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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = Влада Националног Спаса <br>''Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa''
|conventional_long_name = Government of National Salvation
|common_name = Serbia
|continent = Europe
|region = Balkans
|country = Serbia
|era = World War II
|status = Client state
|empire = Nazi Germany
|status_text = Client state of [[Nazi Germany]]&sup1;
|year_start = 1941
|year_end = 1944
|date_start = April 1
|date_end = May
|event_start = Invasion of Yugoslavia
|event_end = Military defeat
|
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1 = Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (civil).svg
|s1 = Socialist Republic of Serbia
|flag_s1 = Flag of SR Serbia.svg
|
|image_flag = National flag of Serbia.svg
|image_coat = Nedic's Serbia coat of arms.PNG
|image_map = Europe WWII 1942 locator map - Serbia.PNG
|common_languages = [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|capital = Belgrade
||national_anthem = [[Oj Srbijo, mila mati]]&sup2;
|latd=44|latm=52|latNS=N|longd=20|longm=32|longEW=E
|title_leader = Leader
|leader1 = Milan Nedić
|currency = Serbian Dinar
|footnotes = &sup1; [http://www.helsinki.org.yu/doc/reports/eng/Anti-semitism%20in%20Serbia.pdf] &sup2; [http://drama.org.yu/D3_hro6.asp][http://www.dobrodrvo.com/LATINICA/PRAVOSLAVLJE%20-%20LAT/TEKSTOVI%20I%20KNJIGE%20-%20LAT/IZ%20ISTORIJE/HTML/BOZE%20PRAVDE.htm] <br>Flag and coat of arms references can be found at [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia.html] and [http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.co.yu/arhiva/2006/06/08/srpski/T06060703.shtml] respectively.
}}


