kabbalah]], [[Hermeticism]], the [[religion of Ancient Egypt]], [[Theurgy]], [[Freemasonry]], [[Alchemy]], [[Theosophy]], [[Eliphas Levi]], [[Papus]], [[Enochian magic]], and Renaissance [[grimoire]]s.

==History of the Golden Dawn==
==History of the Golden Dawn==
===The Cipher Manuscripts===
===The Cipher Manuscripts===
{{main|Cipher Manuscripts}}
{{main|Cipher Manuscripts}}

The fundamental basis of the original Order of the Golden Dawn was a collection of documents known as the Cipher Manuscripts, written in English using a cipher attributed to [[Johannes Trithemius]]. The Manuscripts give the specific outlines of the Grade Rituals of the Order, and prescribe a curriculum of specifically graduated teachings that encompass the [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]] [[Qabalah]], [[Astrology]], [[Tarot]], [[Geomancy]] and [[Alchemy]].
The fundamental basis of the original Order of the Golden Dawn was a collection of documents known as the Cipher Manuscripts, written in English using a cipher attributed to [[Johannes Trithemius]]. The Manuscripts give the specific outlines of the Grade Rituals of the Order, and prescribe a curriculum of specifically graduated teachings that encompass the [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]] [[Qabalah]], [[Astrology]], [[Tarot]], [[Geomancy]] and [[Alchemy]].

The manuscripts were passed on from Kenneth Mackenzie, a Masonic scholar, to Rev. A.F.A. Woodford, whom Francis King acknowledges as the fourth founder<ref name="ref">King, 1989, page 42-43</ref> (although Woodford died shortly after the Order was founded).<ref name="yoga">King, 1989, page 47</ref> The documents did not excite Woodford, and in February 1886 he passed them on to Dr. Westcott and by 1887 Westcott managed to decode them.<ref name="ref"/> Westcott was pleased with his discovery, called on Mathers for a second opinion, and asked for cooperation in turning the manuscripts into a coherent system for lodge work. Mathers then called on [[William Robert Woodman]] to assist by being a third collaborator and Woodman, it seems, accepted.<ref name="ref"/> Likewise, Mathers and Dr. Westcott have been credited for developing the ritual outlines in the Cipher Manuscripts into a workable format.<ref>Golden Dawn researcher [[R.A. Gilbert]] has found evidence which suggests that Westcott was instrumental in developing the Order's rituals from the Cipher Manuscripts. See Gilbert's article, ''From Cipher to Enigma: The Role of William Wynn Westcott in the Creation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn'', from Carroll Runyon's book ''Secrets of the Golden Dawn Cypher Manuscripts.''</ref> Mathers, however, is generally credited with the design of the curriculum and rituals of the Second Order, which he called the ''Rosae Rubae et Aureae Crucis'' ("Ruby Rose and Golden Cross", or the ''RR et AC'').<ref>Regardie, 1993, page 92</ref>
The manuscripts were passed on from Kenneth Mackenzie, a Masonic scholar, to Rev. A.F.A. Woodford, whom Francis King acknowledges as the fourth founder<ref name="ref">King, 1989, page 42-43</ref> (although Woodford died shortly after the Order was founded).<ref name="yoga">King, 1989, page 47</ref> The documents did not excite Woodford, and in February 1886 he passed them on to Dr. Westcott and by 1887 Westcott managed to decode them.<ref name="ref"/> Westcott was pleased with his discovery, called on Mathers for a second opinion, and asked for cooperation in turning the manuscripts into a coherent system for lodge work. Mathers then called on [[William Robert Woodman]] to assist by being a third collaborator and Woodman, it seems, accepted.<ref name="ref"/> Likewise, Mathers and Dr. Westcott have been credited for developing the ritual outlines in the Cipher Manuscripts into a workable format.<ref>Golden Dawn researcher [[R.A. Gilbert]] has found evidence which suggests that Westcott was instrumental in developing the Order's rituals from the Cipher Manuscripts. See Gilbert's article, ''From Cipher to Enigma: The Role of William Wynn Westcott in the Creation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn'', from Carroll Runyon's book ''Secrets of the Golden Dawn Cypher Manuscripts.''</ref> Mathers, however, is generally credited with the design of the curriculum and rituals of the Second Order, which he called the ''Rosae Rubae et Aureae Crucis'' ("Ruby Rose and Golden Cross", or the ''RR et AC'').<ref>Regardie, 1993, page 92</ref>

