Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia: Difference between revisions
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The ruling party in the Republic of [[Croatia]], the [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ), organized and controlled a branch of the party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (HDZBiH). By the latter part of 1991, more extreme elements of the HDZBiH, under the leadership of [[Mate Boban]], [[Dario Kordić]] and others, with the support of [[Franjo Tuđman]] and [[Gojko Šušak]], took effective control of the party. |
The ruling party in the Republic of [[Croatia]], the [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ), organized and controlled a branch of the party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (HDZBiH). By the latter part of 1991, more extreme elements of the HDZBiH, under the leadership of [[Mate Boban]], [[Dario Kordić]] and others, with the support of [[Franjo Tuđman]] and [[Gojko Šušak]], took effective control of the party. |
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On [[18 November]] [[1991]], the extreme elements of the HDZBiH, led by Mate Boban and Dario Kordić later convicted by [[ICTY]] of [[war crimes]], proclaimed the existence of the ''Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna'', as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Because of |
On [[18 November]] [[1991]], the extreme elements of the HDZBiH, led by Mate Boban and Dario Kordić later convicted by [[ICTY]] of [[war crimes]], proclaimed the existence of the ''Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna'', as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Because of the forced removals of members of the Bosniak population and "[[crimes against humanity]]", as well as "[[war crimes]]" purportedly committed by the Croatian authorities on Bosniak [[civilian]]s, the HDZ had some influence in the municipalities claimed as 'Herceg-Bosna'. |
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Following 'Herceg-Bosna's' establishment in November 1991, and especially from May 1992 forward, the 'Herceg-Bosna' leadership engaged in continuing and co-ordinated efforts to dominate and "Croatise" (or ethnically cleanse) the municipalities which they claimed were part of 'Herceg-Bosna', with increasing persecution and discrimination directed against the non-Croat (particularly [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]]) population. The [[Croatian Defence Council]] (HVO), the military formation of Croats, took control of many municipal governments and services, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders. 'Herceg-Bosna' authorities and Croat military forces took control of the media and imposed Croatian [[idea]]s and [[propaganda]]. Croatian [[symbol]]s and [[currency]] were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. Many Bosniaks and Serbs were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' and Serbs' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed. Many of them were deported into [[concentration camp]]s: [[Heliodrom camp|Heliodrom]], [[Dretelj camp|Dretelj]], Gabela, Vojno and Šunje. |
Following 'Herceg-Bosna's' establishment in November 1991, and especially from May 1992 forward, the 'Herceg-Bosna' leadership engaged in continuing and co-ordinated efforts to dominate and "Croatise" (or ethnically cleanse) the municipalities which they claimed were part of 'Herceg-Bosna', with increasing persecution and discrimination directed against the non-Croat (particularly [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]]) population. The [[Croatian Defence Council]] (HVO), the military formation of Croats, took control of many municipal governments and services, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders. 'Herceg-Bosna' authorities and Croat military forces took control of the media and imposed Croatian [[idea]]s and [[propaganda]]. Croatian [[symbol]]s and [[currency]] were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. Many Bosniaks and Serbs were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' and Serbs' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed. Many of them were deported into [[concentration camp]]s: [[Heliodrom camp|Heliodrom]], [[Dretelj camp|Dretelj]], Gabela, Vojno and Šunje. |
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Revision as of 19:28, 10 August 2008
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna | |||||||||
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| 1992–1994 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
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| Self-proclaimed Croatian entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia show in dark blue Self-proclaimed Croatian entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia show in dark blue | |||||||||
| Status | Self-proclaimed Croatian entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||||||
| Capital | Mostar | ||||||||
| Government | Republic | ||||||||
| Historical era | Yugoslav wars | ||||||||
• Breakup of Yugoslavia | June 25, 1991 | ||||||||
• Proclamation | April 27 1992 | ||||||||
• Proclamation of the existence of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia | November 18, 1991 | ||||||||
• Washington Agreement | March 18 1994 | ||||||||
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The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Croatian: Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna) was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1992 and 1994, during the Bosnian War. The capital city of 'Herceg-Bosna' was Mostar. 'Herceg-Bosna' ceased to exist in 1994 when it was joined to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina upon the signing the Washington Agreement by the Croatian and Federal Bosnian authorities. The Croatian community, later the Croatian republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, never adopted a law or statute about a split within Bosnia and Herzegovina: in all aspects, it respected the sovereignty of an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, seeing itself as self-governing. One of the cantons of the Federation still partially uses the name Herceg-Bosna Canton. However, this name has been deemed unconstitutional by the Federation Constitutional Court (partly because the Canton does not cover any part of Herzegovina). It is neutrally referred to as Kanton 10.