Several months after the occupation and division of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] by the Axis Powers in [[World War II]], the territory of '''Serbia''' became a military administration of [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941.<ref>Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). ''Balkans in Our Time'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 203</ref> Its territories included present-day [[Central Serbia]], northern part of [[Kosovo]] (around [[Kosovska Mitrovica]]), and region of [[Banat (1941-1944)|Banat]], composed the territories of Serbia, which was led by a puppet regime called the '''Government of National Salvation''' (Serbian Cyrillic: Влада Националног Спаса, Serbian Latin: ''Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa'').<ref>Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). ''Balkans in Our Time'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204</ref> Officially, the affairs of Serbs were to be represented by their own government, led by [[Milan Nedić]], who was their official leader from 1941 to 1944.<ref>Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). ''Partisans and guerrillas'' (''World War II''; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81</ref> and was backed by [[Dimitrije Ljotić]] with his fascist [[ZBOR]] party supporters. But Nedić held little real power while most power resided in the administration's ''de facto'' governors, which were simply called a Military Commander (''Militärbefehlshaber''): The Military Commanders of the administration [[Franz Böhme]], was given emergency powers to govern the territory since July 1941 and served as a ''defacto'' governor of the region even before the administration was solidified in August. Böhme was relieved of the position later in 1941. Staatsrat (privy councillor) [[Harold Turner (German SS commander)|Harold Turner]] and SS Untersturmfuhrer Fritz Stracke handled most of the affairs of the administration while Nedić served as a nominal local leader and as a symbol of legitimization of the German presence there.[[http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/otherness/otherness2.html]] The regime was unsuccessful in detracting Serbs from rebelling against the occupiers of Yugoslavia and had little support amongst Serbs. This was due to acts of extreme violence and ethnic persecution of Serbs by the German occupiers and [[Ustashe]] extreme nationalists in Croatia, most Serbs associated with opposition forces who fought against both the German occupation forces and the [[Independent State of Croatia|Ustashe regime of Croatia]]. The regime attempted to reduce the large Serbian resistance against the German military occupation of [[Yugoslavia]], but continued atrocities by German occupation authorities made such attempts futile. Real power resided with the German occupiers rather than under Nedić's government.<ref>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration by Jozo Tomasevich, published 2001 Stanford University Press [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&source=web&ots=-LhZbpicVb&sig=gHZ264jYJJatX_uA7cAoW1gp8u0#PPA182,M1 pg 182] Quote: "Nedic thus headed a government whose powers were strictly limited, one that had no international standing even with the Axis powers. Like its predecessor, it was no more than a subsidiary organ of the German occupation authorities, doing part of the work of administering the country and helping to keep it pacified so that the Germans could exploit it with a minimum of effort, and bearing some of the blame for the harshness of the rule."</ref>
Several months after the occupation and division of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] by the Axis Powers in [[World War II]], the territory of '''Serbia''' became a military administration of [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941.<ref>Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). ''Balkans in Our Time'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 203</ref> Its territories included present-day [[Central Serbia]], northern part of [[Kosovo]] (around [[Kosovska Mitrovica]]), and region of [[Banat (1941-1944)|Banat]], composed the territories of Serbia, which was led by a puppet regime called the '''Government of National Salvation''' (Serbian Cyrillic: Влада Националног Спаса, Serbian Latin: ''Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa'').<ref>Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). ''Balkans in Our Time'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204</ref> Officially, the affairs of Serbs were to be represented by their own government, led by [[Milan Nedić]], who was their official leader from 1941 to 1944.<ref>Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). ''Partisans and guerrillas'' (''World War II''; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81</ref> and was backed by [[Dimitrije Ljotić]] with his fascist [[ZBOR]] party supporters. But Nedić held little real power while most power resided in the administration's ''de facto'' governors, which were simply called a Military Commander (''Militärbefehlshaber''): The Military Commanders of the administration [[Franz Böhme]], was given emergency powers to govern the territory since July 1941 and served as a ''defacto'' governor of the region even before the administration was solidified in August. Böhme was relieved of the position later in 1941. Staatsrat (privy councillor) [[Harold Turner (German SS commander)|Harold Turner]] and SS Untersturmfuhrer Fritz Stracke handled most of the affairs of the administration while Nedić served as a nominal local leader and as a symbol of legitimization of the German presence there.[[http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/otherness/otherness2.html]] The regime was unsuccessful in detracting Serbs from rebelling against the occupiers of Yugoslavia and had little support amongst Serbs. This was due to acts of extreme violence and ethnic persecution of Serbs by the German occupiers and [[Ustashe]] extreme nationalists in Croatia, most Serbs associated with opposition forces who fought against both the German occupation forces and the [[Independent State of Croatia|Ustashe regime of Croatia]]. The regime attempted to reduce the large Serbian resistance against the German military occupation of [[Yugoslavia]], but continued atrocities by German occupation authorities made such attempts futile. Real power resided with the German occupiers rather than under Nedić's government.<ref>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration by Jozo Tomasevich, published 2001 Stanford University Press [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&source=web&ots=-LhZbpicVb&sig=gHZ264jYJJatX_uA7cAoW1gp8u0#PPA182,M1 pg 182] Quote: "Nedic thus headed a government whose powers were strictly limited, one that had no international standing even with the Axis powers. Like its predecessor, it was no more than a subsidiary organ of the German occupation authorities, doing part of the work of administering the country and helping to keep it pacified so that the Germans could exploit it with a minimum of effort, and bearing some of the blame for the harshness of the rule."</ref>

Revision as of 21:53, 12 January 2008

Several months after the occupation and division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers in World War II, the territory of Serbia became a military administration of Nazi Germany in 1941.[1] Its territories included present-day Central Serbia, northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and region of Banat, composed the territories of Serbia, which was led by a puppet regime called the Government of National Salvation (Serbian Cyrillic: Влада Националног Спаса, Serbian Latin: Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa).[2] Officially, the affairs of Serbs were to be represented by their own government, led by Milan Nedić, who was their official leader from 1941 to 1944.[3] and was backed by Dimitrije Ljotić with his fascist ZBOR party supporters. But Nedić held little real power while most power resided in the administration's de facto governors, which were simply called a Military Commander (Militärbefehlshaber): The Military Commanders of the administration Franz Böhme, was given emergency powers to govern the territory since July 1941 and served as a defacto governor of the region even before the administration was solidified in August. Böhme was relieved of the position later in 1941. Staatsrat (privy councillor) Harold Turner and SS Untersturmfuhrer Fritz Stracke handled most of the affairs of the administration while Nedić served as a nominal local leader and as a symbol of legitimization of the German presence there.[[1]] The regime was unsuccessful in detracting Serbs from rebelling against the occupiers of Yugoslavia and had little support amongst Serbs. This was due to acts of extreme violence and ethnic persecution of Serbs by the German occupiers and Ustashe extreme nationalists in Croatia, most Serbs associated with opposition forces who fought against both the German occupation forces and the Ustashe regime of Croatia. The regime attempted to reduce the large Serbian resistance against the German military occupation of Yugoslavia, but continued atrocities by German occupation authorities made such attempts futile. Real power resided with the German occupiers rather than under Nedić's government.[4]