A different and somewhat controversial theory states that the Cipher Manuscripts had been received by noted Masonic scholar Kenneth Mackenzie from the Secret Chiefs of the "Third Order," a continental Rosicrucian mystery school into which Mackenzie had been initiated by Count Apponyi of Hungary.<ref>Wilson, Bruce (1947). “The Origins of our Rosicrucian Society”, published in ''The Historical Notes of the SRIA, 1947'', p. 7. (A copy of this article may be obtained directly from the SRIA in England for verification purposes).</ref><ref>R.A. Gilbert (1983) "The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the magicians, the rise and fall of a magical order", p. 15. Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-278-1</ref><ref>W.W. Westcott (1915). “The Rosicrucian Society of England”, p. 2.</ref><ref>Israel Regardie (1971). "My Rosicrucian Adventure", p. 10. Llewellyn Publications.</ref><ref>Israel Regardie (1971). "The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of The Golden Dawn” (6th ed.), p. 17. Llewellyn Publications.</ref> Using the Cipher Manuscripts, Mackenzie founded "The Society of Eight" as the first phase of what was to later become the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It should be noted in this context that Mackenzie's group was Temple No. 1, and Frederick Hockley, another member of "The Society of Eight", founded Temple No. 2. Thus when the Golden Dawn was founded, its first temple, Isis-Urania, was numbered as No. 3.<ref>Wilson, 1947, p. 16.</ref>
A different and somewhat controversial theory states that the Cipher Manuscripts had been received by noted Masonic scholar Kenneth Mackenzie from the Secret Chiefs of the "Third Order," a continental Rosicrucian mystery school into which Mackenzie had been initiated by Count Apponyi of Hungary.<ref>Wilson, Bruce (1947). “The Origins of our Rosicrucian Society”, published in ''The Historical Notes of the SRIA, 1947'', p. 7. (A copy of this article may be obtained directly from the SRIA in England for verification purposes).</ref><ref>R.A. Gilbert (1983) "The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the magicians, the rise and fall of a magical order", p. 15. Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-278-1</ref><ref>W.W. Westcott (1915). “The Rosicrucian Society of England”, p. 2.</ref><ref>Israel Regardie (1971). "My Rosicrucian Adventure", p. 10. Llewellyn Publications.</ref><ref>Israel Regardie (1971). "The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of The Golden Dawn” (6th ed.), p. 17. Llewellyn Publications.</ref> Using the Cipher Manuscripts, Mackenzie founded "The Society of Eight" as the first phase of what was to later become the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It should be noted in this context that Mackenzie's group was Temple No. 1, and Frederick Hockley, another member of "The Society of Eight", founded Temple No. 2. Thus when the Golden Dawn was founded, its first temple, Isis-Urania, was numbered as No. 3.<ref>Wilson, 1947, p. 16.</ref>

===The Founding===
===The Founding===

In October of 1887, Westcott wrote to Anna Sprengel, whose name and address he received through the decoding of the Cipher Manuscripts. A reply was purported to have been received with much wisdom, and honorary grades of Exempt Adept were conferred upon Westcott, Mathers and Woodman, as well as a charter to establish a Golden Dawn temple to work the five grades outlined in the manuscripts.<ref name="ref2">King, 1989, page 43</ref><ref name="regard">Regardie, 1993, page 11</ref>
In October of 1887, Westcott wrote to Anna Sprengel, whose name and address he received through the decoding of the Cipher Manuscripts. A reply was purported to have been received with much wisdom, and honorary grades of Exempt Adept were conferred upon Westcott, Mathers and Woodman, as well as a charter to establish a Golden Dawn temple to work the five grades outlined in the manuscripts.<ref name="ref2">King, 1989, page 43</ref><ref name="regard">Regardie, 1993, page 11</ref>

In 1888, the [[Isis-Urania Temple]] in [[London]] was founded,<ref name="ref2"/> in which the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced.<ref>King, 1997, page 35</ref> In addition, there was an insistence on women being allowed to participate in the Order in "perfect equality" with men, which was in contrast to the S.R.I.A. and Masonry.<ref name="regard"/>
In 1888, the [[Isis-Urania Temple]] in [[London]] was founded,<ref name="ref2"/> in which the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced.<ref>King, 1997, page 35</ref> In addition, there was an insistence on women being allowed to participate in the Order in "perfect equality" with men, which was in contrast to the S.R.I.A. and Masonry.<ref name="regard"/>

The original Lodge founded in 1888 did not teach any magical practices per se (except for basic "banishing" rituals and meditation), but was rather a philosophical and metaphysical teaching order. This was called "the Outer Order", and for four years the Golden Dawn existed only in "the Outer". The "Inner Order", which became active in 1892, was the circle of Adepts who had completed the entire course of study and Initiations of the Outer Order contained in the Cipher Manuscripts. This group eventually became known as the Second Order (the Outer Order being the "First" Order).
The original Lodge founded in 1888 did not teach any magical practices per se (except for basic "banishing" rituals and meditation), but was rather a philosophical and metaphysical teaching order. This was called "the Outer Order", and for four years the Golden Dawn existed only in "the Outer". The "Inner Order", which became active in 1892, was the circle of Adepts who had completed the entire course of study and Initiations of the Outer Order contained in the Cipher Manuscripts. This group eventually became known as the Second Order (the Outer Order being the "First" Order).

In a short time, the Osiris temple in Weston-super-Mare, the Horus temple in Bradford, and the Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh were founded. A few years after this, Mathers founded the Ahathoor temple in [[Paris]].<ref name="ref2"/>
In a short time, the Osiris temple in Weston-super-Mare, the Horus temple in Bradford, and the Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh were founded. A few years after this, Mathers founded the Ahathoor temple in [[Paris]].<ref name="ref2"/>

===The Secret Chiefs===
===The Secret Chiefs===
{{main|Secret Chiefs}}
{{main|Secret Chiefs}}

In 1891 the correspondence with Anna Sprengel suddenly ceased, and Westcott received word from Germany that either she was dead or her companions did not approve of the founding of the Order, and that no further contact was to be made. If the founders were to contact the Secret Chiefs, therefore, it had to be done on their own.<ref name="king">King, 1989, page 43</ref> It was about this time that Dr. Woodman died, never having seen the Second order.<ref name="yoga"/>
In 1891 the correspondence with Anna Sprengel suddenly ceased, and Westcott received word from Germany that either she was dead or her companions did not approve of the founding of the Order, and that no further contact was to be made. If the founders were to contact the Secret Chiefs, therefore, it had to be done on their own.<ref name="king">King, 1989, page 43</ref> It was about this time that Dr. Woodman died, never having seen the Second order.<ref name="yoga"/>

