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{{further|[[Ibn al-Nafis#Theologus Autodidactus|Ibn al-Nafis: Theologus Autodidactus]]}}
{{further|[[Ibn al-Nafis#Theologus Autodidactus|Ibn al-Nafis: Theologus Autodidactus]]}}


''Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah'' (''The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography''), known in [[English language|English]] as ''Theologus Autodidactus'', written by the [[Arab]]ian polymath [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), is the earliest known [[science fiction]] novel. While also being an early [[desert island]] story and [[coming of age]] story, the novel deals with various science fiction elements such as [[Abiogenesis|spontaneous generation]], [[futurology]], [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|apocalyptic themes]], the [[Islamic eschatology|end of the world and doomsday]], [[resurrection]] and the [[afterlife]]. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive [[Science in medieval Islam|scientific knowledge]] in [[Medicine in medieval Islam|anatomy, biology, physiology]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomy, cosmology]] and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geology]]. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain [[Islam]]ic religious teachings in terms of [[Islamic science|science]] and [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]]. For example, it was through this novel that Ibn al-Nafis introduces his scientific theory of [[metabolism]],<ref name=Roubi>Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher], ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html])</ref> and he makes references his own scientific discovery of the [[pulmonary circulation]] in order to explain bodily resurrection.<ref>*{{Citation |last=Fancy |first=Nahyan A. G. |year=2006 |title=Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288) |journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]] |url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |pages=232-3 }}</ref> The novel was later translated into English as ''Theologus Autodidactus'' in the early 20th century.
''Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah'' (''The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography''), known in [[English language|English]] as ''Theologus Autodidactus'', written by the [[Arab]]ian polymath [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), is the earliest known [[science fiction]] novel. While also being an early [[desert island]] story and [[coming of age]] story, the novel deals with various science fiction elements such as [[Abiogenesis|spontaneous generation]], [[futurology]], [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|apocalyptic themes]], the [[Islamic eschatology|end of the world and doomsday]], [[resurrection]] and the [[afterlife]]. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive [[Science in medieval Islam|scientific knowledge]] in [[Medicine in medieval Islam|anatomy, biology, physiology]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomy, cosmology]] and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geology]]. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain [[Islam]]ic religious teachings in terms of [[Islamic science|science]] and [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]]. For example, it was through this novel that Ibn al-Nafis introduces his scientific theory of [[metabolism]],<ref name=Roubi>Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher], ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html])</ref> and he makes references to his own scientific discovery of the [[pulmonary circulation]] in order to explain bodily resurrection.<ref>*{{Citation |last=Fancy |first=Nahyan A. G. |year=2006 |title=Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288) |journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]] |url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |pages=232-3 }}</ref> The novel was later translated into English as ''Theologus Autodidactus'' in the early 20th century.


