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</ref> In clinically severe form DAMP (or ADHD+DCD) affects about 1.5% of the general population of school age children; another few per cent are affected by more moderate variants. Boys are overrepresented; girls are currently probably underdiagnosed. There are many comorbid problems/overlapping conditions, including conduct disorder, depression/anxiety, and academic failure. There is a strong link with autism spectrum disorders in severe DAMP. Familial factors and pre- and perinatal risk factors account for much of the variance. Psychosocial risk factors appear to increase the risk of marked psychiatric abnormality in DAMP. Outcome in early adult age was psychosocially poor in one study in almost 60% of unmedicated cases.
</ref> In clinically severe form DAMP (or ADHD+DCD) affects about 1.5% of the general population of school age children; another few per cent are affected by more moderate variants. Boys are overrepresented; girls are currently probably underdiagnosed. There are many comorbid problems/overlapping conditions, including conduct disorder, depression/anxiety, and academic failure. There is a strong link with autism spectrum disorders in severe DAMP. Familial factors and pre- and perinatal risk factors account for much of the variance. Psychosocial risk factors appear to increase the risk of marked psychiatric abnormality in DAMP. Outcome in early adult age was psychosocially poor in one study in almost 60% of unmedicated cases.


==Confidentiality vs. public access controversy==
==Alleged scientific misconduct controversy==
<!--- Comment to editors: please note that the section following this comment contains information that has been discussed on the talk page and in order to reference each item, the footnotes have been added after the exact word considered in need of a source, and not at the end of the sentence. --->
<!--- Comment to editors: please note that the section following this comment contains information that has been discussed on the talk page and in order to reference each item, the footnotes have been added after the exact word considered in need of a source, and not at the end of the sentence. --->
One of Gillberg's early research projects, the Gothenburg study,<ref name="Hart">Hart, Deborah and Thomas Kennedy. [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pressparliament/pressreleasearchive/pr238.aspx "Five percent of children may have DAMP"]. ''A Mind Odyssey: Science and Caring'', Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, [[11 July]] [[2001]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> has become the center of a heated controversy in Sweden.<ref>Kennedy, Christina. [http://www.dagensmedicin.se/Article.jsp?article=35834&title= "Applåder mötte den åtalade Gillberg utanför rättssalen"] ("Prosecuted, Gillberg is met with applauds outside the courtroom").''Dagens Medicin'', online edition, [[2 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]]. Paragraph 1: "Efter år av böcker, myndighetsbeslut, överklagade domar och ett oändligt antal debattartiklar landade forskarstriden slutligen i tingsrätten i förra veckan." (After years of books, decisions by government authorities, appeals and an endless number of debate articles, the research dispute finally landed in district court last week.)</ref> The controversy concerns the question to what extent the principle of public access, which in Sweden supports transparency in publicly funded activities, can be applied to sensitive data collected in medical studies involving human subjects.<ref name="WhiteClash">White, Caroline. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/273-a "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, [[5 February]] [[2005]], doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2005]].</ref><ref name="Osvald">Osvald, Clara. [http://www.sr.se/Ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=647481 "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes".] ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") ''Ekot'', Sveriges Radio, [[27 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref>
One of Gillberg's early research projects, the Gothenburg study,<ref name="Hart">Hart, Deborah and Thomas Kennedy. [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pressparliament/pressreleasearchive/pr238.aspx "Five percent of children may have DAMP"]. ''A Mind Odyssey: Science and Caring'', Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, [[11 July]] [[2001]]. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> has become the center of a heated controversy in Sweden.<ref>Kennedy, Christina. [http://www.dagensmedicin.se/Article.jsp?article=35834&title= "Applåder mötte den åtalade Gillberg utanför rättssalen"] ("Prosecuted, Gillberg is met with applauds outside the courtroom").''Dagens Medicin'', online edition, [[2 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]]. Paragraph 1: "Efter år av böcker, myndighetsbeslut, överklagade domar och ett oändligt antal debattartiklar landade forskarstriden slutligen i tingsrätten i förra veckan." (After years of books, decisions by government authorities, appeals and an endless number of debate articles, the research dispute finally landed in district court last week.)</ref> The controversy concerns alleged scientific misconduct and the willful destruction of research data on the part of Professor Gillberg in order to avoid outside scientific scrutiny.<ref name="Blumsohn">Dr Aubrey Blumsohn. [http://scientific-misconduct.blogspot.com/2007/07/gillberg-affair-and-fall-of-scientific.html "The Gillberg affair and the fall of a scientific journal"] Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref> A judicial ruling to release the research data to indepentent scrutiny has also raised the question to what extent the principle of public access, which in Sweden supports transparency in publicly funded activities, can be applied to sensitive data collected in medical studies involving human subjects.<ref name="WhiteClash">White, Caroline. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7486/273-a "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial"]. British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, [[5 February]] [[2005]], doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2005]].</ref><ref name="Osvald">Osvald, Clara. [http://www.sr.se/Ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=647481 "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes".] ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") ''Ekot'', Sveriges Radio, [[27 June]] [[2005]], in Swedish. Retrieved [[20 August]] [[2006]].</ref>