In 1892, Mathers claimed a link to the Secret Chiefs had been formed, and supplied rituals for the Second, or Inner, Order called the Red Rose and Cross of Gold.<ref name="king"/> These rituals were based on the tradition of the tomb of [[Christian Rosenkreuz]], and a ''Vault of Adepts'' became the controlling force behind the Outer Order.<ref>King, 1989, page 44</ref> Later in 1916, Westcott claimed that Mathers also constructed these rituals from materials he received from Frater Lux ex Tenebris, a purported ''Continental Adept''.<ref>King, 1989, page 46</ref>
In 1892, Mathers claimed a link to the Secret Chiefs had been formed, and supplied rituals for the Second, or Inner, Order called the Red Rose and Cross of Gold.<ref name="king"/> These rituals were based on the tradition of the tomb of [[Christian Rosenkreuz]], and a ''Vault of Adepts'' became the controlling force behind the Outer Order.<ref>King, 1989, page 44</ref> Later in 1916, Westcott claimed that Mathers also constructed these rituals from materials he received from Frater Lux ex Tenebris, a purported ''Continental Adept''.<ref>King, 1989, page 46</ref>

Some followers of the Golden Dawn tradition believe that the [[Secret Chiefs]] are not necessarily living humans or supernatural beings, but are symbolic of actual and legendary sources of spiritual esotericism, a great leader or teacher of a spiritual path or practice that found its way into the teachings of the Order.<ref>Penczak, Christopher. ''Spirit Allies'', p. 27. Red Wheel/Weiser Books. ISBN 1-57863-214-5</ref>
Some followers of the Golden Dawn tradition believe that the [[Secret Chiefs]] are not necessarily living humans or supernatural beings, but are symbolic of actual and legendary sources of spiritual esotericism, a great leader or teacher of a spiritual path or practice that found its way into the teachings of the Order.<ref>Penczak, Christopher. ''Spirit Allies'', p. 27. Red Wheel/Weiser Books. ISBN 1-57863-214-5</ref>

===The Golden Age===
===The Golden Age===

By the mid [[1890s]], the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred from every class of Victorian society.<ref name="yoga"/> In its heyday, many [[culture|cultural]] [[celebrity|celebrities]] belonged to the Golden Dawn, such as actress [[Florence Farr]] and [[Ireland|Irish]] revolutionary [[Maud Gonne]] (Gonne left after she converted to [[Roman Catholicism]]). Some well known members included [[Arthur Machen]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Evelyn Underhill]], and [[Aleister Crowley]]. Many men and women of the 19th century [[Fin de siècle]] social culture were members of the Golden Dawn.
By the mid [[1890s]], the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred from every class of Victorian society.<ref name="yoga"/> In its heyday, many [[culture|cultural]] [[celebrity|celebrities]] belonged to the Golden Dawn, such as actress [[Florence Farr]] and [[Ireland|Irish]] revolutionary [[Maud Gonne]] (Gonne left after she converted to [[Roman Catholicism]]). Some well known members included [[Arthur Machen]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Evelyn Underhill]], and [[Aleister Crowley]]. Many men and women of the 19th century [[Fin de siècle]] social culture were members of the Golden Dawn.

Around 1897, Westcott broke all ties to the Golden Dawn, leaving Mathers in complete control. It is speculated that this was due to some occult papers having been found in a hansom cab, in which his connection to the Golden Dawn came to the attention of his superiors. He was told to either resign from the Order or to give up his occupation as coroner.<ref>King, 1989, page 48</ref>
Around 1897, Westcott broke all ties to the Golden Dawn, leaving Mathers in complete control. It is speculated that this was due to some occult papers having been found in a hansom cab, in which his connection to the Golden Dawn came to the attention of his superiors. He was told to either resign from the Order or to give up his occupation as coroner.<ref>King, 1989, page 48</ref>

While there is no proof of Mathers having planted the papers, it appears that the relationship between Mathers and Westcott all but ended after this point. After Westcott's departure, Mathers appointed Florence Farr to be Chief Adept in Anglica. (Although Westcott publicly resigned, he must have continued in some capacity since there are Lodge documents bearing his signature dated years after his "resignation".)
While there is no proof of Mathers having planted the papers, it appears that the relationship between Mathers and Westcott all but ended after this point. After Westcott's departure, Mathers appointed Florence Farr to be Chief Adept in Anglica. (Although Westcott publicly resigned, he must have continued in some capacity since there are Lodge documents bearing his signature dated years after his "resignation".)

This left Mathers as the only active founding member and in charge of the Order. Due to personality clashes with other members, and being absent from the center of Lodge activity in Great Britain, challenges to Mathers' authority as leader began to develop amongst the members of the Second Order.
This left Mathers as the only active founding member and in charge of the Order. Due to personality clashes with other members, and being absent from the center of Lodge activity in Great Britain, challenges to Mathers' authority as leader began to develop amongst the members of the Second Order.

===The revolt===
===The revolt===

Towards the end of 1899, the Adepts of the Isis-Urania and Amen-Ra temples had become extremely dissatisfied with Mathers' leadership, as well as his growing friendship with Crowley. They were also anxious to make contact with the [[Secret Chiefs]], instead of dealing with them through Mathers.<ref name="meatloaf">King, 1989, page 66</ref> Among the personal disagreements within the Isis-Urania temple, disputes were arising from Florence Farr's ''The Sphere'', a secret society within the Isis-Urania, and the rest of the Adept Minors.<ref name="meatloaf"/>
Towards the end of 1899, the Adepts of the Isis-Urania and Amen-Ra temples had become extremely dissatisfied with Mathers' leadership, as well as his growing friendship with Crowley. They were also anxious to make contact with the [[Secret Chiefs]], instead of dealing with them through Mathers.<ref name="meatloaf">King, 1989, page 66</ref> Among the personal disagreements within the Isis-Urania temple, disputes were arising from Florence Farr's ''The Sphere'', a secret society within the Isis-Urania, and the rest of the Adept Minors.<ref name="meatloaf"/>