Geopolitical situation

After the quick defeat and carving up of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the territory that was not given to the surrounding Axis neighbours, including the new Independent State of Croatia in the west, Italian-occupied territories in the south, Hungarian-occupied territories in the north-west, and Bulgarian-occupied territories in the south-east, became part of a German and collaborationist military administration. As they usually did in occupied territories, the Germans installed a puppet government, which was to be a partner in providing security and to implement laws and policies amenable to the Germans.

Currency

After the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the National bank of Kingdom of Yugoslavia was transformed into the Serbian National Bank. It introduced Serbian Dinar as the only legal currency and disabled the circulation of other currencies on the territories of Serbia occupied by neighboring countries.[5] The traditional Obrenović coat of arms was found on bills and coins minus the royal crown.[6][7][8]

Internal affairs

The internal affairs of Serbia were affected by Nazi racial laws. These were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. The region of Banat was ruled by its local minority German population. Despite domination by the German occupiers across the military administration, it maintained its own currency, the Serbian dinar which replaced the Yugoslav dinar which existed until 1945, when the Germans and the collaboratists were defeated and replaced by the Yugoslav communist state, which scrapped the Serbian dinar and other currencies of the Independent State of Croatia and Montenegro in 1945.[9]

The administration's first Serbian government leader was Milan Aćimović[10] but his Government of Commissars was ineffective and had little power. In August of 1941 over 500 Serbs, including many influential individuals, signed the Appeal to the Serbian Nation in which the populace was called on to support the regime against the threat of communism.[11] In late August Aćimović stepped down and was replaced by Milan Nedić, who hoped that his collaboration would save what was left of Serbia and avoid total destruction by Nazi reprisals, he personally kept in contact with Yugoslavia's exiled King Peter, assuring the King that he was not another Pavelic (the Croatian Ustashe leader), and Nedić's defenders claimed he was like Philippe Pétain of Vichy France (who was claimed to have defended the French people while accepting the occupation), and denied that he was leading a weak Quisling regime.[12] The Serbian collaboratist government failed to win the favour of Serbs, who largely associated with the two key opposition groups, the Serb nationalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans.


The real power rested with the administration's Military Commanders, who controlled both the German armed forces and Serb collaborationist forces in the administration. In 1941, the administration's Military Commander, Franz Böhme, responded to Serb attacks on German forces by ordering reprisal attacks in which 100 Serbs would be killed for each German killed and 50 Serbs killed for each wounded German. The first set of reprisals were the massacres in Kragujevac and in Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht. These proved to be counterproductive to the German forces in the aftermath, as it ruined any possibility of gaining any substantial numbers of Serbs to support the collaborationist regime of Nedić. Additionally, it was discovered that in Kraljevo, a Serbian workforce group which was building airplanes for the Axis forces had been among the victims.[13] The massacres caused Nedić to urge that the arbitrary shooting of Serbs be stopped, Böhme agreed and ordered a halt to the executions until further notice.[14] Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews - 90 percent of Serbia's Jewish population of 16,000 - were murdered in World War II. [15]

