Jump to content

Front Sight Firearms Training Institute: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m Undid revision 206034439 by Ashton.Sanders (talk)
Shift6 (talk | contribs)
reshuffled, wikified, removed duplicated info, removed bullet-point lists, added lots of stuff including past info people might have forgotten and a lead-in paragraph, etc.
Line 11: Line 11:
}}
}}


'''Front Sight Firearms Training Institute''', also known as '''Front Sight''', is a privately owned and operated facility for training people how to safely operate firearms in both recreational and self-defense settings, also referred to as "comfort of skill at arms". It was founded in 1996 by [[Ignatius Piazza|Dr. Ignatius Piazza]] to train people in firearms handling and also to "positively change the image of gun ownership in our lifetimes".
==Location==


==Locations==
Front Sight Firearms Training Facility is on a 550 acre property between [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] and [[Pahrump Nevada]] in [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]].

Originally, Front Sight was located near [[Bakersfield, California]]. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19970327002137/http://frontsight.com/ Web Archive Snapshot - Front Sight in Bakersfield]</ref> In 1998, a 550 acre property in [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]], between [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] and [[Pahrump, Nevada]], was purchased and the operation gradually moved there. This location, called "Front Sight Nevada", provides facilities for training in firearms as well as climbing, rappelling, and other forms of self-defense.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DC163EF936A25756C0A96F958260/ A 'Sun City' for Gun Enthusiasts] New York Times Article retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>

The Bakersfield facility was closed in 2002.

Portions of the Front Sight Nevada property are still under development. As of April 2008, the facility includes a 6000 square foot classroom area, 12 shooting ranges, a rifle range, live fire simulators, underground training simulators, a SWAT tower, a pro shop, a gunsmithing facility and armory, a martial arts area, and a secluded VIP training space.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/pages/facility.asp Original plans for Pahrump facility expansion] Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>

In early 2004, Front Sight also acquired an extensive property on the [[Kenai Peninsula]] in [[Alaska]]. The Alaska location, called "Front Sight Alaska", has focused on outdoorsmanship and includes training and activities such as big game hunting, fishing, kayaking, and bear safety.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/alaska/ Front Sight Alaska]</ref>


==History==
==History==


Front Sight Firearms Training Institute was founded in April of 1996, originally on a leased facility near [[Bakersfield, California]] by [[Ignatius Piazza|Dr. Ignatius Piazza]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19970327002137/http://frontsight.com/ Web Archive Snapshot - Front Sight in Bakersfield]</ref>. There were ten students in the first course. Since inception, it has been open to private citizens and law enforcement/military. It has continued to grow in the number of students every year since 1996. As of 2008, Front Sight's website claims that the institute trains "tens of thousands of students per year" <ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/free-gun.asp] Front Sight Promotion - &gt;10,000 students.]Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>.
In the first class offered in April 1996, Front Sight trained ten students. Since then, it has grown substantially. As of April 2008, the corporate website says that the institute trains "tens of thousands of students per year" <ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/free-gun.asp Front Sight Promotion - &gt;10,000 students.]Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>. In addition, over 120,000 students have attended classes so far in the history of the Institute.<ref>Front Sight members mass e-mail sent February 21, 2008, which stated "...and you know we have proven with 123,657 students over the last 12 years that Front Sight provides the best firearms training courses in the industry..."</ref>


From 1998 to 2002, Front Sight periodically offered free sub-machine gun courses at the new Nevada facility to gain exposure for the quality of the training offered. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19990209151139/www.frontsight.com/monthly.htm Front Sight monthly report] January 1998</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000614144948/www.frontsight.com/free_smg_course.htm Free Submachine Gun Course] June 2000</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020802031228/www.frontsight.com/1day_smg_course.htm Free Submachine Gun Course] August 2002</ref>
In 1998, Front Sight purchased a larger property 45 minutes from [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] and 20 minutes from [[Pahrump, Nevada]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DC163EF936A25756C0A96F958260/ A 'Sun City' for Gun Enthusiasts] New York Times Article retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref> It continued to operate in both California and Nevada through 2002, then moved exclusively to the Front Sight, Nevada location.