Crowley was refused initiation into the Adeptus Minor grade by the London officials. Yet Mathers overrode this and quickly initiated him at the Ahathoor temple in Paris on January 16th, 1900.<ref name="farr">King, 1989, page 67</ref> Upon his return to the London temple, he requested the grade papers to which he was now entitled from Miss Cracknell, the acting secretary. To the London Adepts, this was the last straw. Farr, already of the opinion that the London temple should be closed, wrote to Mathers expressing her wish to resign as his representative, though she was willing to carry on until a successor was found.<ref name="farr"/>
Crowley was refused initiation into the Adeptus Minor grade by the London officials. Yet Mathers overrode this and quickly initiated him at the Ahathoor temple in Paris on January 16th, 1900.<ref name="farr">King, 1989, page 67</ref> Upon his return to the London temple, he requested the grade papers to which he was now entitled from Miss Cracknell, the acting secretary. To the London Adepts, this was the last straw. Farr, already of the opinion that the London temple should be closed, wrote to Mathers expressing her wish to resign as his representative, though she was willing to carry on until a successor was found.<ref name="farr"/>

Mathers replied to this on February 16th, believing Westcott was behind this turn of events. Once the other Adepts in London were notified, they elected a committee of seven on March 3rd and requested a full investigation of the matter. Mathers sent an immediate reply, declining to provide proof, refusing to acknowledge the London temple, and dismissing Farr as his representative on March 23rd.<ref>King, 1989, page 68-69</ref> In response, a general meeting was called on March 29th in London to remove Mathers as chief and expel him from the Order.<ref>King, 1989, page 69</ref>
Mathers replied to this on February 16th, believing Westcott was behind this turn of events. Once the other Adepts in London were notified, they elected a committee of seven on March 3rd and requested a full investigation of the matter. Mathers sent an immediate reply, declining to provide proof, refusing to acknowledge the London temple, and dismissing Farr as his representative on March 23rd.<ref>King, 1989, page 68-69</ref> In response, a general meeting was called on March 29th in London to remove Mathers as chief and expel him from the Order.<ref>King, 1989, page 69</ref>

====Splinters====
====Splinters====
After the Isis-Urania temple claimed its independence, there were even more disputes, leading to Yeats resigning.<ref>King, 1989, page 78</ref> A committee of three was to temporarily govern, which included P.W. Bullock, M.W. Blackden and [[J. W. Brodie-Innes]]. After a short time, Bullock resigned, and Dr. [[Robert Felkin]] took his place.<ref>King, 1989, page 94</ref>
After the Isis-Urania temple claimed its independence, there were even more disputes, leading to Yeats resigning.<ref>King, 1989, page 78</ref> A committee of three was to temporarily govern, which included P.W. Bullock, M.W. Blackden and [[J. W. Brodie-Innes]]. After a short time, Bullock resigned, and Dr. [[Robert Felkin]] took his place.<ref>King, 1989, page 94</ref>

In 1903, Waite and Blackden joined forces to retain the name Isis-Urania, while Felkin and other London members formed the [[Stella Matutina]], and Brodie-Innes continued his Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh.<ref>King, 1989, pages 95-96</ref>
In 1903, Waite and Blackden joined forces to retain the name Isis-Urania, while Felkin and other London members formed the [[Stella Matutina]], and Brodie-Innes continued his Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh.<ref>King, 1989, pages 95-96</ref>

===Reconstruction===
===Reconstruction===
Once Mathers realised that there was to be no reconciliation, he began to make efforts to reestablish himself in London. The Bradford and Weston-super-Mare temples remained loyal to him, but their numbers were few.<ref>King, 1989, page 109</ref> He then appointed Edward Berridge as his representative, who proceeded to begin working the ceremonies and rites of the Golden Dawn in West London as early as 1903.<ref name="coffee">King, 1989, page 110</ref> According to Francis King, historical evidence shows that there were "twenty three members of a flourishing Second Order under Berridge-Mathers in 1913."<ref name="coffee"/>
Once Mathers realised that there was to be no reconciliation, he began to make efforts to reestablish himself in London. The Bradford and Weston-super-Mare temples remained loyal to him, but their numbers were few.<ref>King, 1989, page 109</ref> He then appointed Edward Berridge as his representative, who proceeded to begin working the ceremonies and rites of the Golden Dawn in West London as early as 1903.<ref name="coffee">King, 1989, page 110</ref> According to Francis King, historical evidence shows that there were "twenty three members of a flourishing Second Order under Berridge-Mathers in 1913."<ref name="coffee"/>

J.W. Brodie-Innes continued the direction of the Amen-Ra temple, and had reached a conclusion that the revolt was unjustified. By 1908, Mathers and Brodie-Innes were in complete accord,<ref name="serpent">Regardie, 1993, page 33</ref> and at about the time of the conclusion of the alliance, the Outer Order was changed from the Golden Dawn to the [[Alpha et Omega]].<ref name="donouts">King, 1989, page 111</ref>
J.W. Brodie-Innes continued the direction of the Amen-Ra temple, and had reached a conclusion that the revolt was unjustified. By 1908, Mathers and Brodie-Innes were in complete accord,<ref name="serpent">Regardie, 1993, page 33</ref> and at about the time of the conclusion of the alliance, the Outer Order was changed from the Golden Dawn to the [[Alpha et Omega]].<ref name="donouts">King, 1989, page 111</ref>

