Gene Wolfe

Gene Wolfe
Occupation	Novelist, Short story writer
Nationality	United States
Genre	Fantasy, Science Fiction

Gene Wolfe (born May 7, 1931, New York, New York) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He is noted for his dense, allusion-rich prose as well as the strong influence of his Catholic faith, which he adopted after marrying a Catholic. He is a prolific short story writer as well as a novelist, and has won the Nebula Award and World Fantasy Award twice each, the Campbell Memorial Award, and the Locus Award four times. He has also been nominated for the Hugo Award multiple times. In 1996, Wolfe was awarded the World Fantasy Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Wolfe was Guest of Honor at Aussiecon Two, the 43rd World Science Fiction Convention held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1985.

While attending Texas A&M University Wolfe published his first speculative fiction in The Commentator, a student literary journal. Wolfe dropped out during his junior year, and was drafted to fight in the Korean War. After returning to the United States he became an industrial engineer, receiving his degree from the University of Houston. For many years he edited the engineering review Plant Engineering, before retiring to write full-time. One little-known engineering achievement of Wolfe's is a contribution to the development of the mass production machine used to make Pringles potato chips, specifically the part which cooks the chips. He now lives in Barrington, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

Wolfe is possibly a distant relative of author Thomas Wolfe.

Works

Wolfe's best-known and most highly regarded work is the multi-volume novel The Book of the New Sun. Set in a bleak, distant future (similar to that of Jack Vance's Dying Earth series, which Wolfe has acknowledged as an influence), the story details the life of Severian, an apprentice torturer, exiled from his guild for showing compassion to one of the condemned, as he rises to power. The novel is composed of the volumes The Shadow of the Torturer (1980), The Claw of the Conciliator (1981, winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novel), The Sword of the Lictor (1982), and The Citadel of the Autarch (1983). A coda, The Urth of the New Sun (1987), wraps up some loose ends but is generally considered a separate work. Several Wolfe essays about the writing of The Book of the New Sun were published in The Castle of the Otter (1982; the title refers to a misprint of the fourth book's title in Locus magazine).

In the 1990s, Wolfe published two more works in the same universe as The Book of the New Sun. The first, The Book of the Long Sun, consists of the novels Nightside the Long Sun (1993), Lake of the Long Sun (1994), Caldé of the Long Sun (1994), and Exodus From the Long Sun (1996). These books follow the priest of a small parish as he becomes wrapped up in political intrigue and revolution in his city-state. Wolfe then wrote a sequel of sorts, The Book of the Short Sun, composed of On Blue's Waters (1999), In Green's Jungles (2000) and Return to the Whorl (2001), dealing with colonists who have arrived on the sister planets Blue and Green. The three Sun works (The Book of the New Sun, The Book of the Long Sun, and The Book of the Short Sun), generally thought to be his most popular writing, are often collectively referred to as the "Solar Cycle".

Wolfe has also written many stand-alone books. His first novel, Operation Ares, was published by Berkley Books in 1970 and was unsuccessful. He subsequently wrote two novels held in particularly high esteem, Peace and The Fifth Head of Cerberus. The first is the seemingly-rambling narrative of Alden Dennis Weer, a man of many secrets who reviews his life under mysterious circumstances. The Fifth Head of Cerberus is either a collection of three novellas, or a novel in three parts, dealing with colonialism, memory, and the nature of personal identity. The first story, which gives the book its name, was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novella.

Wolfe frequently creates an unreliable narrator to tell his stories. According to Wolfe, "Real people really are unreliable narrators all the time, even if they try to be reliable narrators." Sometimes this is a person who is simply naïve (Pandora by Holly Hollander, The Knight), or is not particularly intelligent (There Are Doors) or is not always truthful (The Book of the New Sun), or is suffering from serious illness (Latro in Soldier of the Mist, who forgets everything within 24 hours). He is also known for extremely subtle hints and lacunae which may never be explicitly referred to in the text; for example, a backyard full of morning glories is an intentional foreshadowing of events in Free Live Free, but is only apparent to a reader with a horticultural background.