Every year, Front Sight holds a "First Family Reunion" on July 4 to celebrate [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. Front Sight members, called "First Family", are invited to attend a day of free activities including shooting automatic weapons, catered food, and fireworks.
Front Sight Firearms Training Institute is also the place where [[Mark Wahlberg]] trained in sniper shooting for the movie [[Shooter (film)|Shooter]] in 2006.


The targets used at Front Sight were invented by Piazza.<ref>[http://www.ignatius-piazza-and-front-sight-in-small-arms-review.com/ Small Arms Review Article] Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>
In March 2008 Front Sight received zoning, planning, and tentative map approval from the Nye County Planning Department and Nye County Commissioners for a destination hotel and interval ownership condominium development on their 550 acre facility<ref>[http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2008/Mar-26-Wed-2008/news/20528202.html Pahrump Valley Times Article - March 2008]Retrieved April 5, 2008.]</ref>. From 2002 to 2005 Front Sight had approvals for a residential community, but an uncertified [[class action]] lawsuit<ref>[http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2005/12/14/news/frontsight.html Pahrump Valley Times Article]Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref> by less than 1% of the Front Sight membership was settled in 2007<ref>[http://www.frontsightlitigation.com/ Front Sight Litigation] Retrieved May 3, 2007.</ref> and resulted in Front Sight development plans changing to a hotel and [[timeshare|interval ownership]] condominium destination vacation resort.

Since 1999, there have been six self-inflicted gunshots wounds during instruction at Front Sight.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/SafetyReports.asp?Action=ShowSingle&ID=5 Unintentional Gunshot Wounds] Retrieved April 17, 2008.</ref>

===Notable Events===

Noted speaker and author on gun violence [[Dave Grossman (author)|Lt. Col. Dave Grossman]] has also taken courses at Front Sight, having graduated from the Four Day Defensive Handgun course.<ref>Front Sight members mass e-mail sent March 25, 2008, which stated "As you can see from his message [included in the mass e-mail], Lt. Col. Grossman is a great friend of Front Sight. He is also a graduate of our Four Day Defensive Handgun course."</ref>

In 2006, [[Mark Wahlberg]] attended sniper shooting classes at Front Sight to prepare for the 2007 movie [[Shooter (film)|Shooter]]<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/msn-vid.asp Mark Wahlberg interview]</ref>.

In 2006, Piazza and Front Sight were sued in a class action by certain members of the "First Family", an exclusive membership to the Front Sight facility, for failing to deliver on expectations made when the memberships were purchased.<ref>[http://www.klas-tv.com/Global/story.asp?S=4091067 A Gun and a Dream] KLAS TV report. Retrieved May 3, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.frontsightlitigation.com/ Front Sight Litigation] Attorney webpage. Retrieved May 3, 2007.</ref> A settlement was reached in 2007.

On July 4, 2007, a person died while using a "Zip Line" from the rappelling tower. <ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/SafetyReports.asp?Action=ShowSingle&ID=6 Zip Line Fatality] Retrieved April 17, 2008.</ref> This is the only fatality that has occurred at Front Sight.
In March 2008, Front Sight received zoning, planning, and tentative map approval from the Nye County Planning Department and Nye County Commissioners for a destination hotel and interval ownership condominium development on a portion of the 550 acre facility in Nevada.<ref>[http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2008/Mar-26-Wed-2008/news/20528202.html Pahrump Valley Times Article - March 2008]Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref> Previously, the land on the facility was intended to be used for a housing development<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000229230549/www.frontsight.com/facility.htm Las vegas Facility] Retrieved April 17, 2008.</ref> expected to be "the safest community in America", but due to the results of the 2006 class action lawsuit, the plans were changed.