===Background===
===Background===

Revision as of 06:24, 15 April 2008

"DAMP" redirects here. For other uses, see Damp (disambiguation).

Lars Christopher Gillberg, (born 19 April 1950) is a professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Gothenburg University in Gothenburg, Sweden. He has also been a visiting professor at the universities of Bergen, New York, Odense, St George's (University of London), and San Francisco.[1]

Gillberg is known for his research of autism in children, Asperger syndrome. ADHD and anorexia nervosa. He is the founding editor of the journal European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, and is the author and editor of many scientific and educational books. He is the recipient of several scientific awards,[2][3][4] including the Philips Nordic Prize 2004 for neurological research,[5] and he has more than 300 scientific papers listed in Medline.

Gillberg has become known internationally for his contributions to various pioneering research projects into the genetics of autism.[6] In 2003, a French and Swedish research team at the Institut Pasteur psychiatric departments, University of Paris, led by Thomas Bourgeron, Marion Leboyer and Gillberg, made the first discovery of precisely identified genetic mutations in individuals with autism. The team identified mutations altering two genes on the X chromosome which seem to be implicated in the formation of synapses (communication spaces between neurons), in two families where several members are affected. Previous studies, such as the Paris Autism Research International Sib-Pair Study (PARIS), coordinated by Gillberg and Marion Leboyer, have more generally associated the X chromosome regions with autism. The 2003 break-through indicated the location of the mutation to be on the NLGN4 gene and the NGLN3 gene. The mutation prevents a complete protein from forming and is inherited from the mother.[7]

In Sweden, Gillberg is also known for his concern about the confidentiality of medical records and his role in a related controversy.

Gillberg's criteria for Asperger's syndrome

Gillberg's criteria are as follows (all six criteria must be met for confirmation of diagnosis):[8][9]

  1. Severe impairment in reciprocal social interaction (at least two of the following)
    1. inability to interact with peers
    2. lack of desire to interact with peers
    3. lack of appreciation of social cues
    4. socially and emotionally inappropriate behavior
  2. All-absorbing narrow interest (at least one of the following)
    1. exclusion of other activities
    2. repetitive adherence
    3. more rote than meaning
  3. Imposition of routines and interests (at least one of the following)
    1. on self, in aspects of life
    2. on others
  4. Speech and language problems (at least three of the following)
    1. delayed development
    2. superficially perfect expressive language
    3. formal, pedantic language
    4. odd prosody, peculiar voice characteristics
    5. impairment of comprehension including misinterpretations of literal/implied meanings
  5. Non-verbal communication problems (at least one of the following)
    1. limited use of gestures
    2. clumsy/gauche body language
    3. limited facial expression
    4. inappropriate expression
    5. peculiar, stiff gaze
  6. Motor clumsiness: poor performance on neurodevelopmental examination

(These criteria are different than those given in theDSM-IV-TR.)