Some readers have found Wolfe's use of the unreliable narrator confusing, on the grounds that, if the reader cannot trust the narrator, there is no way to determine the "meaning" of the text. Others find that, while it requires more work on the part of the reader, this trope creates a wider and deeper space of possible meaning for the reader to discover and explore. Thus, Wolfe's texts encourage multiple readings. Wolfe himself has said, in a letter to Neil Gaiman (Gaiman 2002): "My definition of good literature is that which can be read by an educated reader, and reread with increased pleasure."

Importance

Although not a best-selling author, Wolfe is highly regarded by critics and fellow writers, and considered by many to be one of the best living science fiction authors. Indeed, he has sometimes been called the best living American writer regardless of genre. Award-winning science fiction author Michael Swanwick has said: "Gene Wolfe is the greatest writer in the English language alive today. Let me repeat that: Gene Wolfe is the greatest writer in the English language alive today! I mean it. Shakespeare was a better stylist, Melville was more important to American letters, and Charles Dickens had a defter hand at creating characters. But among living writers, there is nobody who can even approach Gene Wolfe for brilliance of prose, clarity of thought, and depth in meaning."

Among others, writers Neil Gaiman and Patrick O'Leary have credited Wolfe for inspiration. O'Leary has said: "Forget 'Speculative Fiction'. Gene Wolfe is the best writer alive. Period. And as Wolfe once said (in reference to Gaiman), 'All novels are fantasies. Some are more honest about it.' No comparison. Nobody – I mean nobody – comes close to what this artist does." O'Leary also wrote an extensive essay concerning the nature of Wolfe's artistry, entitled "If Ever A Wiz There Was", found both in his collection Other Voices, Other Doors, and on his webpage. [1]

Wolfe's fans regard him with considerable dedication, and one Internet mailing list (begun in November 1996) dedicated to his works has amassed over ten years and thousands of pages of discussion and explication. Similarly, much analysis and exegesis has been published in fanzine and small-press form (e. g. Lexicon Urthus ISBN 0964279592).

When asked the "Most overrated" and "Most underrated" authors, Thomas Disch identified Isaac Asimov and Gene Wolfe, respectively, writing: "...all too many have already gone into a decline after carrying home some trophies. The one exception is Gene Wolfe...Between 1980 and 1982 he published The Book of the New Sun, a tetralogy of couth, intelligence, and suavity that is also written in VistaVision with Dolby Sound. Imagine a Star Wars-style space opera penned by G. K. Chesterton in the throes of a religious conversion. Wolfe has continued in full diapason ever since, and a crossover success is long overdue."

Wolfe was Guest of Honor at Aussiecon Two, the 1985 World Science Fiction Convention.

Bibliography

Novels

The first half of The Book of the New Sun, 2000 printing.

• Operation Ares (1970)
• The Fifth Head of Cerberus (1972)
• Peace (1975)
• The Devil in a Forest (1976)
• The Book of the New Sun
  • The Shadow of the Torturer (1980)
  • The Claw of the Conciliator (1981)
  • The Sword of the Lictor (1982)
  • The Citadel of the Autarch (1983)
• Free Live Free (1984)
• The Urth of the New Sun (1987)
• The Soldier series
  • Soldier of the Mist (1986)
  • Soldier of Arete (1989)
  • Soldier of Sidon (2006) [winner of the 2007 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel]
• There Are Doors (1988)
• Castleview (1990)
• Pandora, By Holly Hollander (1990)
• The Book of the Long Sun
  • Nightside the Long Sun (1993)
  • Lake of the Long Sun (1994)
  • Caldé of the Long Sun (1994)
  • Exodus From the Long Sun (1996)
• The Book of the Short Sun
  • On Blue's Waters (1999)
  • In Green's Jungles (2000)
  • Return to the Whorl (2001)
• Latro in the Mist (2003) - omnibus collection of Soldier of the Mist and Soldier of Arete
• The Wizard Knight
  • The Knight (2004)
  • The Wizard (2004)
• Soldier of Sidon (2006)
• Pirate Freedom (2007)
• An Evil Guest (Forthcoming)