{{USgunorgs}}
{{USgunorgs}}
Line 29: Line 51:
==Activism==
==Activism==


Front Sight's purpose is to "restore the second amendment".<ref>[http://www.survivalblog.com/ignatius-piazza/gun-ownership.html Survival Blog]</ref>
Front Sight's purpose is to "restore the second amendment"<ref>[http://www.survivalblog.com/ignatius-piazza/gun-ownership.html Survival Blog]</ref> by "positively affecting the image of gun ownership in our lifetime."


Front Sight has, since 2002, supported the [[Federal Flight Deck Officer]] Program<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov/lawenforcement/programs/ffdo.shtm FFDO Program]</ref>, offering gun training for pilots<ref>[http://www.secure-skies.org/Pilots_In_Cockpit.php Centennial Journal Article - 120000 Pilots Still Not Armed in the Cockpit]</ref>.
Since 2002, Front Sight has supported the [[Federal Flight Deck Officer]] Program<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov/lawenforcement/programs/ffdo.shtm FFDO Program]</ref>, offering gun training for pilots<ref>[http://www.secure-skies.org/Pilots_In_Cockpit.php Centennial Journal Article - 120000 Pilots Still Not Armed in the Cockpit]</ref>.


Front Sight has also made the news after several school shootings offering firearms training for teachers.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/news.asp?Action=ViewNews&ID=45 Sierra Times Article]</ref>
Front Sight has also made the news after several school shootings offering firearms training for teachers.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/news.asp?Action=ViewNews&ID=45 Sierra Times Article]</ref>
Line 38: Line 60:
Front Sight is supported by the [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]], and the [[Gun Owners of America]]. <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tm1OkTq2ps Video - JPFO, GOA Support]</ref> Front Sight also is supported by the Friends of the NRA<ref>[http://www.ignatius-piazza.com/charities/civil_liberties/FriendsofTheNRA.htm Friends of the NRA Letter] Retrieved April 15, 2008.</ref>.
Front Sight is supported by the [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]], and the [[Gun Owners of America]]. <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tm1OkTq2ps Video - JPFO, GOA Support]</ref> Front Sight also is supported by the Friends of the NRA<ref>[http://www.ignatius-piazza.com/charities/civil_liberties/FriendsofTheNRA.htm Friends of the NRA Letter] Retrieved April 15, 2008.</ref>.


Also see [[Ignatius Piazza]].
==Facility==

The Front Sight facility is on 550 acres and portions of the property are still under development. As of 2008 the facility includes a 6000 square foot classroom area, 12 shooting ranges, a rifle range, live fire simulators, underground training simulators, a SWAT tower, a pro shop, a gunsmithing facility and armory, a martial arts area and a secluded VIP training space.<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/pages/facility.asp Original plans for Pahrump facility expansion] Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>

The targets used at Front Sight were invented by the founder, [[Ignatius Piazza]].<ref>[http://www.ignatius-piazza-and-front-sight-in-small-arms-review.com/ Small Arms Review Article] Retrieved April 5, 2008.</ref>


==Training==
==Training==


The majority of Front Sight courses involve firearms training, but there are many other classes available. Among the firearms courses offered are [[handgun]], [[shotgun]], [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]]; and these are available as one, two or four day series. Other types of training include: empty hand defense, edged weapons, rappel and climb, child safety, youth achievement, corporate [[team building]], and an [[armorer]]'s course (all at Front Sight Nevada)<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/Courses.asp Front Sight Nevada course listing]</ref> and [[big game hunting]], [[bird]] hunting, [[fishing]], children's outdoors safety, [[Kayak|kayaking]], and [[bear]] safety] (at Front Sight Alaska).<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/alaska/Training/index.asp Front Sight Alaska course listing]</ref>.
The majority of Front Sight students come for firearms training, but there are other defense courses available.