Brodie-Innes assumed command of the English and Scottish temples, while Mathers concentrated on building up his Ahathoor temple and extending his American connection.<ref name="donouts"/> According to [[Israel Regardie]], the Golden Dawn had spread to the [[United States of America]] before 1900, and a Thoth-Hermes temple had been founded in Chicago.<ref name="donouts"/><ref name="serpent"/> By the commencement of the First World War, Mathers had established two to three American temples, and brought the Societas Rosicruciana in America under the influence of himself and his followers.<ref name="donouts"/>
Brodie-Innes assumed command of the English and Scottish temples, while Mathers concentrated on building up his Ahathoor temple and extending his American connection.<ref name="donouts"/> According to [[Israel Regardie]], the Golden Dawn had spread to the [[United States of America]] before 1900, and a Thoth-Hermes temple had been founded in Chicago.<ref name="donouts"/><ref name="serpent"/> By the commencement of the First World War, Mathers had established two to three American temples, and brought the Societas Rosicruciana in America under the influence of himself and his followers.<ref name="donouts"/>

==The Structure of the Order==
==The Structure of the Order==
===The Grades of the Golden Dawn===
===The Grades of the Golden Dawn===
''First Order:''
''First Order:''
*Introduction—Neophyte 0=0
*Introduction—Neophyte 0=0

*Zelator 1=10
*Zelator 1=10
*Theoricus 2=9
*Theoricus 2=9
*Practicus 3=8
*Practicus 3=8
*Philosophus 4=7
*Philosophus 4=7

''Second Order:''
''Second Order:''
*Intermediate—Portal Grade
*Intermediate—Portal Grade

*Adeptus Minorus 5=6
*Adeptus Minorus 5=6
*Adeptus Majorus 6=5
*Adeptus Majorus 6=5
Line 100: Line 98:
A member of the Second Order had the power and authority to initiate aspirants to the First Order, though usually not without the permission of the Chiefs of his or her Lodge.
A member of the Second Order had the power and authority to initiate aspirants to the First Order, though usually not without the permission of the Chiefs of his or her Lodge.

==The ''Golden Dawn'' book==
==The ''Golden Dawn'' book==

The ''Golden Dawn'' as system and book has been the most intensively used source for modern western occult and magical writing. As a book it is both a text and an encyclopedia.<ref>Weschcke, Carl L., Publisher, ''Publishers Preface'' (1982) The Golden Dawn</ref>
The ''Golden Dawn'' as system and book has been the most intensively used source for modern western occult and magical writing. As a book it is both a text and an encyclopedia.<ref>Weschcke, Carl L., Publisher, ''Publishers Preface'' (1982) The Golden Dawn</ref>

==Known members==
==Known members==
*[[Allan Bennett]] ([[1872]]-[[1923]]), best known for introducing [[Buddhism]] to the West
*[[Allan Bennett]] ([[1872]]-[[1923]]), best known for introducing [[Buddhism]] to the West
Line 125: Line 123:
*[[Charles W. S. Williams]] ([[1886]]-[[1945]]), was a British writer and poet
*[[Charles W. S. Williams]] ([[1886]]-[[1945]]), was a British writer and poet
*[[William Butler Yeats]] ([[1865]]-[[1939]]), Irish poet, dramatist and writer, [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] (1923)
*[[William Butler Yeats]] ([[1865]]-[[1939]]), Irish poet, dramatist and writer, [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] (1923)

==Contemporary Golden Dawn Orders==
==Contemporary Golden Dawn Orders==
Although it is debated whether any warranted Lodges of the original Golden Dawn lineage still exist,<ref>van Leeuwen, Roel (2003) [http://www.ace.net.au/darkmoon/nzoccult.htm Timeline of NZ occult and esoteric fraternities]. Retrieved [[2007-02-15]].</ref> several organizations still carry on the tradition. Among these, the following are particularly significant:
Several organizations still carry on the tradition. Among these, the following are particularly significant:
<!-- THESE ARE IN ALPHABETIC ORDER, PLEASE DON'T MOVE AROUND -->
<!-- THESE ARE IN ALPHABETIC ORDER, PLEASE DON'T MOVE AROUND -->
*[[The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.|The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]®
*[[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Rosicrucian Order of A+O)|Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn®]] A modern order headquartered in the European Union using the same name being also the outer order of the Rosicrucian Order of Alpha et Omega®.
*[[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Rosicrucian Order of A+O)]]®
*[[The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.|The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc]]® A modern independent order of the same name.
*[[The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn]]
*[[The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn]]
*[[Ordo Stella Matutina]]
*[[Ordo Stella Matutina]]
*[[Sodalitas Rosae Crucis et Solis Alati]]
*[[Sodalitas Rosae Crucis et Solis Alati]]

For additional Orders which do not yet have individual articles, please see the [[#External links|External links]] section below.
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Alpha et Omega]]
*[[Argentinum Astrum]] (A∴A∴)
*[[Argentinum Astrum]] (A∴A∴)
*[[Hermeticism]]
*[[Magic (paranormal)]]
*[[Stella Matutina]]
*[[Tattva vision]]
*[[Tattva vision]]
*[[Sacred Fraternity of the Cross]]
*[[Sacred Fraternity of the Cross]]

==Notes==
==Notes==
<references />
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
==References==
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|year=1982
|year=1982
}}
}}

==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.flashback.se/archive/gdfaq.html Golden Dawn FAQ]
*[http://www.flashback.se/archive/gdfaq.html Golden Dawn FAQ]
*[http://www.hermetic.com/gdlibrary/ The Golden Dawn Library Project]
*[http://www.hermetic.com/gdlibrary/ The Golden Dawn Library Project]

*[http://www.llewellynencyclopedia.com/term/Golden+Dawn Golden Dawn entries in Llewellyn Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.llewellynencyclopedia.com/term/Golden+Dawn Golden Dawn entries in Llewellyn Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usxx&c=trads&id=3210 Traditions at Witchvox: The Golden Dawn]
*[http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usxx&c=trads&id=3210 Traditions at Witchvox: The Golden Dawn]
Line 172: Line 176:
*[http://www.hermetic.com/gdlibrary/cipher/ Photocopies and the translation of the original Cipher Manuscripts]
*[http://www.hermetic.com/gdlibrary/cipher/ Photocopies and the translation of the original Cipher Manuscripts]
*[http://www.nli.ie/yeats/ Lots of GD material on display in Yeats exhibition including Ritual Notebooks.]
*[http://www.nli.ie/yeats/ Lots of GD material on display in Yeats exhibition including Ritual Notebooks.]