Story collections

• The Island of Doctor Death and Other Stories and Other Stories (1980) (Not an error but a literary joke; the title story is "The Island of Doctor Death and Other Stories". Among others, the collection also includes "The Doctor of Death Island" and "The Death of Doctor Island", winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novella.)
• Gene Wolfe's Book of Days (1981)
• The Wolfe Archipelago (1983), consisting of:
  • "Death of the Island Doctor" (1983)
  • "The Island of Doctor Death and Other Stories" (1970)
  • "The Death of Doctor Island" (1973)
  • "The Doctor of Death Island" (1978)
• Plan(e)t Engineering (1984)
• Bibliomen (1984)
• Storeys from the Old Hotel (1988) [winner of the World Fantasy Award for best collection]
• Endangered Species (1989)
• Castle of Days (1992)
• The Young Wolfe (1992)
• Strange Travelers (2000)
• Innocents Aboard (2004)
• Starwater Strains (2005)

Chapbooks

Wolfe has published a number of short chapbooks, many published in very small quantities by Cheap Street. Some of these have been reprinted in his collections, as when Starwater Strains reprinted "Empires of Foliage and Flower".

• At the Point of Capricorn (1983)
• The Boy Who Hooked the Sun (1985)
• Empires of Foliage and Flower: A Tale From the Book of the Wonders of Urth and Sky (1987)
• The Arimaspian Legacy (1988)
• Slow Children at Play (1989)
• The Old Woman Whose Rolling Pin is the Sun (1991)
• The Case of the Vanishing Ghost (1991)
• Talk of Mandrakes (2003)
• Christmas Inn (2005)
• Strange Birds (2006)

Other works

• The Castle of the Otter (1982) (a companion to The Book of the New Sun, later collected into Castle of Days)
• Memorare (2007) (novella, signed limited edition hardcover)
• Letters Home (1991) (collection of letters Wolfe sent home to his mother while he was fighting in the Korean War)
• Shadows of the New Sun: Essays (2007)
• Introduction to Neil Gaiman's Sandman: Fables and Reflections
• A Walking Tour of the Shambles (with Neil Gaiman) (2002)
• Introduction to Vera Nazarian's Salt of the Air (2006)

Books By Others About Gene Wolfe

• Lexicon Urthus : Michael Andre-Druissi (Sirius Fiction, 1994, ISBN 0-9642795-9-2), a dictionary of the archaic words used by Wolfe in The Book of the New Sun
• The Long and the Short of It: More Essays on the Fiction of Gene Wolfe : Robert Borski (iUniverse, Inc., 2006, ISBN 978-0595386451)
• Solar Labyrinth: Exploring Gene Wolfe's "Book of the New Sun" : Robert Borski (iUniverse, Inc., 2004, ISBN 978-0595317295)
• Attending Daedalus: Gene Wolfe, Artifice, and the Reader : Peter Wright (Liverpool University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-85323-818-9): Study of The Book of the New Sun and The Urth of the New Sun
• Shadows of the New Sun: Wolfe on Writing / Writers on Wolfe : Peter Wright (Liverpool University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1846310584)

External links

• Gene Wolfe at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Ultan's Library, a journal for the study of Gene Wolfe
• Bibliography of Gene Wolfe's work in the Locus database
• Paul Duggan's Wolfe site
• Gene Wolfe's online fiction at Free Speculative Fiction Online
• The Urth Mailing List, for discussion of Wolfe's work
• Overview of Wolfe's work in Washington Post Book World by the SF critic Nick Gevers
• Wolfe and Pringles
• How to Read Gene Wolfe by Neil Gaiman

Interviews with Wolfe

• Interview in Science Fiction Studies in 1988 by Larry McCaffery
• A long 2002 interview at Scifi.com
• "Suns New, Long, and Short: An Interview with Gene Wolfe", conducted by Lawrence Person in Nova Express Volume 5 Number 1 (Fall/Winter 1998)
• 2002 interview by Neil Gaiman in Locus magazine (excerpt)
• Patrick O'Leary interview in which he expounds at length on Gene Wolfe
• PDF file of a scanned 1993 Barrington Courier-Review, under the letter W
• Page with a Wolfe audio interview from World Fantasy Convention 1993 by Dave Romm
• Interview by Jeremy L. C. Jones in Clarkesworld Magazine, August 2008

Works available online

• The Case of the Vanishing Ghost
• Easter Sunday
• Paul's Treehouse
• Castaway
• Copperhead
• Under Hill
• The Best Introduction to the Mountains
• Unrequited Love
• The Arimaspian Legacy
• Memorare