DAMP, MBD, and ADHD

Gillberg played a leading role in developing the concept Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception (DAMP) in the 1980s. The concept was based on previous attempts to define purely diagnostic criteria for Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD, an obsolete name for ADHD) independent of any hypotheses about etiology.[10]

Around 1990, DAMP had become a generally accepted diagnostic concept in two Nordic countries.[11] However, when the DSM-IV appeared in 1994, DAMP became a redundant term, since DAMP is essentially equivalent to ADHD in combination with DCD (dyspraxia) as defined by DSM-IV.[12][10] In the WHO system, this condition is classified as a hyperkinetic disorder in combination with a developmental disorder of motor function.

Gillberg began to study DAMP in the late 1970s, when it was still called MBD. Since then, he has published around 80 papers on DAMP, ADHD and related conditions. Gillberg admitted in 2003 that he and his co-workers in Gothenburg are almost the only people doing research on DAMP, and that of the "about 50" scholarly works on the topic, the "vast majority of these have either originated in the author's own clinical and research setting or have been supervised and/or co-authored by him."[13] As far as clinical practice goes, DAMP was primarily accepted only in Gillberg's native Sweden and in Denmark,[13] and even in those countries acceptance was limited.

In 2003, Gillberg redefined DAMP as essentially a synonym for ADHD plus DCD.[13] His four criteria are: [13]

  • ADHD as defined in DSM-IV;
  • DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder) as defined in DSM-IV;
  • Condition not better accounted for by cerebral palsy; and
  • IQ higher than about 50 [Gillberg, 2003: box 1].

About half of the children with ADHD also have DCD.[14] In clinically severe form DAMP (or ADHD+DCD) affects about 1.5% of the general population of school age children; another few per cent are affected by more moderate variants. Boys are overrepresented; girls are currently probably underdiagnosed. There are many comorbid problems/overlapping conditions, including conduct disorder, depression/anxiety, and academic failure. There is a strong link with autism spectrum disorders in severe DAMP. Familial factors and pre- and perinatal risk factors account for much of the variance. Psychosocial risk factors appear to increase the risk of marked psychiatric abnormality in DAMP. Outcome in early adult age was psychosocially poor in one study in almost 60% of unmedicated cases.

Alleged scientific misconduct controversy

One of Gillberg's early research projects, the Gothenburg study,[15] has become the center of a heated controversy in Sweden.[16] The controversy concerns alleged scientific misconduct and the willful destruction of research data on the part of Professor Gillberg in order to avoid outside scientific scrutiny.[17] A judicial ruling to release the research data to indepentent scrutiny has also raised the question to what extent the principle of public access, which in Sweden supports transparency in publicly funded activities, can be applied to sensitive data collected in medical studies involving human subjects.[18][19]

Background

Beginning in 1996, pediatrician Leif Elinder criticized Gillberg's research and alleged that the numbers reported by Gillberg were made up.[20] Elinder became associated with the sociologist Eva Kärfve at Lund University, whose research had been devoted to early witch hunts and medieval myths in Europe. They coordinated their criticism and Kärfve wrote a book, published in 2000, rejecting most of the research on DAMP, and especially Gillberg's.[21] Other psychiatrists and neuroscientists in Sweden defended the Gillberg group and argued that Elinder and Kärfve had crossed the line from scientific criticism to personal attacks and vilification.[22][23] The conflict escalated further in 2002, when Kärfve and Elinder wrote separate letters to Gothenburg University, accusing the Gillberg group of scientific misconduct.[24][25] The accusations were investigated by the Ethics Council and dismissed as baseless.[26][27][28] Elinder and Kärfve also demanded access to the original research material for the main DAMP studies. Under a section of the Swedish basic law that grants citizens access to government documents, Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the documents by an administrative court.[29][30] The University, the Gillberg group, and the participants of the study were strongly opposed to this decision, on the grounds that the material contained medical records and other sensitive information, and that the participants had been promised full confidentiality.[29][30][31][32] A higher court decided that neither the participants, the researchers, nor their institution, were formally entitled to appeal the decision.[33] When all legal avenues had been exhausted, two of Gillberg's coworkers and a university administrator destroyed the 12–27 years old research material. In the legal aftermath, Gillberg and the Rector of Gothenburg University were found guilty of "misuse of office" for not complying with the administrative court's decision.[34]