By late 1941, with each attack by Chetniks and Partisans, brought more reprisal massacres being committed by the German armed forces against Serbs. The largest Chetnik opposition group led by Colonel Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović decided that it was in the best interests of Serbs to temporarily shut down operations against the Germans until the possibility of decisively beating the German armed forces looked possible. Mihailović justified this by saying "When it is all over and, with God's help, I was preserved to continue the struggle, I resolved that I would never again bring such misery on the country unless it could result in total liberation"[16]. Mihailović then reluctantly decided to allow some Chetniks to join Nedic's regime to launch attacks against Tito's Partisans,.[17] Mihailović saw as the main threat to Chetniks and, in his view, Serbs, as the Partisans[18] who refused to back down fighting, which would almost certainly result in more German reprisal massacres of Serbs. With arms provided by the Germans, those Chetniks who joined Nedic's collaborationist armed forces, so they could pursue their civil war against the partisans without fear of attack by the Germans, whom they intended to later turn against. This resulted in an increase of recruits to the regime's armed forces.[19] One of Mihailović's closest friends, Djuishić joined Nedic's collaboratist forces, and later planned in 1943, under the auspices of the collaboratists to exterminate the Muslims, Croats, and Partisans of the Sanjak region in revenge for Croatian Ustashe and Muslim massacres of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia in 1941 and to inflict serious damage to the Partisans, but this was never put through.[20]

Collaborationist armed forces

File:SDKMars.jpg
Serbian Volunteer Corps recruits march, carrying the flag of the SDK.

Aside from German armed forces which were the dominant Axis military in the territory, there were two Serbian collaborationist military forces, the Serbian State Guards (Srpska Državna Straža) and the Serbian Volunteer Command both formed in 1941 ( the Volunteer Command was later renamed the Serbian Volunteer Corps or Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus in 1943).[21] The recruits initially were largely paramilitaries and supporters of the fascist ZBOR party of Dimitrije Ljotić. Nedić's forces fought partisans as well as Chetnik forces who were not willing to sign an agreement of cooperation.

Recruits increased in numbers to the collaborationist forces following groups of Mihailovic's Chetniks joining, who joined with the intention to destroy Tito's Partisans, rather than supporting Nedić and the German occupation forces, whom they later intended to turn against.[22]

The Serbian Volunteer Corps were formed in the spring of 1943. At the end of 1944, the Corps and its German liaison staff were transferred to the Waffen-SS as the Serbian SS Corps and comprised a staff from four regiments each with three batalions and a training battalion.

Concentration camps

Key Politicians

Military and special forces

References

General references

  • Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books.
  • Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust). Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heros' Remembrance Authority.
  • Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. ISBN 1-891227-38-6
  • Kostić, Boško N. Za istoriju naših dana, Lille, France, 1949.
  • Kostić, Lazo M. Armijski đeneral Milan Nedić, Novi Sad, 2000.
  • Wolff, Robert Lee. 1956. Balkans in Our Time. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press.
  • History of Serbian Volunteer Corps
  • Serbia at WorldStatesmen.org

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 203
  2. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204
  3. ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
  4. ^ War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration by Jozo Tomasevich, published 2001 Stanford University Press pg 182 Quote: "Nedic thus headed a government whose powers were strictly limited, one that had no international standing even with the Axis powers. Like its predecessor, it was no more than a subsidiary organ of the German occupation authorities, doing part of the work of administering the country and helping to keep it pacified so that the Germans could exploit it with a minimum of effort, and bearing some of the blame for the harshness of the rule."
  5. ^ http://www.pavlovic-banka.com/eng/index.php?str=istorija_novca
  6. ^ http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/serbia/serbia-22.JPG
  7. ^ http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/serbia/serbia-28.JPG
  8. ^ http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img13/177-31&desc=Serbia%20km31%201%20Dinar%20(1942)
  9. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 324
  10. ^ Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. P. 21
  11. ^ Cohen, Philip J. Serbia's secret war: propaganda and the deceit of history, Texas A&M University Press, 1996
  12. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204
  13. ^ Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heros' Remembrance Authority. P. 344
  14. ^ Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heros' Remembrance Authority. P. 344
  15. ^ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Macmillan Publishing Company New York 1990
  16. ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 80
  17. ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
  18. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 213
  19. ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
  20. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 213
  21. ^ Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. P. 21
  22. ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81

See also

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