;;Training Types:
:*firearms training
:*corporate team building
:*rappel and climb
:*[[SWAT]]
:*Defensive driving
:*Martial arts
:*Edged weapons
:*Family safety
:*Children and Youth <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0725/062.html/ Kiddies With Carbines] Forbes.com retrieved April 6, 2008.</ref>
:*VIP and celebrity training
:*Executive protection
:*Armorer courses
:*Instructor development


Some of these classes are only available by invitation, or to those who have completed necessary prerequisite courses.
Some of these classes are only available by invitation, or to those who have completed necessary prerequisite courses.


Before the course begins, a first time student must pass a [[background check]] in excess of Federal requirements, and may require a reference from an existing Front Sight member or previous student. Students can bring their own firearms or rent from the facility’s Pro Shop for the duration of their courses.
===Courses===

Courses are provided to participants after passing background checks in excess of Federal requirements. Among the firearms courses offered are handgun, shotgun, rifle and submachine gun. Most of these courses are broken up into one, two and four day classes. These are provided on a schedule, and advance registration is required.


Approximately 10% of people attending a course at Front Sight become lifetime members.
Approximately 10% of people attending a course at Front Sight become lifetime members.


===Membership===
Students can bring their own guns or rent guns for the duration of their courses.


Front Sight offers lifetime memberships in what is called the "First Family" with varying degrees of entitlement<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/handgun-training-memberships.asp Membership Types]</ref>. Various types of memberships have been offered since 1996, some of which are no longer available. Most current memberships are available through the website, but some are only offered to those on the Front Sight e-mail list newsletter.
===Memberships===


As of April 2008, there are approximately 8,500 members of Front Sight.<ref>Ignatius Piazza's LinkedIn.com profile, retrieved April 17, 2008.</ref>
Front Sight offers Lifetime Memberships with varying degrees of entitlement<ref>[http://www.frontsight.com/handgun-training-memberships.asp Membership Types]</ref>. Most are available through the website, but some are only offered to those on the newsletter mailing list.


Generally, these lifetime memberships include course certificates which allow a student to take their first course at Front Sight for free. Commonly, these certificates are given to family and friends, raffled off in [[fundraisers]], or donated to local law enforcement or another charity.
;;Publicly available membership types:
:*Patriot Lifetime Membership
:*Challenge Lifetime Membership
:*Legacy Lifetime Membership
:*Bronze Lifetime Membership
:*Silver Lifetime Membership
:*Diamond Lifetime Membership (all-inclusive)


In addition to receiving highly discounted or free training for life, members also generally receive guaranteed enrollment in courses, discounts on firearms and ammunition from the Front Sight Pro Shop, access to the members section of the website, and invitations to the [[Independence Day (United States)|4th of July]] "reunion" every year.
These lifetime memberships usually include additional course certificates which allows a student to take their first course at Front Sight for free. The most common ways these certificates are used is:
*Given to family and friends,
*Raffled off in fundraisers,
*Donated to local law enforcement, NRA, etc.
*Sold.


===Other Services===
===Other Services===
Transcripts of much of the first time attendee's classes have been turned into "Gun Training Reports" that are available on the website without cost when joining the non-exclusive mailing list.

"Dry Practice" manuals in ammunition-less home practice are available via the website. These are soft cover manuals with black and white photo illustrations.


Semi-weekly newsletters are sent through the general mailing list, with an initial period of daily gun training reports.
*Transcripts of much of the first time attendee's classes have been turned into "Gun Training Reports" that are available on the website without cost when joining the non-exclusive mailing list.
*"Dry Practice" manuals in ammunition-less home practice are available via the website. They are soft cover manuals with black and white photo illustrations.
* Semi-weekly newsletters through the general mailing list, with an initial period of daily gun training reports.