Reaction to the ruling

The court's decision to grant the two critics access to the data was controversial. When the study participants were contacted by Gillberg and asked if they would be prepared to have the data released, all but one family refused.[34] Because of that, and the promise given to the participants as a precondition, Gillberg and the other researchers felt obliged not to turn over the personal data.[35] After the verdict, Johan Munch, chairman of the Central Ethical Review Board of Sweden said that in Swedish legislation, the Principle of Public Access[36] is incompatible with these kinds of promises of absolute confidentiality, and that the Central Ethical Review Board therefore no longer approves such promises.[37][19] According to Martin Ingvar of the Karolinska Institute, medical researchers in Sweden would be forced to change the current practice because of the verdict. Ingvar told media that medical studies in Sweden must now adhere to a strict anonymization encoding, even in extensive studies like Gillberg’s which contain large amounts of clinical material collected over long periods of time, in spite of the increase in cost and the larger margins of error.[19] 267 Swedish doctors signed a letter in support of Gillberg's decision not to hand over the data.[38] Elisabeth Rynning, a professor of Medical Law at the University of Uppsala questioned whether the court had been fully aware of the relevant laws. Access to these kinds of records may only be granted for the purpose of research or for the collection of statistics. Elinder had not stated any such purpose in his application, and Kärfve had only argued that the material would be useful for her research, not that it would actually be used in a research project. She was in fact not allowed to use the material in her research project, since that would have required a previous approval by an ethics committee. There was also the problem that Elinder and Kärfve requested the material as private citizens, while at the same time stating that they needed it in their professional capacities. If they had requested the material as representatives of their employers, the court would not have jurisdiction. Finally Rynning questioned how the court could decide that no one would be hurt, as the law requires, if Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the data. Several participants had testified to the court that they would be deeply offended and hurt if Elinder and Kärfve could read their medical records.[39]

Aftermath

In 2003, a bill was introduced in the Swedish parliament, Riksdagen, due to the secrecy issues raised during the trial that granted the two private individuals access to sensitive personal data.[40] This bill did not pass. In 2004, a new law on ethical review of research involving humans was introduced. Changes were put in place in order to strengthen the protection for human subjects participating in medical research and to expand the scope of the ethical councils. Additional changes to bring the Swedish legislation closer to the European Commission directive are presently under review.[41]

The files with the personal data collected during the Gothenburg study no longer exist. Two co-workers (one of whom was Gillberg's wife) and a university administrator shredded the files. In defense of their action, the two researchers (both chief physicians at Sahlgrenska University Hospital), referred to the promises of confidentiality that had been issued to the subjects of the study and the letters of objection that had been received from the families that they did not want their personal data used or shared with the private individuals. They argued that turning the files over would have exposed the researchers and the university to potential lawsuits from the subjects for failing to honor a written agreement.[42] They were convicted and fined for destruction of government property.[34]

In July 2005 the lower criminal court in Gothenburg upheld the right of Kärfve and Elinder to see any data from the Gothenburg study still held by the University. The court fined Gillberg for "misuse of office".[43]