A number of [[Story within a story|stories within]] the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (''Arabian Nights'') also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the [[protagonist]] Bulukiya's quest for the [[Elixir of life|herb of immortality]] leads him to explore the seas, journey to the [[Garden of Eden]] and to [[Jahannam]], and travel across the [[cosmos]] to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of [[Galaxy|galactic]] science fiction;<ref name=Irwin>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=209}}</ref> along the way, he encounters societies of [[Genie|jinns]],<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=204}}</ref> [[mermaid]]s, talking [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]], talking [[tree]]s, and other forms of life.<ref name=Irwin/> In another ''Arabian Nights'' tale, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater [[submarine]] society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of [[primitive communism]] where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. Other ''Arabian Nights'' tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them.<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=211-2}}</ref> "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an [[Archaeology|archaeological]] expedition<ref>{{citation|title=An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass|first=Andras|last=Hamori|journal=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|volume=34|issue=1|year=1971|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=9-19 [9]}}</ref> across the [[Sahara]] to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that [[Solomon]] once used to trap a [[Genie|jinn]],<ref>{{citation|title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights|first=David|last=Pinault|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1992|isbn=9004095306|pages=148-9 & 217-9}}</ref> and, along the way, encounter a [[Mummy|mummified]] queen, [[Petrifaction|petrified]] inhabitants,<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=213}}</ref> life-like [[humanoid robot]]s and [[Automaton|automata]], seductive [[marionette]]s dancing without strings,<ref>{{citation|title=An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass|first=Andras|last=Hamori|journal=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|volume=34|issue=1|year=1971|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=9-19 [12-3]}}</ref> and a brass horseman [[robot]] who directs the party towards the ancient city. "The Ebony Horse" features a robot<ref name=Pinault/> in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun,<ref>{{citation|title=One Thousand and One Arabian Nights|last=Geraldine McCaughrean|first=Rosamund Fowler|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0192750135|pages=247-51}}</ref> while the "Third Qalandar's Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny [[Sailor|boatman]].<ref name=Pinault>{{citation|title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights|first=David|last=Pinault|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1992|isbn=9004095306|pages=10-1}}</ref> "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction.<ref>[http://www.islamscifi.com/?Academic_Literature Academic Literature], Islam and Science Fiction</ref>
A number of [[Story within a story|stories within]] the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (''Arabian Nights'') also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the [[protagonist]] Bulukiya's quest for the [[Elixir of life|herb of immortality]] leads him to explore the seas, journey to the [[Garden of Eden]] and to [[Jahannam]], and travel across the [[cosmos]] to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of [[Galaxy|galactic]] science fiction;<ref name=Irwin>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=209}}</ref> along the way, he encounters societies of [[Genie|jinns]],<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=204}}</ref> [[mermaid]]s, talking [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]], talking [[tree]]s, and other forms of life.<ref name=Irwin/> In another ''Arabian Nights'' tale, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater [[submarine]] society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of [[primitive communism]] where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. Other ''Arabian Nights'' tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them.<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=211-2}}</ref> "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an [[Archaeology|archaeological]] expedition<ref>{{citation|title=An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass|first=Andras|last=Hamori|journal=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|volume=34|issue=1|year=1971|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=9-19 [9]}}</ref> across the [[Sahara]] to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that [[Solomon]] once used to trap a [[Genie|jinn]],<ref>{{citation|title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights|first=David|last=Pinault|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1992|isbn=9004095306|pages=148-9 & 217-9}}</ref> and, along the way, encounter a [[Mummy|mummified]] queen, [[Petrifaction|petrified]] inhabitants,<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion|first=Robert|last=Irwin|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2003|isbn=1860649831|page=213}}</ref> life-like [[humanoid robot]]s and [[Automaton|automata]], seductive [[marionette]]s dancing without strings,<ref>{{citation|title=An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass|first=Andras|last=Hamori|journal=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|volume=34|issue=1|year=1971|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=9-19 [12-3]}}</ref> and a brass horseman [[robot]] who directs the party towards the ancient city. "The Ebony Horse" features a robot<ref name=Pinault/> in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun,<ref>{{citation|title=One Thousand and One Arabian Nights|last=Geraldine McCaughrean|first=Rosamund Fowler|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0192750135|pages=247-51}}</ref> while the "Third Qalandar's Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny [[Sailor|boatman]].<ref name=Pinault>{{citation|title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights|first=David|last=Pinault|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1992|isbn=9004095306|pages=10-1}}</ref> "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction.<ref>[http://www.islamscifi.com/?Academic_Literature Academic Literature], Islam and Science Fiction</ref>

Revision as of 19:21, 24 September 2008

Virtually all societies have developed folk tales encompassing tales of heroes. Although many of these are legends, many are based on real events and historical figures.

Fantasy epic literature

Further information: One Thousand and One Nights
"Ali Baba" by Maxfield Parrish.

The One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) is easily the best known of all Arabic literature and which still effects many of the ideas non-Arabs have about Arabic culture. Although regarded as primarily Arabic it was in fact developed from a Persian work and the stories in turn may have their roots in India. A good example of the lack of popular Arabic prose fiction is that the stories of Aladdin and Ali Baba, usually regarded as part of the Tales from One Thousand and One Nights, were not actually part of the Tales. They were first included in French translation of the Tales by Antoine Galland who heard them being told by a traditional storyteller and only existed in incomplete Arabic manuscripts before that. The other great character from Arabic literature Sinbad is from the Tales.