===Contemporary Golden Dawn Order websites===
*[http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/ Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn]
*[http://www.hermeticgoldendawn.org/ The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.]
*[http://www.golden-dawn.com/ Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn® / Rosicrucian Order of Alpha et Omega®]
*[http://magicalorder.com/ Magickal Order of the Golden Dawn]
*[http://home.earthlink.net/~xristos/GoldenDawn/index2.htm Mountain Temple & Order of the Golden Dawn]
*[http://www.osogd.org/ The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn]
*[http://www.auroradorada.com/index1.htm Orden Hermetica de la Aurora Dorada]
*[http://www.ritual-magic.com/ Ordo Stella Matutina / Hermetic Santuary of Ma'at]
*[http://www.rosae-crucis.net/ Sodalitas Rosae Crucis et Solis Alati]
[[Category:Golden Dawn]]
[[Category:Golden Dawn]]
[[Category:New religious movements]]
[[Category:New religious movements]]

[[bg:Златната Зора]]
[[bg:Златната Зора]]
[[de:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]
[[de:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]

Revision as of 23:44, 2 May 2007

'The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or, more commonly, the Golden Dawn) was a magical order of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, practicing a form of theurgy and spiritual development. It was probably the single greatest influence on twentieth century western occultism. Concepts of magic and ritual that became core elements of many other traditions, including Wicca, Thelema and other forms of magical spirituality popular today, are drawn from the Golden Dawn tradition.

The three founders, Dr. William Robert Woodman, William Wynn Westcott, and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers were Freemasons and members of Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (S.R.I.A.),[1] an appendant body to Freemasonry. Westcott, also a member of the Theosophical Society, appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn.

Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include: Christian mysticism, Kabbalah, Hermeticism, the religion of Ancient Egypt, Theurgy, Freemasonry, Alchemy, Theosophy, Eliphas Levi, Papus, Enochian magic, and Renaissance grimoires.

History of the Golden Dawn

The Cipher Manuscripts

Main article: Cipher Manuscripts

The fundamental basis of the original Order of the Golden Dawn was a collection of documents known as the Cipher Manuscripts, written in English using a cipher attributed to Johannes Trithemius. The Manuscripts give the specific outlines of the Grade Rituals of the Order, and prescribe a curriculum of specifically graduated teachings that encompass the Hermetic Qabalah, Astrology, Tarot, Geomancy and Alchemy.

The manuscripts were passed on from Kenneth Mackenzie, a Masonic scholar, to Rev. A.F.A. Woodford, whom Francis King acknowledges as the fourth founder[2] (although Woodford died shortly after the Order was founded).[3] The documents did not excite Woodford, and in February 1886 he passed them on to Dr. Westcott and by 1887 Westcott managed to decode them.[2] Westcott was pleased with his discovery, called on Mathers for a second opinion, and asked for cooperation in turning the manuscripts into a coherent system for lodge work. Mathers then called on William Robert Woodman to assist by being a third collaborator and Woodman, it seems, accepted.[2] Likewise, Mathers and Dr. Westcott have been credited for developing the ritual outlines in the Cipher Manuscripts into a workable format.[4] Mathers, however, is generally credited with the design of the curriculum and rituals of the Second Order, which he called the Rosae Rubae et Aureae Crucis ("Ruby Rose and Golden Cross", or the RR et AC).[5]

A different and somewhat controversial theory states that the Cipher Manuscripts had been received by noted Masonic scholar Kenneth Mackenzie from the Secret Chiefs of the "Third Order," a continental Rosicrucian mystery school into which Mackenzie had been initiated by Count Apponyi of Hungary.[6][7][8][9][10] Using the Cipher Manuscripts, Mackenzie founded "The Society of Eight" as the first phase of what was to later become the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It should be noted in this context that Mackenzie's group was Temple No. 1, and Frederick Hockley, another member of "The Society of Eight", founded Temple No. 2. Thus when the Golden Dawn was founded, its first temple, Isis-Urania, was numbered as No. 3.[11]

The Founding

In October of 1887, Westcott wrote to Anna Sprengel, whose name and address he received through the decoding of the Cipher Manuscripts. A reply was purported to have been received with much wisdom, and honorary grades of Exempt Adept were conferred upon Westcott, Mathers and Woodman, as well as a charter to establish a Golden Dawn temple to work the five grades outlined in the manuscripts.[12][13]

In 1888, the Isis-Urania Temple in London was founded,[12] in which the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced.[14] In addition, there was an insistence on women being allowed to participate in the Order in "perfect equality" with men, which was in contrast to the S.R.I.A. and Masonry.[13]

The original Lodge founded in 1888 did not teach any magical practices per se (except for basic "banishing" rituals and meditation), but was rather a philosophical and metaphysical teaching order. This was called "the Outer Order", and for four years the Golden Dawn existed only in "the Outer". The "Inner Order", which became active in 1892, was the circle of Adepts who had completed the entire course of study and Initiations of the Outer Order contained in the Cipher Manuscripts. This group eventually became known as the Second Order (the Outer Order being the "First" Order).

