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[[Image:Solvogn.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Trundholm sun chariot]] pulled by a horse is believed to be a sculpture illustrating an important part of [[Nordic Bronze Age]] mythology. The sun itself was called '''Alfrodull''', meaning "glory of [[elf|elves]]". Sol was also called '''Sunna''', '''Sunne''' and '''Frau Sunne''', which is a derivation of the words [[sun]].]]
[[Image:Solvogn.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Trundholm sun chariot]] pulled by a horse is believed to be a sculpture illustrating an important part of [[Nordic Bronze Age]] mythology. The sun itself was called '''Alfrodull''', meaning "glory of [[elf|elves]]". Sol was also called '''Sunna''', '''Sunne''' and '''Frau Sunne''', from which the word [[sun]] is derived.]]


'''Sunday''' is the [[days of the week|day of the week]] between [[Saturday]] and [[Monday]]. In the [[Judaeo-Christian]] tradition it is the first day of the week. Since the second half of the 20th century it has often been counted as the seventh day of the week.<ref>For instance, see International Standard [[ISO 8601]], which defines – among other things – the [[ISO week date]]. This Monday-to-Sunday week and week-numbering scheme is followed by most commercial calendars printed in Europe.</ref> In Slavic languages Sunday (undividable day - referencing seven) is both the first and seventh days of the week. It is first because Wednesday is literally the "middle" of the week, while it is seventh because Tuesday, Thursday and Friday are literally the "second", "fourth" and "fifth" days of the week. It is named after [[Sowilo|Sunne]], German goddess of the sun, which is where the word "sun" also derives its name.
'''Sunday''' is the [[days of the week|day of the week]] between [[Saturday]] and [[Monday]]. In the [[Judaeo-Christian]] tradition it is the first day of the week, but from mid-20th century it is often counted as the seventh day of the week.<ref>For instance, the International Standard [[ISO 8601]], which defines – among other things – the [[ISO week date]]. This Monday-to-Sunday week and week-numbering scheme is followed by most commercial calendars printed in Europe.</ref> In Slavic languages Sunday (undividable day - referencing seven) is both the first and seventh day of the week: first because Wednesday is literally the "middle" of the week; seventh because Tuesday, Thursday and Friday are literally the "second", "fourth" and "fifth" days of the week. It is named after [[Sowilo|Sunne]], German goddess of the sun, from which the word [[sun]] is also derived.


Sunday is considered a [[holiday]] in most countries of the world and as part of the weekend. Only countries influenced by Islamic (or Jewish) culture often have Friday (or Saturday) as a weekly holiday instead.
Sunday is considered a [[holiday]] in many countries of the world and as part of the weekend.Predominantly countries influenced by Islamic (or Jewish) culture often have Friday (or Saturday) as a weekly holiday instead.


The [[Gregorian calendar]] repeats every 400 years, and no [[century]] starts on a Sunday. The [[Jewish New Year]] never falls on a Sunday. Any month beginning on a Sunday will contain a [[Friday the 13th]].
The [[Gregorian calendar]] repeats every 400 years, and no [[century]] starts on a Sunday. The [[Jewish New Year]] never falls on a Sunday. Any month beginning on a Sunday will contain a [[Friday the 13th]].
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In Ptolemaic Egyptian astrology, the seven [[planets]]—[[Saturn]], [[Jupiter]], [[Mars]], the [[Sun]], [[Venus]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], and the [[Moon]]—had an hour of the day assigned to each in that order, but the planet which was "regent" during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. The Egyptian form of the seven-day week spread to Rome during the first and second century when the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.
In Ptolemaic Egyptian astrology, the seven [[planets]]—[[Saturn]], [[Jupiter]], [[Mars]], the [[Sun]], [[Venus]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], and the [[Moon]]—had an hour of the day assigned to each in that order, but the planet which was "regent" during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. The Egyptian form of the seven-day week spread to Rome during the first and second century when the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.