==References==
==References==
Line 102: Line 94:


==External links==
==External links==
* http://www.frontsight.com
* http://www.frontsight.com/
* http://www.ignatius-piazza.com
* http://www.ignatius-piazza.com/
* http://www.friendsofnra.org/
* http://www.friendsofnra.org/



Revision as of 17:54, 17 April 2008

Front Sight
Firearms Training Institute
Company typePrivate
IndustryFirearms Training
FoundedBakersfield, California, U.S. (1996)
FounderIgnatius Piazza
HeadquartersLas Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
WebsiteFrontSight.com

Front Sight Firearms Training Institute, also known as Front Sight, is a privately owned and operated facility for training people how to safely operate firearms in both recreational and self-defense settings, also referred to as "comfort of skill at arms". It was founded in 1996 by Dr. Ignatius Piazza to train people in firearms handling and also to "positively change the image of gun ownership in our lifetimes".

Locations

Originally, Front Sight was located near Bakersfield, California. [1] In 1998, a 550 acre property in Nye County, between Las Vegas, Nevada and Pahrump, Nevada, was purchased and the operation gradually moved there. This location, called "Front Sight Nevada", provides facilities for training in firearms as well as climbing, rappelling, and other forms of self-defense.[2]

The Bakersfield facility was closed in 2002.

Portions of the Front Sight Nevada property are still under development. As of April 2008, the facility includes a 6000 square foot classroom area, 12 shooting ranges, a rifle range, live fire simulators, underground training simulators, a SWAT tower, a pro shop, a gunsmithing facility and armory, a martial arts area, and a secluded VIP training space.[3]

In early 2004, Front Sight also acquired an extensive property on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. The Alaska location, called "Front Sight Alaska", has focused on outdoorsmanship and includes training and activities such as big game hunting, fishing, kayaking, and bear safety.[4]

History

In the first class offered in April 1996, Front Sight trained ten students. Since then, it has grown substantially. As of April 2008, the corporate website says that the institute trains "tens of thousands of students per year" [5]. In addition, over 120,000 students have attended classes so far in the history of the Institute.[6]

From 1998 to 2002, Front Sight periodically offered free sub-machine gun courses at the new Nevada facility to gain exposure for the quality of the training offered. [7][8][9]

Every year, Front Sight holds a "First Family Reunion" on July 4 to celebrate Independence Day. Front Sight members, called "First Family", are invited to attend a day of free activities including shooting automatic weapons, catered food, and fireworks.

The targets used at Front Sight were invented by Piazza.[10]

Since 1999, there have been six self-inflicted gunshots wounds during instruction at Front Sight.[11]

Notable Events

Noted speaker and author on gun violence Lt. Col. Dave Grossman has also taken courses at Front Sight, having graduated from the Four Day Defensive Handgun course.[12]

In 2006, Mark Wahlberg attended sniper shooting classes at Front Sight to prepare for the 2007 movie Shooter[13].

In 2006, Piazza and Front Sight were sued in a class action by certain members of the "First Family", an exclusive membership to the Front Sight facility, for failing to deliver on expectations made when the memberships were purchased.[14][15] A settlement was reached in 2007.

On July 4, 2007, a person died while using a "Zip Line" from the rappelling tower. [16] This is the only fatality that has occurred at Front Sight.

In March 2008, Front Sight received zoning, planning, and tentative map approval from the Nye County Planning Department and Nye County Commissioners for a destination hotel and interval ownership condominium development on a portion of the 550 acre facility in Nevada.[17] Previously, the land on the facility was intended to be used for a housing development[18] expected to be "the safest community in America", but due to the results of the 2006 class action lawsuit, the plans were changed.

Activism

Front Sight's purpose is to "restore the second amendment"[19] by "positively affecting the image of gun ownership in our lifetime."

Since 2002, Front Sight has supported the Federal Flight Deck Officer Program[20], offering gun training for pilots[21].

Front Sight has also made the news after several school shootings offering firearms training for teachers.[22] [23]. Front Sight offered free firearms training to three teachers per school.[24]

Front Sight is supported by the Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, and the Gun Owners of America. [25] Front Sight also is supported by the Friends of the NRA[26].

Also see Ignatius Piazza.

