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Pallone (Italian for an inflated ball, similar to the word balloon) is the name of several traditional ball games, played in all regions of Italy, with few differences in regulations. During age from middle 16th century since 1910 Italian professional players of pallone col bracciale were the richest and top payed athletes in all the world: one time these sportsmen were real superstars.

Forms

Pallone col bracciale

Pallone col bracciale or simply bracciale was particularly popular throughout historical states of Italy and it was considered the most popular sport of ancient Italian national sports since the 16th century and its first official regulations invented by Antonio Scaino from Salò date back to 1555. This sport and his champions were described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Karl Philipp Moritz, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Jacob Burckhardt, Giacomo Leopardi, Edmondo de Amicis, Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Ottavio Rinuccini, Gabriello Chiabrera, Tommaso Grossi, Giuseppe Gioachino Belli. Bracciale was played also in France, Germany, Austria, England, Netherlands and famous Italian champions organized tournaments in USA, Argentina, Egypt. Where Angels Fear to Tread (1991) includes a brief film depiction of this game.

Balls are struck back and forth with a wooden cylinder, called a bracciale, worn over the forearm: if carelessly played, a broken arm can result because a bracciale can weigh 2 kilograms. Originally the ball was inflated, but now a hard rubber ball is used: this ball has circumference of 39 centimetres and weighs 350 grams. Scoring is by fifteens and tens, as in tennis, in this manner: 15 - 30 - 40 - 50 or victory of a game; the team which wins 12 games is final winner of the match. A notable feature is that the ball is put into play by a designated server, called the mandarino, who otherwise is not part of the game. The receivers can reject serves at will. Pallone is often played on courts marked out on town streets.

Two kinds of pallone are now played, indoor and outdoor:

Indoors it is played in particular sports venue called sphaeristerium, or in Italian language sferisterio, 80 metres long and 18 metres wise with a lateral wall which is 20 metres high and permits the rebound of the ball. In this version each team has 3 players: battitore, spalla and terzino.
Outdoors it is played in an open playing field without lateral walls. In this version each team has 4 players.

A pallone player is called pallonista. Celebrated former professional champions include:

Pallapugno

Pallapugno or former pallone elastico is a game originally played in Piedmont and Liguria with a bandaged fist. This sport and its champions were described by Cesare Pavese, Beppe Fenoglio, Giovanni Arpino. In second half of 20 century a championship was organized in California and they played during various years.

Each team has 4 players. The court, or Sferisterio, is 90 metres long and 18 metres wide; the rubber ball has a diameter of 10½ centimetres and weighs 190 grams. Scoring is also by fifteens and tens in every game, but a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, similar to real tennis; the team which wins 11 games is the winner of the match.

Celebrated former professional champions include:

Pallapugno leggera

Pallapugno leggera is played in a court the same size of a volleyball court, but without a net (device). Each team has 4 players with 2 reserve players. A match consists of one set or three sets. This game is played in all Italian 20 regions and they dispute regular championship.

Pantalera

Pantalera or pallapugno alla pantalera is generally played on urban streets. The first action of every match consists of playing the ball onto a roof called the pantalera in Piedmontese language. Other rules are the same as pallapugno.

Hit ball

This form was invented by Italian physical education teacher Luigi Gigante in 1986 and in 1992 started a regular championship. Each team has 5 players and there are 2 goals at ends of court.

Pallonetto

Pallonetto or pallonetto ligure al lungo is generally played on urban streets with tennis balls without covering felt. The playing field is long, between 60 and 90 metres, with a width of 18 metres, with or without a lateral wall. Players strike the ball using one bandaged hand in these version:

1 player versus 1 player
2 players versus 2 players
3 players versus 3 players.

Whoever wins 5 games is the winner of the match; other rules are the same of pallapugno. Other versions of this game are:

pallonetto al corto
pallonetto ai tetti
pallonetto of Chiusavecchia
baletta
ciappetta

External links

Video

Pallapugno match

References

Morgan, Roger (1989). "European Derivatives of Tennis" in The Royal Game, L. St J. Butler & P. J. Wordie, ed. Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club. ISBN 0-9514622-0-2 or ISBN 0-9514622-1-0.

McNicoll, Kathryn (2005). Real Tennis, pp. 21-22. Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0610-1.

Whitman, Malcolm D. (1932). Tennis: Origins and Mysteries, p. 85. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2004 reprint). ISBN 0-486-43357-9.

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 ===Pallone col bracciale===
 [[File:Agostinellibimbo.jpg|thumb|300px|Pallone col bracciale team, middle XIX century]]
-Pallone col bracciale or simply ''bracciale'' was particularly popular throughout [[historical states of Italy]] and it was considered the most popular sport of ancient Italian national sports since the [[16th century]] and its first official regulations invented by Antonio Scaino from [[Salò]] date back to 1555. This sport and his champions were described by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Giacomo Leopardi]], [[Edmondo de Amicis]], [[Antonio Francesco Grazzini]], [[Ottavio Rinuccini]], [[Gabriello Chiabrera]], [[Tommaso Grossi]], [[Giuseppe Gioachino Belli]]. Bracciale was played also in [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[England]], [[Netherlands]] and famous Italian champions organized tournaments in [[USA]], [[Argentina]], [[Egypt]]. ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'' (1991) includes a brief film depiction of this game.
+Pallone col bracciale or simply ''bracciale'' was particularly popular throughout [[historical states of Italy]] and it was considered the most popular sport of ancient Italian national sports since the [[16th century]] and its first official regulations invented by Antonio Scaino from [[Salò]] date back to 1555. This sport and his champions were described by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Karl Philipp Moritz]], [[Sir Richard Colt Hoare]], [[Jacob Burckhardt]], [[Giacomo Leopardi]], [[Edmondo de Amicis]], [[Antonio Francesco Grazzini]], [[Ottavio Rinuccini]], [[Gabriello Chiabrera]], [[Tommaso Grossi]], [[Giuseppe Gioachino Belli]]. Bracciale was played also in [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[England]], [[Netherlands]] and famous Italian champions organized tournaments in [[USA]], [[Argentina]], [[Egypt]]. ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'' (1991) includes a brief film depiction of this game.
 Balls are struck back and forth with a wooden cylinder, called a ''bracciale'', worn over the forearm: if carelessly played, a broken arm can result because a bracciale can weigh 2 kilograms.  Originally the ball was inflated, but now a hard rubber ball is used: this ball has circumference of 39 centimetres and weighs 350 [[gram]]s. Scoring is by fifteens and tens, as in tennis, in this manner: 15 - 30 - 40 - 50 or victory of a game; the team which wins 12 games is final winner of the match. A notable feature is that the ball is put into play by a designated server, called the ''mandarino'', who otherwise is not part of the game. The receivers can reject serves at will. Pallone is often played on courts marked out on town streets.