Germanic-speaking nations apparently adopted the seven-day week from the Romans, so that the Roman ''dies Solis'' became Sunday (German, ''Sonntag''), likely in reference to the Germanic sun goddess [[Sowilo|Sol]]. The Christians reinterpreted the indigenous name as implying the Sun of Righteousness with reference to his "arising" ({{bibleverse||Malachi|4:2|KJV}}) {{Fact|date=June 2007}}. It was also called ''Dies Panis'' (''Day of Bread''), because it was an early custom to break bread on that day.<ref name="CBTEL">{{cite book
Germanic-speaking nations apparently adopted the seven-day week from the Romans, so that the Roman ''dies Solis'' became Sunday (German, ''Sonntag''), likely in reference to the Germanic sun goddess [[Sowilo|Sunne]]. The Christians reinterpreted the indigenous name as implying the Sun of Righteousness with reference to his "arising" ({{bibleverse||Malachi|4:2|KJV}}) {{Fact|date=June 2007}}. It was also called ''Dies Panis'' (''Day of Bread''), because it was an early custom to break bread on that day.<ref name="CBTEL">{{cite book
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{{seealso|Sabbath in Christianity}}
{{seealso|Sabbath in Christianity}}


From very [[Early Christians|early times Christians]] have had differences of opinion on the question of whether the [[Sabbath]] should be observed on a [[Saturday]] or a Sunday. The issue does not arise for [[Jews]], for whom the Sabbath is unquestioningly on Saturday, nor for [[Muslim]]s whose Sabbath is on a Friday.
From very [[Early Christians|early times Christians]] have had differences of opinion on the question of whether the [[Sabbath]] should be observed on a [[Saturday]] or a Sunday. The issue does not arise for [[Jews]], for whom the Sabbath is unquestionably on Saturday, nor for [[Muslim]]s whose Sabbath is on a Friday.


The [[Jewish Christians|early Christians]] observed the [[Sabbath]] on [[Saturday]], but by the first half of the second century an increasing number of Christians would gather for worship on [[Lord's day|Sunday]]. Some continued to observe the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]] on Saturday, until even the crusader period. The practice was discouraged, but not suppressed.
The [[Jewish Christians|early Christians]] observed the [[Sabbath]] on [[Saturday]], but by the first half of the second century an increasing number of Christians would gather for worship on [[Lord's day|Sunday]]. Some continued to observe the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]] on Saturday, until even the crusader period. The practice was discouraged, but not suppressed.

Revision as of 15:28, 24 November 2007

For other uses, see Sunday (disambiguation).
The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is believed to be a sculpture illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology. The sun itself was called Alfrodull, meaning "glory of elves". Sol was also called Sunna, Sunne and Frau Sunne, from which the word sun is derived.

Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In the Judaeo-Christian tradition it is the first day of the week, but from mid-20th century it is often counted as the seventh day of the week.[1] In Slavic languages Sunday (undividable day - referencing seven) is both the first and seventh day of the week: first because Wednesday is literally the "middle" of the week; seventh because Tuesday, Thursday and Friday are literally the "second", "fourth" and "fifth" days of the week. It is named after Sunne, German goddess of the sun, from which the word sun is also derived.

Sunday is considered a holiday in many countries of the world and as part of the weekend.Predominantly countries influenced by Islamic (or Jewish) culture often have Friday (or Saturday) as a weekly holiday instead.

The Gregorian calendar repeats every 400 years, and no century starts on a Sunday. The Jewish New Year never falls on a Sunday. Any month beginning on a Sunday will contain a Friday the 13th.

In the folk rhyme Monday's Child, "... the child that is born on the Sabbath Day is bonny and blithe and good and gay."

In Thailand, the color associated with Sunday is red. [2]

The name Sunday

In Ptolemaic Egyptian astrology, the seven planets—Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon—had an hour of the day assigned to each in that order, but the planet which was "regent" during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. The Egyptian form of the seven-day week spread to Rome during the first and second century when the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.

Germanic-speaking nations apparently adopted the seven-day week from the Romans, so that the Roman dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag), likely in reference to the Germanic sun goddess Sunne. The Christians reinterpreted the indigenous name as implying the Sun of Righteousness with reference to his "arising" (Malachi 4:2) [citation needed]. It was also called Dies Panis (Day of Bread), because it was an early custom to break bread on that day.[3]

The Hindi word for Sunday is Ravivar, with Ravi being the Sanskrit name for the Sun.