In a short time, the Osiris temple in Weston-super-Mare, the Horus temple in Bradford, and the Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh were founded. A few years after this, Mathers founded the Ahathoor temple in Paris.[12]

The Secret Chiefs

Main article: Secret Chiefs

In 1891 the correspondence with Anna Sprengel suddenly ceased, and Westcott received word from Germany that either she was dead or her companions did not approve of the founding of the Order, and that no further contact was to be made. If the founders were to contact the Secret Chiefs, therefore, it had to be done on their own.[15] It was about this time that Dr. Woodman died, never having seen the Second order.[3]

In 1892, Mathers claimed a link to the Secret Chiefs had been formed, and supplied rituals for the Second, or Inner, Order called the Red Rose and Cross of Gold.[15] These rituals were based on the tradition of the tomb of Christian Rosenkreuz, and a Vault of Adepts became the controlling force behind the Outer Order.[16] Later in 1916, Westcott claimed that Mathers also constructed these rituals from materials he received from Frater Lux ex Tenebris, a purported Continental Adept.[17]

Some followers of the Golden Dawn tradition believe that the Secret Chiefs are not necessarily living humans or supernatural beings, but are symbolic of actual and legendary sources of spiritual esotericism, a great leader or teacher of a spiritual path or practice that found its way into the teachings of the Order.[18]

The Golden Age

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred from every class of Victorian society.[3] In its heyday, many cultural celebrities belonged to the Golden Dawn, such as actress Florence Farr and Irish revolutionary Maud Gonne (Gonne left after she converted to Roman Catholicism). Some well known members included Arthur Machen, William Butler Yeats, Evelyn Underhill, and Aleister Crowley. Many men and women of the 19th century Fin de siècle social culture were members of the Golden Dawn.

Around 1897, Westcott broke all ties to the Golden Dawn, leaving Mathers in complete control. It is speculated that this was due to some occult papers having been found in a hansom cab, in which his connection to the Golden Dawn came to the attention of his superiors. He was told to either resign from the Order or to give up his occupation as coroner.[19]

While there is no proof of Mathers having planted the papers, it appears that the relationship between Mathers and Westcott all but ended after this point. After Westcott's departure, Mathers appointed Florence Farr to be Chief Adept in Anglica. (Although Westcott publicly resigned, he must have continued in some capacity since there are Lodge documents bearing his signature dated years after his "resignation".)

This left Mathers as the only active founding member and in charge of the Order. Due to personality clashes with other members, and being absent from the center of Lodge activity in Great Britain, challenges to Mathers' authority as leader began to develop amongst the members of the Second Order.

The revolt

Towards the end of 1899, the Adepts of the Isis-Urania and Amen-Ra temples had become extremely dissatisfied with Mathers' leadership, as well as his growing friendship with Crowley. They were also anxious to make contact with the Secret Chiefs, instead of dealing with them through Mathers.[20] Among the personal disagreements within the Isis-Urania temple, disputes were arising from Florence Farr's The Sphere, a secret society within the Isis-Urania, and the rest of the Adept Minors.[20]

Crowley was refused initiation into the Adeptus Minor grade by the London officials. Yet Mathers overrode this and quickly initiated him at the Ahathoor temple in Paris on January 16th, 1900.[21] Upon his return to the London temple, he requested the grade papers to which he was now entitled from Miss Cracknell, the acting secretary. To the London Adepts, this was the last straw. Farr, already of the opinion that the London temple should be closed, wrote to Mathers expressing her wish to resign as his representative, though she was willing to carry on until a successor was found.[21]

Mathers replied to this on February 16th, believing Westcott was behind this turn of events. Once the other Adepts in London were notified, they elected a committee of seven on March 3rd and requested a full investigation of the matter. Mathers sent an immediate reply, declining to provide proof, refusing to acknowledge the London temple, and dismissing Farr as his representative on March 23rd.[22] In response, a general meeting was called on March 29th in London to remove Mathers as chief and expel him from the Order.[23]

Splinters

After the Isis-Urania temple claimed its independence, there were even more disputes, leading to Yeats resigning.[24] A committee of three was to temporarily govern, which included P.W. Bullock, M.W. Blackden and J. W. Brodie-Innes. After a short time, Bullock resigned, and Dr. Robert Felkin took his place.[25]

In 1903, Waite and Blackden joined forces to retain the name Isis-Urania, while Felkin and other London members formed the Stella Matutina, and Brodie-Innes continued his Amen-Ra temple in Edinburgh.[26]

Reconstruction

Once Mathers realised that there was to be no reconciliation, he began to make efforts to reestablish himself in London. The Bradford and Weston-super-Mare temples remained loyal to him, but their numbers were few.[27] He then appointed Edward Berridge as his representative, who proceeded to begin working the ceremonies and rites of the Golden Dawn in West London as early as 1903.[28] According to Francis King, historical evidence shows that there were "twenty three members of a flourishing Second Order under Berridge-Mathers in 1913."[28]

J.W. Brodie-Innes continued the direction of the Amen-Ra temple, and had reached a conclusion that the revolt was unjustified. By 1908, Mathers and Brodie-Innes were in complete accord,[29] and at about the time of the conclusion of the alliance, the Outer Order was changed from the Golden Dawn to the Alpha et Omega.[30]

Brodie-Innes assumed command of the English and Scottish temples, while Mathers concentrated on building up his Ahathoor temple and extending his American connection.[30] According to Israel Regardie, the Golden Dawn had spread to the United States of America before 1900, and a Thoth-Hermes temple had been founded in Chicago.[30][29] By the commencement of the First World War, Mathers had established two to three American temples, and brought the Societas Rosicruciana in America under the influence of himself and his followers.[30]

The Structure of the Order

The Grades of the Golden Dawn

First Order:

  • Introduction—Neophyte 0=0
  • Zelator 1=10
  • Theoricus 2=9
  • Practicus 3=8
  • Philosophus 4=7

Second Order:

  • Intermediate—Portal Grade
  • Adeptus Minorus 5=6
  • Adeptus Majorus 6=5
  • Adeptus Exemptus 7=4

Third Order:

  • Magister Templi 8=3
  • Magus 9=2
  • Ipsissimus 10=1

The paired numbers attached to the Grades relate to positions on the Tree of Life. The Neophyte Grade of "0=0" indicates no position on the Tree. For the others, the first numeral is the number of steps up from the bottom (Malkuth), and the second numeral is the number of steps down from the top (Kether).