See further

Notes

  1. ^ Munk-Jørgensen, P. (August 2003), "Biographies", Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108: 160, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00154.x. ISSN 0001-690X
  2. ^ "Eric K. Fernströms Svenska pris, pristagare 1979-1993" (PDF). Faculty of Medicine, Lund University.
  3. ^ "Tidigare pristagare Ronald McDonald Barnfonds Barnmedicinpris". Ronald McDonald Barnfond.
  4. ^ "Utmärkelser" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. November 14,1995. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ Philips: Philips Nordic Prize for research within Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Accessed 19 August 2006. "Last year's winner: Christopher Gillberg."
  6. ^ Gosline, Anna. "Roadmap to unravelling autism revealed". New Scientist, 28 June 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  7. ^ Betancur, Catalina et al.(2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics 34 (1): 27-29. DOI:10.1038/ng1136. ISSN 1061-4036. Press release: "Two genes associated with autism". Press Office, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris. 31 March 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  8. ^ Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. "Asperger syndrome-some epidemiological considerations: A research note." J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1989 Jul;30(4):631-8. PMID 2670981
  9. ^ Attwood, Tony. "Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals". Jessica Kingsley, London, 1997. ISBN 1-85302-577-1, pp. 195-196.
  10. ^ a b Gillberg, Christopher (2003). "Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88: 904–910. doi:10.1136/adc.88.10.904. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  11. ^ "Barn och ungdomar med DAMP/MBD". Läkartidningen. 88: 714. 1991. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Gillberg, Christopher (1999). "Nordisk enighet om DAMP/ADHD - Aktuellt dokument sammanfattar dagens kunskap". Läkartidningen. 96: 3330–3331.
  13. ^ a b c d Gillberg, Christopher (2003). "Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88: 904–910. doi:10.1136/adc.88.10.904.
  14. ^ Martin, Neilson C. (Feb, 2006). "DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology". Human Movement Science 25. 25 (1). The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry: 110–124. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.006. ISSN 0167-9457. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Hart, Deborah and Thomas Kennedy. "Five percent of children may have DAMP". A Mind Odyssey: Science and Caring, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, 11 July 2001. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  16. ^ Kennedy, Christina. "Applåder mötte den åtalade Gillberg utanför rättssalen" ("Prosecuted, Gillberg is met with applauds outside the courtroom").Dagens Medicin, online edition, 2 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006. Paragraph 1: "Efter år av böcker, myndighetsbeslut, överklagade domar och ett oändligt antal debattartiklar landade forskarstriden slutligen i tingsrätten i förra veckan." (After years of books, decisions by government authorities, appeals and an endless number of debate articles, the research dispute finally landed in district court last week.)
  17. ^ Dr Aubrey Blumsohn. "The Gillberg affair and the fall of a scientific journal" Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  18. ^ White, Caroline. "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial". British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, 5 February 2005, doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved 20 August 2005.
  19. ^ a b c Osvald, Clara. "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes". ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 27 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  20. ^ Elinder, Leif (December 12,1996). "Läs- och skrivsvårigheter" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (February 19,1997). "Det diagnostiska samhället" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (September 30,1997). "Medicinska diagnoser löser inte skolans problem" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. p. 12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (1997). "Dyslexi, DAMP och Aspergers syndrom - Friska sjukförklaras i ett diagnostiskt samhälle". Läkartidningen. 94 (39): 3391–3393. Elinder, Leif (February 13,1998). "Dyslexi och neuropsykiatrin" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (1998). "Klassificering på gott och ont" (in Swedish). No. 17. Psykologtidningen. pp. 19–20.
  21. ^ Kärfve, Eva (2000). Hjärnspöken - Damp och hotet mot folkhälsan (in Swedish). Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion. ISBN 91-7139-482-6.
  22. ^ ""Börjar likna personförföljelse"" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. November 8,2000. p. 12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Bejerot, Susanne et al. "'Rättshaverist skadar dampforskningen'. Sex psykiatriforskare kräver ett slut på mångårig personlig kampanj" ('Litigious doctrinaire hurts damp research'. Six psychiatry researchers demand an end to the long-running personal campaign". Dagens Nyheter, 22 January 2003, p. A04 (A6 A2), in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  24. ^ Karlsson, Hasse (April 23, 2002). "Damp-forskare anmälda av känd kritiker för möjligt fusk" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. p. 13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ Kärfve, Eva (January 25, 2003). "Ni försöker tysta ner forskningsfusk. Sociologidocent slår tillbaka mot anklagelserna att hon driver personlig kampanj mot dampforskare" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. pp. A04 (A6 A2). {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "Anmälan mot dampstudie lämnas utan åtgärd" (in Swedish). Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. February 25, 2003. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Nordin, Jessica (February 25, 2003). "Etiska rådet lämnar dampstudie utan åtgärd" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Grahn, Marie (February 26, 2003). "Professor frias från misstanke om fusk vid dampforskning" (in Swedish). Göteborgsposten. p. 9. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ a b Kammarrätten i Göteborg February 6, 2003 Dom i mål nr 5741-2002
  30. ^ a b Kammarrätten i Göteborg February 6, 2003 Dom i mål nr 6208-2002
  31. ^ L., K. (March 5, 2003). "Ge inte Eva Kärfve min sons journaler (Don't give my son's journals to Eva Kärfve)" (in Swedish). Göteborgsposten. p. 4. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ Ahl, Viggo. "Mitt liv är dömt till offentlighet" (My life is condemned to public access). Göteborgs-Posten, 25 June 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  33. ^ Regeringsrätten April 4, 2003 Avgörande i mål nr 1273-03
  34. ^ a b c White, C. "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data". British Medical Journal, 23 July 2005, 331(7510):180. PMID 16037439. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  35. ^ Osvald, Clara. Gillberg gav sin syn under rättegången (Gillberg gave his view during the trial). Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 25 May 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006
  36. ^ Principle of Public Access. Ministry of Justice, Swedish Government Offices, 14 June 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  37. ^ Osvald, Clara. "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes". ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 27 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006. Original sentence in Swedish: "Enligt Johan Munch som är ordförande i Centrala etikprövningsnämnden fungerar den svenska lagstiftningen med offentlighetsprincipen inte tillsammans med den här typen av förbindelser om absolut sekretess. Därför godkänner etikprövningsnämnden inte den typen av löften i samband längre. "
  38. ^ 267 läkare stöder Christopher Gillberg mot JO. Dagens Medicin March 23, 2005.
  39. ^ Rynning, Elisabeth. "Domarnas okunskap om lagen tvingade forskare till lagbrott" (The judges' lack of knowledge about the law forced researchers to break the law). Dagens Nyheter May 14, 2005.
  40. ^ Motion 2003/04:K379. Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet (Secrecy and public documents). Motion till riksdagen, 2003/04:K379], Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet (decision by Riksdagen)
  41. ^ SOU 2005:78 Changes in the ethical review act. Swedish government official report on ethical review, September 2005 and Betänkande av Etikprövningsutredningen SOU 2005:78, Stockholm 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  42. ^ Gillberg, Christopher. "Forskare ger falska löften" (Researchers give false promises). Brännpunkt, Svenska Dagbladet, 13 May 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  43. ^ White, Caroline. "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data". British Medical Journal, 2005;331:180 (23 July 2005).Retrieved 18 December 2006.

