Death growl

cf. Death rattle, a sound sometimes made by the dying.

Death grunt, also known as growled vocals, harsh vocals, death vocals, death growls and also derogatorily or humorously — Cookie Monster vocals is a vocalization style usually employed by vocalists of the death metal music genre, but also used in a variety of other heavy metal subgenres. Melodic death metal, grindcore, doom metal, gothic metal, thrash metal, and some hardcore bands tend to use the vocal style with substantial modification. A very similar style is used in black metal, though black metal also incorporates higher pitched shrieks.

Growls are guttural and often difficult to decipher, particularly to listeners unfamiliar with the style. The few female singers who make use of the technique include Maria Abaza (Merlin), Otep Shamaya (Otep), Sabina Classen (Holy Moses), Lori Bravo (Nuclear Death), Runhild Gammelsæter (Thorr's Hammer), Angela Gossow (Arch Enemy), Candace Kucsulain (Walls of Jericho), Kitty Saric (Decadence), Malini (Coercion), and Nina Saile (At Odds With God).

Technique

Growls can be obtained with various voice effects, but the effects are usually used to enhance rather than create, if they are used at all. Voice teachers teach different techniques, but long-term use eventually wears the voice out, so any technique is actually for "less harm", not for harmless vocalization. The University Medical Center St Radboud in Nijmegen (The Netherlands) reported in June 2007 that, due to the increased popularity of growling in the region, it was treating several patients for edema and polyps on the vocal folds.

Most "correct" growls use either a variation of vocal fry or false vocal cords, both with the use of the diaphragm. Death growls are often referred to as an overtone style of singing. Whilst supporters of more traditional vocal styles claim that this is not real singing, the majority of "good" growling techniques apply the same principles that are witnessed in "clean" vocals. These principles include timing and cues, holding a note (or gurgle) for a certain amount of time without it fraying, and being able to sing rhythmically underneath the growl while alternating between different pitches if necessary. Generally speaking it requires practice and training to master a death growl that does not inflict serious damage on the vocal chords, unlike clean singing which depends on natural talent as well as training. Though the changes in pitch are more prevalent in the less guttural styles, a few good examples of vocalists who would use the alternating pitches in their vocalisation are Randy Blythe from Lamb Of God, Morten Veland from Sirenia (ex-Tristania), Angela Gossow from Arch Enemy, Death's vocalist Chuck Schuldiner and Matthew Chalk, ex-Psycroptic vocalist.

History and variations

Early precedents

The use of growling, "monstrous" vocals for ominous effect in rock music can be traced at least as far back as "I Put a Spell on You" (1956) by Screamin' Jay Hawkins in 1956. Though humorous in intent, the 1966 novelty song "Boris the Spider" by The Who features deep, guttural, gurgling growls somewhat similar to those performed by modern death metal vocalists.

In the early 1970s, the songs "Iron Man" by Black Sabbath and "One of These Days" by Pink Floyd both contain brief passages of ominously growled, low-pitched vocals (in both cases studio-manipulated) against a heavy background of rock riffs. "Neanderthal" from Tubular Bells by Mike Oldfield may as well be considered in a similar vein.

Origins in heavy metal

The advent of the growl as it is used today coincided roughly with the gradual emergence of death metal, and it is thus difficult to pinpoint a specific individual as the inventor of the technique. Different vocalists likely developed the style over time. The band Death (and its precursor Mantas) with its two vocalists — initially Kam Lee and subsequently Chuck Schuldiner — have been cited as influential (although Schuldiner would eventually switch to a more high-pitched screeching). Possessed is considered by some to be one of the earliest bands to employ growls, as are Necrophagia and Master. Around the same time, bands such as Hellhammer, with Tom G. Warrior on vocals, and seminal act Massacre also employed a variation of the growl. The band Thrashold's singer uses the Pterodactyl style.

The vocalists from the British grindcore band Napalm Death — consecutively Nic Bullen, Lee Dorrian and Mark "Barney" Greenway — further developed the style in the late 1980s, adding more aggression and deeper guttural elements to it, while also speeding up delivery of the lyrics. Around the same time, in the United States, Chris Reifert (from Autopsy) began combining shrieks with his deep grunts.

Variations and newer developments

Some death metal bands such as Carcass, Exhumed,Vital Remains, Despised Icon and Dying Fetus have experimented using two vocal tracks, alternating between growling grunts and more conventional singing. Vocalists of doom metal bands tend to put more emphasis on adding atmospheric and emotional overtones to their growls. Nick Holmes (from Paradise Lost), Darren White (from Anathema) and Aaron Stainthorpe (from My Dying Bride) were the main developers of growls within this context, in the early 1990s. Stainthorpe was one of the first to utilize both growls and "clean" vocals in death metal.

Funeral doom metal bands have taken a different approach to growls. Deep guttural vocals are often replaced by hoarser, almost whispered growls. Examples of vocalists which make use of the technique are "Matti" (from Skepticism) and John Paradiso (from Evoken).

There are other genres which have their own approach to death growls, such as deathgrind and brutal death metal. In those styles, the vocals often attempt to be as guttural and indecipherable as possible without the use of effects, sometimes inhaling the growl. Examples are Frank Mullen of Suffocation and John McEntee of Incantation.

In many deathcore bands, "pig squeal" growls are prevalent. This type of growl emphasizes a combination of a low frequency with a series of higher overtones, reminiscent of a pig's squeal. Bands such as Job for a Cowboy and Waking the Cadaver are noted for their usage of the pig squeal technique.

A similar style to pig squeals, though not entirely the same, is employed by mostly goregrind and brutal death metal groups, which may or may not involve breathing in to produce sounds. A rattling sound is produced in the back of the mouth near the tonsils by tightening the throat slightly. Bands such as Brodequin, Prostitute Disfigurement and Cock and Ball Torture are known to use this style. Many of these bands further enhance this technique with effects, feeding pedals through their microphone rather than their instruments. Cock and Ball Torture are known for using numerous effects.

There are a number of symphonic/goth metal bands that combine operatic clean female vocals (often classically-trained sopranos) with a male growl/grunt. For example After Forever, Epica, and Leaves' Eyes all employ this technique in a significant portion of their songs.

See also

• Clean vocals
• Screaming (music)

External links

• Melissa Cross - Vocal Instructor
• Cookie Monster Vocals - The Wall Street Journal
• Learn to do Death Metal Vocals from www.wikihow.com
• More Death Metal Vocals info from www.wikihow.com