History
The ruling party in the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), organized and controlled a branch of the party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZBiH). By the latter part of 1991, more extreme elements of the HDZBiH, under the leadership of Mate Boban, Dario Kordić and others, with the support of Franjo Tuđman and Gojko Šušak, took effective control of the party.
On 18 November 1991, the extreme elements of the HDZBiH, led by Mate Boban and Dario Kordić later convicted by ICTY of war crimes, proclaimed the existence of the Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna, as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Because of the forced removals of members of the Bosniak population and "crimes against humanity", as well as "war crimes" purportedly committed by the Croatian authorities on Bosniak civilians, the HDZ had some influence in the municipalities claimed as 'Herceg-Bosna'.
Following 'Herceg-Bosna's' establishment in November 1991, and especially from May 1992 forward, the 'Herceg-Bosna' leadership engaged in continuing and co-ordinated efforts to dominate and "Croatise" (or ethnically cleanse) the municipalities which they claimed were part of 'Herceg-Bosna', with increasing persecution and discrimination directed against the non-Croat (particularly Bosniak) population. The Croatian Defence Council (HVO), the military formation of Croats, took control of many municipal governments and services, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders. 'Herceg-Bosna' authorities and Croat military forces took control of the media and imposed Croatian ideas and propaganda. Croatian symbols and currency were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. Many Bosniaks and Serbs were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' and Serbs' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed. Many of them were deported into concentration camps: Heliodrom, Dretelj, Gabela, Vojno and Šunje.
The local HDZ leadership was also included in Geneva peace talks which intended to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina in three ethnic republics; this was not accepted by Bosnian side and on 28 August 1993, the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia declared itself the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia. (This entity, whether as the "Community" or "Republic," is referenced hereafter as 'Herceg-Bosna' ) Neither the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina nor the international community ever recognised Herzeg-Bosnia as a State. The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared Herzeg-Bosnia illegal, first on or about 14 September 1992 and again on 20 January 1994.
The 'Herceg-Bosna' leadership (Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić) are on trial at the ICTY on charges including Crimes Against Humanity, Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War.
According to IWPR, transcripts from secret conversations between Franjo Tudjman and Herceg-Bosna leadership show that there was a clear intention to completely break-up Bosnia-Herzegovina, and divide the territory with Serbia[1].
Current situation
Recently there has been an initiative to restore Herceg-Bosna by creating a new third entity in Bosnia & Herzegovina. This was started in 2005 under the leadership of Ivo Miro Jovic, as he said "I don't mean to reproach Bosnian Serbs, but if they have a Serb republic, then we should also create a Croat republic and Bosniak (Muslim) republic".[2] The current representative of the Croats on the federal Bosnian Presidency (Zeljko Komsic), is not promoting this, but nonetheless there is consensus amongst some Croat politicians that advocates the establishment of a third (Croatian) entity. [3]
Dragan Covic, president of one of the main Croatian parties in Bosnia, Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, said that "..all Croatian parties will propose that Bosnia be divided into three ethnic entities, with Sarajevo as a separate district. Croatian politicians must be the initiators of a new constitution which would guarantee Croats the same rights as to other constituent peoples. Every federal unit would have its legislative, executive and judiciary organs”. He also pointed out that the two-entities system is untenable that that Croats have been subject to assimilation and deprived of basic rights in the federation with Bosniaks.[4] Serb Prime Minister Milorad Dodik has voiced his support of such an act.
Gallery
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Ethnic composition of BiH in 1991 by municipalities
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Ethnic composition of BiH in 1991
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Territories under control of HVO or Army of BiH in 1993, HVO-Blue, Army of BiH-Green
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Map of Vance-Owen peace plan
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Map of the territories claimed by Herzeg-Bosnia
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Map of the territories claimed by Herzeg-Bosnia and territories populated by Croats which were left outside it (light blue)
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Map of the territories controled by HVO before Dayton (blue). Light blue are territories which were not part of then ex-Herzeg Bosnia, and red are territories which where suposedly part of Herzeg-Bosnia but were not controled by HVO
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See also
- Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- BiH Croats 1991
- Ethnic maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Croatian percentage in Bosnian-Herzegovian municipalities 1953-1961
- Croatian percentage in Bosnian-Herzegovian municipalities 1971-1991
- Bosnian-Herzegovian demographic changes in 1991-2005 period
References
- ^ Transcripts Suggest Croatia Conspired to Break Up Bosnia, November 2, 2007
- ^ Europe Intelligence Wire. "BOSNIAN CROATS DEMAND OWN 'REPUBLIC' UNLESS SERB ENTITY ABOLISHED". Europe Intelligence Wire.
- ^ B92. "Bosnia: Regionalization proposal on table". B92.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "BOSNIA: MUSLIMS DEMAND ABOLITION OF ENTITIES, CROATS WANT THEIR OWN". ADN Kronos International.