The first Christian reference to Sunday is found in the First Apology of St. Justin Martyr (c. 150 AD). In a well-known passage of the Apology (Chapter 67), Justin describes the Christian custom of gathering for worship on Sunday. "And on the day called Sunday [τῇ τοῦ ῾Ηλίου λεγομένη ἡμέρᾳ], all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits . . .", he writes. Evidently Justin used the term Sunday because he was writing to a non-Christian, pagan audience. In Justin's time, Christians usually called Sunday the Lord's Day (because they observed it as a weekly memorial of Jesus Christ's resurrection).[4]

Sunday has also been called "the Eighth Day" (because of the Roman Catholic belief that Christ's resurrection on the day following the seventh-day Sabbath is a portal to timeless eternity that transcends the seven-day weekly cycle).[5][6]

Position during the week

In the Judaeo-Christian tradition Sunday has been considered as the first day of the week. However, in some countries calendars show Monday as day 1 of the week. There are also countries where both types of calendar can be found.

A number of languages reflect Sunday's status as the first day of the week: the name for Wednesday in German is Mittwoch ("midweek"); Finnish has keskiviikko ("center of the week"); Icelandic has Miðvikudagur ("mid-week day"); and Russian, Среда (Sreda) cf. средний (sredniy), "middle".

Note: In Russian Среда (Sreda) means "middle of work week", since the names of Tuesday, Thursday and Friday have roots of words second, fourth and fifth day respectively.

In Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday (Δευτέρα, Τρίτη, Τετάρτη, και Πέμπτη) mean "second", "third", "fourth", and "fifth", respectively. This suggests that Sunday was once counted as Πρώτη, that is, "first". The current Greek name for Sunday, Κυριακή, means "Lord's Day". A similar system of naming days of the week occurs in Portuguese. Monday is segunda-feira, which means "second day", also showing Sunday (domingo) to be counted as the first day.

In Hebrew, the names of the first six days literally mean their order (ראשון, שני, שלישי, רביעי, חמישי, שישי) with Sabbath (שבת) as the seventh day. Sabbath literally means "rest", not "seven". The beginning of the week is on Sunday (ראשון).

The Arabic language also counts Sunday as the first day of the week (أحد, ahad—"one") and keeps on counting Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday as "two", "three" and "four". This count has been passed on to a number of languages in cultures influenced by Islam like Persian, Tajik, Tartar, Malay and Indonesian. While Islamic cultures by the way of the Arab language took over the original Jewish concept of the week starting after Sabbath on Sunday as the first day, the rhythm of modern life has even here changed the perception of the numbering of the working week. In many Arab countries the weekend is on Thursday and Friday, thus making Saturday (in Arabic: سبت, sabat) the first day of the working week.

Sunday and the Sabbath

See also: Sabbath in Christianity

From very early times Christians have had differences of opinion on the question of whether the Sabbath should be observed on a Saturday or a Sunday. The issue does not arise for Jews, for whom the Sabbath is unquestionably on Saturday, nor for Muslims whose Sabbath is on a Friday.

The early Christians observed the Sabbath on Saturday, but by the first half of the second century an increasing number of Christians would gather for worship on Sunday. Some continued to observe the Sabbath on Saturday, until even the crusader period. The practice was discouraged, but not suppressed.

On 7 March 321, Constantine I decreed that Sunday (dies Solis) will be observed as the Roman day of rest [CJ3.12.2]:

On the venerable day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country however persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits because it often happens that another day is not suitable for grain-sowing or vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost. [7]

Though some Christians use the decree in support of the move of the Sabbath day to Sunday, in fact the decree was in support of the worship of the Sun-God (see Sol Invictus). In any event, the decree did not apply to Christians or Jews. It was part of the Roman civil law and religion and not an edict of the Church.

Most Christians today consider Sunday to be the Sabbath day, a holy day and a day of rest and church-attendance. The denominations which observe Saturday as the Sabbath are called Sabbatarians. (See above)

Throughout history there have been Christians, especially Protestants, who believe Sunday must be observed with just the sort of rigorous abstinence from work associated with the Jewish Sabbath (exemplified by Eric Liddell in the film Chariots of Fire), but for most Christians the custom and obligation of Sunday rest has not been as strict.