The First Order Grades were related to the four Classical Elements of Earth, Air, Water and Fire, respectively. The Aspirant to a Grade received instruction on the metaphysical meaning of each of these Elements, and had to pass a written examination and demonstrate certain skills to receive Admission to that Grade.

The Portal Grade was the initiation ritual for admittance to the Second Order. The Circle of existing Adepts from the Second Order had to consent to allow an Aspirant to join the Second Order.

The Second Order was not, properly, part of the "Golden Dawn", but a separate Order in its own right, known as the R.R. et A.C. The Second Order directed the teachings of the First Order, and was the governing force behind the First Order.

After passing the Portal, the Aspirant was instructed in the techniques of practical Magic. When another examination was passed, and the other Adepts consented, the Aspirant attained the Grade of Adeptus Minor (5=6). There were also four sub-Grades of instruction for the Adeptus Minor, again relating to the four Outer Order grades.

A member of the Second Order had the power and authority to initiate aspirants to the First Order, though usually not without the permission of the Chiefs of his or her Lodge.

The Golden Dawn book

The Golden Dawn as system and book has been the most intensively used source for modern western occult and magical writing. As a book it is both a text and an encyclopedia.[31]

Known members

Contemporary Golden Dawn Orders

Several organizations still carry on the tradition. Among these, the following are particularly significant:

For additional Orders which do not yet have individual articles, please see the External links section below.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Regardie, 1993, page 10
  2. ^ a b c King, 1989, page 42-43
  3. ^ a b c King, 1989, page 47
  4. ^ Golden Dawn researcher R.A. Gilbert has found evidence which suggests that Westcott was instrumental in developing the Order's rituals from the Cipher Manuscripts. See Gilbert's article, From Cipher to Enigma: The Role of William Wynn Westcott in the Creation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, from Carroll Runyon's book Secrets of the Golden Dawn Cypher Manuscripts.
  5. ^ Regardie, 1993, page 92
  6. ^ Wilson, Bruce (1947). “The Origins of our Rosicrucian Society”, published in The Historical Notes of the SRIA, 1947, p. 7. (A copy of this article may be obtained directly from the SRIA in England for verification purposes).
  7. ^ R.A. Gilbert (1983) "The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the magicians, the rise and fall of a magical order", p. 15. Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-278-1
  8. ^ W.W. Westcott (1915). “The Rosicrucian Society of England”, p. 2.
  9. ^ Israel Regardie (1971). "My Rosicrucian Adventure", p. 10. Llewellyn Publications.
  10. ^ Israel Regardie (1971). "The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of The Golden Dawn” (6th ed.), p. 17. Llewellyn Publications.
  11. ^ Wilson, 1947, p. 16.
  12. ^ a b c King, 1989, page 43
  13. ^ a b Regardie, 1993, page 11
  14. ^ King, 1997, page 35
  15. ^ a b King, 1989, page 43
  16. ^ King, 1989, page 44
  17. ^ King, 1989, page 46
  18. ^ Penczak, Christopher. Spirit Allies, p. 27. Red Wheel/Weiser Books. ISBN 1-57863-214-5
  19. ^ King, 1989, page 48
  20. ^ a b King, 1989, page 66
  21. ^ a b King, 1989, page 67
  22. ^ King, 1989, page 68-69
  23. ^ King, 1989, page 69
  24. ^ King, 1989, page 78
  25. ^ King, 1989, page 94
  26. ^ King, 1989, pages 95-96
  27. ^ King, 1989, page 109
  28. ^ a b King, 1989, page 110
  29. ^ a b Regardie, 1993, page 33
  30. ^ a b c d King, 1989, page 111
  31. ^ Weschcke, Carl L., Publisher, Publishers Preface (1982) The Golden Dawn

References

  • Colquhoun, Ithell. Sword of Wisdom: Macgregor Mathers and the Golden Dawn. (Neville Spearman, 1975) ISBN 0-85435-092-6.
  • Greer, Mary K. Women of the Golden Dawn. (Park Street, 1994) ISBN 0-89281-516-7.
  • Gilbert, Robert A. The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the Magicians. The Aquarian Press, 1983. ISBN 0-85030-278-1.
  • Gilbert, Robert A. The Golden Dawn Companion. Weiser Books, (1986) ISBN 0-85030-436-9
  • Gilbert, Robert A. Golden Dawn Scrapbook - The Rise and Fall of a Magical Order Weiser Books (1998) ISBN 1-57863-037-1
  • Howe, Ellic. The Magicians of the Golden Dawn: A Documentary History of a Magical Order 1887-1923. Samuel Weiser (1978). ISBN 0-87728-369-9.
  • Regardie, Israel, et al., eds., The Golden Dawn: A Complete Course in Practical Ceremonial Magic (Llewellyn, 1989) ISBN 0-87542-663-8
  • Runyon, Carroll Secrets of the Golden Dawn Cipher Manuscripts, (C.H.S., 1997) ISBN 0-9654881-2-8
  • King, Francis Modern Ritual Magic: The Rise of Western Occultism (1989) ISBN 1-85327-032-6
  • Regardie, Israel What you should know about the Golden Dawn (6th edition, 1993) ISBN 1-56184-064-5
  • S.L. Mathers et al. Ritual Magic of the Golden Dawn (edited by Francis King 1997) ISBN 0-89281-617-1
  • Regardie, Israel (1982). The Golden Dawn. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 0-87542-664-6.

Contemporary Golden Dawn Order websites

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