The Thousand and One Nights is usually placed in the genre of Arabic epic literature along with several other works. They are usually, like the Tales, collections of short stories or episodes strung together into a long tale. The extant versions were mostly written down relatively late on, after the 14th century, although many were undoubtedly collected earlier and many of the original stories are probably pre-Islamic. Types of stories in these collections include animal fables, proverbs, stories of jihad or propagation of the faith, humorous tales, moral tales, tales about the wily con-man Ali Zaybaq and tales about the prankster Juha.

The epic took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another.[1] All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights" despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.[1]

This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland.[2] Many imitations were written, especially in France.[3] Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. Part of its popularity may have sprung from the increasing historical and geographical knowledge, so that places of which little was known and so marvels were plausible had to be set further "long ago" or farther "far away"; this is a process that continues, and finally culminate in the fantasy world having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc.[3] When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements, he included the genie as well as the dwarf and the fairy as stereotypes to go.[4]

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[5] as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

Science fiction

Further information: [[:Ibn al-Nafis: Theologus Autodidactus]]

Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography), known in English as Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), is the earliest known science fiction novel. While also being an early desert island story and coming of age story, the novel deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, apocalyptic themes, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive scientific knowledge in anatomy, biology, physiology, astronomy, cosmology and geology. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of science and philosophy. For example, it was through this novel that Ibn al-Nafis introduces his scientific theory of metabolism,[6] and he makes references to his own scientific discovery of the pulmonary circulation in order to explain bodily resurrection.[7] The novel was later translated into English as Theologus Autodidactus in the early 20th century.

A number of stories within the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to explore the seas, journey to the Garden of Eden and to Jahannam, and travel across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of galactic science fiction;[8] along the way, he encounters societies of jinns,[9] mermaids, talking serpents, talking trees, and other forms of life.[8] In another Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater submarine society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of primitive communism where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. Other Arabian Nights tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them.[10] "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an archaeological expedition[11] across the Sahara to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that Solomon once used to trap a jinn,[12] and, along the way, encounter a mummified queen, petrified inhabitants,[13] life-like humanoid robots and automata, seductive marionettes dancing without strings,[14] and a brass horseman robot who directs the party towards the ancient city. "The Ebony Horse" features a robot[15] in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun,[16] while the "Third Qalandar's Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny boatman.[15] "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction.[17]

Other examples of early Arabic proto-science fiction include Al-Farabi's Opinions of the residents of a splendid city about a utopian society, Al-Qazwini's futuristic tale of Awaj bin Anfaq about a man who travelled to Earth from a distant planet, and elements such as the flying carpet.[18]

List

Here is a list of famous epic or romance literature in the Arabic language:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Arabian fantasy", p 51 ISBN 0-312-19869-8
  2. ^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p 10 ISBN 0-87054-076-9
  3. ^ a b John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Arabian fantasy", p 52 ISBN 0-312-19869-8
  4. ^ James Thurber, "The Wizard of Chitenango", p 64 Fantasists on Fantasy edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ISBN 0-380-86553-X
  5. ^ I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet, Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection Lettres Gothiques, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.
  6. ^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World [1])
  7. ^ *Fancy, Nahyan A. G. (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame: 232–3
  8. ^ a b Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 209, ISBN 1860649831
  9. ^ Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 204, ISBN 1860649831
  10. ^ Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 211-2, ISBN 1860649831
  11. ^ Hamori, Andras (1971), "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1), Cambridge University Press: 9-19 [9]
  12. ^ Pinault, David (1992), Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights, Brill Publishers, pp. 148-9 & 217-9, ISBN 9004095306
  13. ^ Irwin, Robert (2003), The Arabian Nights: A Companion, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 213, ISBN 1860649831
  14. ^ Hamori, Andras (1971), "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1), Cambridge University Press: 9-19 [12-3]
  15. ^ a b Pinault, David (1992), Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights, Brill Publishers, pp. 10–1, ISBN 9004095306
  16. ^ Geraldine McCaughrean, Rosamund Fowler (1999), One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, Oxford University Press, pp. 247–51, ISBN 0192750135
  17. ^ Academic Literature, Islam and Science Fiction
  18. ^ Achmed A. W. Khammas, Science Fiction in Arabic Literature
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