Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968: Difference between revisions
The LEAA wasn't superseded by the National Institute of Justice. It was superseded by the Office of Justice Programs, of which NIJ is one division. |
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==Grants== |
==Grants== |
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The LEAA, which was superseded by the [ |
The LEAA, which was superseded by the [[Office of Justice Programs]], provided [[Grant (money)|grant]] funding for criminology and criminal justice research, much which focused on social aspects of crime.<ref name="savelsberg">{{cite journal |author=Savelsberg, Joachim J., Lara L. Cleveland, Ryan D. King |year=June 2004 |title=Institutional Environments and Scholarly Work: American Criminology, 1951-1993 |journal=Social Forces |volume=82(4) |pages=p1275-1302}}</ref> Research grants were also provided to develop alternative sanctions for punishment of young offenders. [[Block grant]]s were provided to the states, with $100 million in funding.<ref name="brookings">{{cite web |url=http://www.brook.edu/gs/cps/50ge/endeavors/crime.htm |title=Government's 50 Greatest Endeavors |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=2006-10-31}}</ref> Within that amount, $50 million was [[earmark]]ed for assistance to local [[law enforcement]] agencies, which included funds to deal with [[riot]] control and [[organized crime]].<ref name="brookings"/> |
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==Handguns== |
==Handguns== |
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Revision as of 20:18, 22 June 2007
The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Pub. L. 90–351, June 19 1968, 82 Stat. 197, 42 U.S.C. § 3711) was legislation passed by Congress that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA). Title III of the Act set rules for obtaining wiretap orders in the United States.
Grants
The LEAA, which was superseded by the Office of Justice Programs, provided grant funding for criminology and criminal justice research, much which focused on social aspects of crime.[1] Research grants were also provided to develop alternative sanctions for punishment of young offenders. Block grants were provided to the states, with $100 million in funding.[2] Within that amount, $50 million was earmarked for assistance to local law enforcement agencies, which included funds to deal with riot control and organized crime.[2]
Handguns
The Omnibus Crime Bill also prohibited interstate trade in handguns, increased the minimum age to 21 for buying handguns, and established a national gun licensing system.[2] This legislation was soon followed by the Gun Control Act of 1968, which set forth additional gun control restrictions.
Wiretaps
It was passed in part as a response to the Supreme Court decisions Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41 (1967) and Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967), which the Church Committee Report on the FBI's COINTELPRO program described as holding "that the Fourth Amendment did apply to searches and seizures of conversations and protected all conversations of an individual as to which he had a reasonable expectation of privacy".
Section 2511(3) specifies that nothing in this act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President "to take such measures as he deems necessary ":
- "to protect the nation against actual or potential attack or other hostile acts of a foreign power, to obtain foreign intelligence information deemed essential to the security of the United States or to protect national security information against foreign intelligence activities"
- "to protect the United States against the overthrow of the Government by force or other unlawful means, or against any other clear and present danger to the structure or existence of the Government"
The secton also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose.
The Church report noted that "At no time, however, were the Justice Department's standards and procedures ever applied to NSA's electronic monitoring system and its 'watch listing' of American citizens. From the early 1960's until 1973, NSA compiled a list of individuals and organizations, including 1200 American citizens and domestic groups, whose communications were segregated from the mass of communications intercepted by the Agency, transcribed, and frequently disseminated to other agencies for intelligence purposes".
See also
References
- ^ Savelsberg, Joachim J., Lara L. Cleveland, Ryan D. King (June 2004). "Institutional Environments and Scholarly Work: American Criminology, 1951-1993". Social Forces. 82(4): p1275-1302.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b c "Government's 50 Greatest Endeavors". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
External links
- List of privacy/tapping legislation at Government Computer News
- Church report summary of the passing of this law
- text of the Church Report which references this law.
- Text of the Act from the FCC library
- A Primer on the Federal Wiretap Act and Its Fourth Amendment Framework
- Guide to lawful intercept legislation around the world