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== References ==
== References ==
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{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Public Instruction (France)|Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts]]|before=[[Agénor Bardoux]]|after=[[Paul Bert]]|years=1879–1881}}
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[[Category:1832 births|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:1893 deaths|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:Prime Ministers of France|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:Presidents of the French Senate|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:French Senators|Ferry, Jules]]

[[Category:French atheists|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:Mayors of Paris|Ferry, Jules]][[Category:People from Lorraine|Ferry]][[Category:Murdered French politicians|Ferry, Jules]][[ar:جول فاري]][[cs:Jules Ferry]][[de:Jules Ferry]][[es:Jules Ferry]][[eo:Jules Ferry]][[fr:Jules Ferry]][[gl:Jules Ferry]][[it:Jules Ferry]][[ja:ジュール・フェリー]][[pt:Jules Ferry]][[ru:Ферри, Жюль]][[sv:Jules Ferry]]
[[Category:1832 births|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:1893 deaths|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of France|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:Presidents of the French Senate|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:French Senators|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:French atheists|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:Mayors of Paris|Ferry, Jules]]
[[Category:People from Lorraine|Ferry]]

[[ar:جول فاري]]
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[[fr:Jules Ferry]]
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Revision as of 01:55, 22 May 2007

Jules Ferry
43rd Prime Minister of France
In office
September 23, 1880 – November 14, 1881
Preceded byCharles de Freycinet
Succeeded byLéon Gambetta
48th Prime Minister of France
In office
February 21, 1883 – April 6, 1885
Preceded byArmand Fallières
Succeeded byHenri Brisson
Personal details
BornApril 5, 1832
DiedMarch 17, 1893
Political partyNone

Jules François Camille Ferry (April 5, 1832 – March 17, 1893) was a French statesman.

Born in Saint-Dié, in the Vosges département, France, he studied law, and was called to the bar at Paris, but soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to Le Temps. He attacked the Second French Empire with great violence, directing his opposition especially against Baron Haussmann, prefect of the Seine département. Elected republican deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the declaration of war with Germany, and on September 6, 1870 was appointed prefect of the Seine by the Government of National Defense.

In this position he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the siege, and after the Paris Commune was obliged to resign (June 5, 1871). From 1872 to 1873 he was sent by Adolphe Thiers as minister to Athens, but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the leaders of the republican party. When the first republican ministry was formed under WH Waddington on February 4, 1879, he was one of its members, and continued in the ministry until March 30, 1885, except for two short interruptions (from November 10, 1881 to January 30, 1882, and from July 29, 1882 to February 21 1883), first as minister of education and then as minister of foreign affairs. He was twice premier (1880-1881 and 1883-1885).

Two important works are associated with his administration, the non-clerical organization of public education, and the beginning of the colonial expansion of France. Following the republican programme he proposed to destroy the influence of the clergy in the university and found his own system of republican schooling. He reorganized the committee of public education (law of February 27, 1880), and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to teach. He finally succeeded in passing the eponym laws of June 16, 1881 and March 28, 1882, which made primary education in France free, non-clerical (laïque) and obligatory. In higher education, the number of professors doubled under his ministry. Ferry is also considered to be officiously and partly, though not officially and solely, responsible for the repression (and sometimes near-extinction) of regional languages such as Occitan, Breton or Basque (see Bernard Poignant's 1998 report to Lionel Jospin). Examples of everyday abuse included pupils and students speaking words in a tongue other than French at school or in the schoolyard being systematically punished and humiliated, with slapping and their fingers whacked by the teacher's ruler common reminders that French and only French was the language of the Republic. At a time when many French citizens were naturally fluent in two or more languages, that government-led persecution had effects which can still be felt today.

Jules Ferry, by Nadar.

After the military defeat of France by Germany in 1870, Ferry formed the idea of acquiring a great colonial empire, principally for the sake of economic exploitation. In a speech before the Chamber of Deputies on July 28, 1885, he declared that "the superior races have a right because they have a duty: it is their duty to civilize the inferior races." Ferry directed the negotiations which led to the establishment of a French protectorate in Tunis (1881), prepared the treaty of December 17, 1885 for the occupation of Madagascar; directed the exploration of the Congo and of the Niger region; and above all he organized the conquest of Annam and Tonkin in what became Indochina. The last endeavor led to a war with China, whose Qing dynasty had a claim of suzerainty over the two provinces. The excitement caused at Paris by the sudden retreat of the French troops from Lang Son during this war led to his violent denunciation by Clemenceau and other radicals ,and his downfall on March 30, 1885). Although the treaty of peace with China (June 9, 1885), in which the Qing Dynasty ceded suzerainty of Annam and Tonkin to France, was the work of his ministry, he would never again serve as premier.

He still remained an influential member of the moderate republican party, and directed the opposition to General Boulanger. After the resignation of Jules Grévy (December 2, 1887), he was a candidate for the presidency of the republic, but the radicals refused to support him, and he withdrew in favour of Sadi Carnot.

The violent polemics aroused against him at this time caused a madman to attack him with a revolver, and he died from the wound, on the March 17, 1893. The chamber of deputies voted him a state funeral.

Ferry's 1st Ministry, 23 September 1880 - 14 November 1881

Ferry's 2nd Ministry, 21 February 1883 - 6 April 1885

Changes

References

Preceded by Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
1879–1881 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of France
1880–1881 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
1882 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of France
1883–1885 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
1883 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1883–1885 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Senate
1893 		Succeeded by

Template:FrenchPrimeMinisters

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