Training

The majority of Front Sight courses involve firearms training, but there are many other classes available. Among the firearms courses offered are handgun, shotgun, rifle and submachine gun; and these are available as one, two or four day series. Other types of training include: empty hand defense, edged weapons, rappel and climb, child safety, youth achievement, corporate team building, and an armorer's course (all at Front Sight Nevada)[27] and big game hunting, bird hunting, fishing, children's outdoors safety, kayaking, and bear safety] (at Front Sight Alaska).[28].

Some of these classes are only available by invitation, or to those who have completed necessary prerequisite courses.

Before the course begins, a first time student must pass a background check in excess of Federal requirements, and may require a reference from an existing Front Sight member or previous student. Students can bring their own firearms or rent from the facility’s Pro Shop for the duration of their courses.

Approximately 10% of people attending a course at Front Sight become lifetime members.

Membership

Front Sight offers lifetime memberships in what is called the "First Family" with varying degrees of entitlement[29]. Various types of memberships have been offered since 1996, some of which are no longer available. Most current memberships are available through the website, but some are only offered to those on the Front Sight e-mail list newsletter.

As of April 2008, there are approximately 8,500 members of Front Sight.[30]

Generally, these lifetime memberships include course certificates which allow a student to take their first course at Front Sight for free. Commonly, these certificates are given to family and friends, raffled off in fundraisers, or donated to local law enforcement or another charity.

In addition to receiving highly discounted or free training for life, members also generally receive guaranteed enrollment in courses, discounts on firearms and ammunition from the Front Sight Pro Shop, access to the members section of the website, and invitations to the 4th of July "reunion" every year.

Other Services

Transcripts of much of the first time attendee's classes have been turned into "Gun Training Reports" that are available on the website without cost when joining the non-exclusive mailing list.

"Dry Practice" manuals in ammunition-less home practice are available via the website. These are soft cover manuals with black and white photo illustrations.

Semi-weekly newsletters are sent through the general mailing list, with an initial period of daily gun training reports.

References

  1. ^ Web Archive Snapshot - Front Sight in Bakersfield
  2. ^ A 'Sun City' for Gun Enthusiasts New York Times Article retrieved April 5, 2008.
  3. ^ Original plans for Pahrump facility expansion Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  4. ^ Front Sight Alaska
  5. ^ Front Sight Promotion - >10,000 students.Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  6. ^ Front Sight members mass e-mail sent February 21, 2008, which stated "...and you know we have proven with 123,657 students over the last 12 years that Front Sight provides the best firearms training courses in the industry..."
  7. ^ Front Sight monthly report January 1998
  8. ^ Free Submachine Gun Course June 2000
  9. ^ Free Submachine Gun Course August 2002
  10. ^ Small Arms Review Article Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  11. ^ Unintentional Gunshot Wounds Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  12. ^ Front Sight members mass e-mail sent March 25, 2008, which stated "As you can see from his message [included in the mass e-mail], Lt. Col. Grossman is a great friend of Front Sight. He is also a graduate of our Four Day Defensive Handgun course."
  13. ^ Mark Wahlberg interview
  14. ^ A Gun and a Dream KLAS TV report. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  15. ^ Front Sight Litigation Attorney webpage. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  16. ^ Zip Line Fatality Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  17. ^ Pahrump Valley Times Article - March 2008Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  18. ^ Las vegas Facility Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  19. ^ Survival Blog
  20. ^ FFDO Program
  21. ^ Centennial Journal Article - 120000 Pilots Still Not Armed in the Cockpit
  22. ^ Sierra Times Article
  23. ^ Cybercast News Article
  24. ^ Courier Press Article
  25. ^ Video - JPFO, GOA Support
  26. ^ Friends of the NRA Letter Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  27. ^ Front Sight Nevada course listing
  28. ^ Front Sight Alaska course listing
  29. ^ Membership Types
  30. ^ Ignatius Piazza's LinkedIn.com profile, retrieved April 17, 2008.