In Orthodox Christian families and communities, some activities are not done, e.g. working, doing something that requires somebody else to work such as buying goods or services (including the use of public transport), driving a car, gardening, washing a car, etc. Exceptions which are allowed are making use of religious services, and, usually, using electricity, and urgent medical matters. In Roman Catholicism, those who work in the medical field, in law enforcement, or soldiers in a war zone are dispensed from the usual obligation to avoid work on Sunday.

The majority of Christians have continued to observe the Sabbath on Sunday ever since, although throughout history one sometimes finds Christian groups that continued or revived the observance of the Saturday Sabbath. More recently in history, Christians in the Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptist, and Church of God (Seventh-Day) denominations (along with many related or similar denominations), as well as many Messianic Jews, have revived the practice of abstaining from work and gathering for worship on Saturdays.

Many languages lack separate words for "Saturday" and "Sabbath". Eastern Orthodox churches, as well as many Roman Catholics, distinguish between the Sabbath (Saturday) and Sunday, which some Christians traditionally call the Lord's Day. However, many Protestants and Roman Catholics refer to Sunday as the Sabbath, though this is by no means a universal practice among Protestants and Catholics. Quakers traditionally refer to Sunday as "First Day" eschewing the pagan origin of the name.

Sunday began, in 1064, at nones (8 pm) on Saturday and lasted until Monday. In 994 parishioners were required to attend even-song and nocturns on Saturday. In 696 the Lord's Day was observed from evening to evening, but in 958 from Saturday nones till light on Monday morning. Islip's Constitutions and The Councils of Aix (789), Frejus (791), and Frankfort (794) assign as the cause that vespers are the first office of the morrow.[3]

The Polish word for Sunday (niedziela)can be translated as "without acts (work)"

Common occurrences on Sunday

In the United States, professional football is usually played on Sunday, although Saturday and Monday (via Monday Night Football) also see some professional games. College football usually occurs on Saturday, and high-school football tends to take place on Friday night or Saturday afternoon. It is not uncommon for church attendance to shift on days when a late morning or early afternoon game is anticipated by a local community.

Also in the United States, many federal government buildings are closed on Sunday. Privately owned businesses also tend to close or are open for shorter periods of the day than on other days of the week.

Many American and British television networks and stations also broadcast their political interview shows on Sunday mornings.

Many American and British daily newspapers publish a larger edition on Sundays, which often includes color comic strips, a magazine, and a coupon section.

Most NASCAR Nextel Cup, Indy Racing League and Champ Car events are held on Sundays. Formula One and MotoGP races are also held on Sundays with qualifying taking place on Saturday.

In Ireland, Gaelic football and hurling matches are predominantly played on Sundays, with the second and fourth Sundays in September always playing host to the All-Ireland hurling and football championship finals, respectively.

Radio stations often play specialty radio shows such as Casey Kasem's countdown or other nationally syndicated radio shows that may differ from their regular weekly music patterns on Sunday morning and/or Sunday evening.

In Alabama, Dominoes may not be played on Sunday.

Named days

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunday.

References

  1. ^ For instance, the International Standard ISO 8601, which defines – among other things – the ISO week date. This Monday-to-Sunday week and week-numbering scheme is followed by most commercial calendars printed in Europe.
  2. ^ Thailand colour
  3. ^ a b McClintock, John (1891). "Sunday". Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. New York: Harper & Brothers. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Alexander Roberts, D.D. & James Donaldson, LL.D. (ed.). Chapter LXVII.—Weekly worship of the Christians. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  5. ^ John Paul II (1998-07-05). "APOSTOLIC LETTER DIES DOMINI OF THE HOLY FATHER JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS, CLERGY AND FAITHFUL OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ON KEEPING THE LORD'S DAY HOLY". The Vatican. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ "THE THIRD COMMANDMENT". Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  7. ^ Given the 7th day of March, Crispus and Constantine being consuls each of them for the second time. Codex Justinianus, lib. 3, tit. 12, 3; translated by Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Vol. 3 (1902), p. 380, note.
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