Selected publications by Gillberg

Journal Articles

  • Steffenburg, Suzanne (May, 1989). "A Twin Study of Autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 30 (3). The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry: 405–416. ISSN 0021-9630. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Baroncohen, Simon (December, 1992). "Can Autism Be. Detected at 18 Months? The Needle, the Haystack and the CHAT". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 161. The Royal College of Psychiatrists: 839–143. ISSN 0007-1250. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Happe, Francesca (December 20, 1996). "'Theory of mind' in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome". Neuroreport. 8 (1). Rapid Science Publishers: 197–201. ISSN 0959-4965. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Jamain, Stéphane (31 March 2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics. 34 (1). Nature Publishing Group: 27–29. doi:10.1038/ng1136. ISSN 1061-4036. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Ståhlberg, Ola (July 2004). "Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Neural Transmission. 111 (7). Springer Wien: 891–902. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0115-1. ISSN 0300-9564. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Miller, Marilyn T. (April–May 2005). "Autism associated with conditions characterized by developmental errors in early embryogenesis: a mini review". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 23 (2–3). Elsevier: 201–219. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.007. ISSN 0736-5748. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)

Books

  • Gillberg, Christopher (1981). Neuropsychiatric aspects of perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old Swedish children. Uppsala: Uppsala University. ISBN 91-554-1212-2.
  • Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher (1985). The biology of the autistic syndromes. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-03-000834-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (ed.) (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of autism. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-43481-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (1995). Clinical Child Neuropsychiatry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54335-5.
  • Gillberg, Christopher (1997). Barn, Ungdomar och vuxna med Asperger Syndrom - Normala, geniala, nördar? (in Swedish). Gothenburg: Bokförlaget Cura AB. ISBN 91-972641-6-4.
  • Gillberg, Christopher; Peeters, Theo (1998). Autism : medical and educational aspects. London: Whurr. ISBN 0-521-54335-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (2002). A Guide to Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00183-8.
  • Gillberg, Christopher;Harrington, Richard; Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph (2006). A clinician's handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81936-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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