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Template:Chinese name Ho Feng-Shan (simplified Chinese: 何凤山; traditional Chinese: 何鳳山; pinyin: Hé Fèngshān, sometimes translated as He Fengshan^[1]), born in Yiyang, Hunan September 10, 1901 (some sources give 1904) – died in San Francisco, September 28, 1997, was a Chinese diplomat who saved hundreds, probably thousands of Jews during the early years of World War II. He is known as "China’s Schindler".

Biography

Dr. Ho was born in a poor family, and his father died when Ho was 7 years old. Being a diligent and hard-working student, he managed to enter the Yali School in the provincial capital of Changsha, and later Yale-in-China University. He went to Munich University in 1926, and took his Ph.D. in political economics in 1932.

In 1935, Ho Feng-Shan started his diplomatic career within the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of China (ROC). His first posting was in Turkey. He was appointed First Secretary at the Chinese legation in Vienna in 1937. When Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, and the legation was turned into a consulate, Ho was assigned the post of Consul-General.

After the "Kristallnacht" in 1938, the situation became rapidly more difficult for the almost 200,000 Austrian Jews. The only way for Jews to escape from Nazism was to leave Europe. In order to leave, they had to provide proof of emigration, usually a visa from a foreign nation, or a valid boat ticket. This was difficult, however, because at the 1938 Evian Conference 32 countries, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, all refused to accept Jewish immigrants due to their fear of Nazi Germany. Acting against the orders of his superior Chen Jie (陳介), the Chinese ambassador to Berlin, Ho started to issue visas to Shanghai for humanitarian reasons. At the time it was not necessary to have a visa to enter Shanghai, but the visas allowed the Jews to leave Austria. Many Jewish families left for Shanghai, whence most of them would later leave for Hong Kong and Australia. Ho continued to issue these visas until he was ordered to return to China in May 1940.

The exact number of visas given by Dr. Ho to Jewish refugees is unknown. It is known that Dr.Ho issued the 200th visa in June 1938, and signed 1906th on October 27, 1938. How many Jews were saved through his actions is unknown, but given that Ho issued nearly 2,000 visas only during his first half year at his post, the number may be in the thousands.

Later, Ho Feng-Shan served as the Republic of China's (ROC) ambassador to other countries, including Egypt, Mexico, Bolivia, and Colombia. After his retirement in 1973, Ho settled in San Francisco in the United States, where he wrote his memoirs, 40 Years of my Diplomatic Life (外交生涯四十年) published in 1990.

After his retirement in 1973, the ROC on Taiwan denied Ho his pension on the grounds that he had "not properly accounted for" the equivalent of USD300 in embassy expenses. These charges are widely believed to have been politically motivated. Despite repeated appeals, the ROC government in Taiwan has not exonerated him.

In the 1980s, he returned several times to Mainland China and also visited his alma mater in Changsha during its 80th anniversary in 1986. In 1985 he was, perhaps wrongly, impeached by the ROC government in Taiwan for embezzlement (said to have taken place in 1970).

Ho Feng-Shan died in San Francisco at the age of 96.

Awards

Ho's actions in Vienna went unnoticed during his lifetime, save for a black mark in his personnel file for disobeying orders; but they were recognized posthumously when he was awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli organization Yad Vashem in 2001. He is the second of only two Chinese to be given this honor; the first was Pan Jun Shun.

References

^ People's Daily Online - Feature: Former Jewish refugees revisit Shanghai Ark

External links

"The Righteous Among Nations - China". Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Retrieved April 28, 2006.
Ho Feng Shan at Yad Vashem site.
Joan Deman's Dissenting View Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project

[1] People's Daily Online - Feature: Former Jewish refugees revisit Shanghai Ark

[1]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Biography==
-Dr. Ho was born in a poor family, and his father died when Ho was 7 years old. As diligent and hard-working student, he managed to enter the [[Yali School]] in the provincial capital of [[Changsha]], and later [[Yale-in-China University]]. He went to [[Munich University]] in 1926, and got his [[Ph.D.]] in [[political economics]] in 1932.
+Dr. Ho was born in a poor family, and his father died when Ho was 7 years old. Being a diligent and hard-working student, he managed to enter the [[Yali School]] in the provincial capital of [[Changsha]], and later [[Yale-in-China University]]. He went to [[Munich University]] in 1926, and took his [[Ph.D.]] in [[political economics]] in 1932.
-In 1935, Ho Feng-Shan started his diplomatic career within the Foreign Ministry of the [[Republic of China]] (ROC). His first posting was in [[Turkey]]. He was appointed First Secretary at the Chinese [[legation]] in [[Vienna]] in 1937, and when [[Austria]] was [[Anschluss|annexed]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1938 and the legation was turned into a consulate, Ho was assigned the post as [[Consul (representative)|Consul]]-General.
+In 1935, Ho Feng-Shan started his diplomatic career within the Foreign Ministry of the [[Republic of China]] (ROC). His first posting was in [[Turkey]]. He was appointed First Secretary at the Chinese [[legation]] in [[Vienna]] in 1937.  When [[Austria]] was [[Anschluss|annexed]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1938, and the legation was turned into a consulate, Ho was assigned the post of [[Consul (representative)|Consul]]-General.
-After the "[[Kristallnacht]]" in 1938, the situation for the almost 200,000 Austrian Jews got rapidly more difficult. The only way for Jews to escape from Nazism was to leave Europe. In order to leave, they had to provide proof of emigration, usually a [[Visa (document)|visa]] from a foreign nation or a valid boat ticket. This, however, was difficult because in the [[Evian Conference]] that held in 1938,  32 countries, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, all refused to accept Jews immigrants due to the fear of Nazi Germany. Acting against orders of his superior Chen Jie (陳介), the Chinese ambassador to [[Berlin]], Ho, for humanitarian reasons, started to issue visas to [[Shanghai]]. At the time it was not necessary to have a visa to enter Shanghai, but it allowed the Jews to leave Austria. Indeed many Jewish families left for Shanghai, whence most of them would later leave for [[Hong Kong]] and [[Australia]]. He continued to issue these visas until he was ordered to return to China in May 1940.
+After the "[[Kristallnacht]]" in 1938, the situation became rapidly more difficult for the almost 200,000 Austrian Jews. The only way for Jews to escape from Nazism was to leave Europe. In order to leave, they had to provide proof of emigration, usually a [[Visa (document)|visa]] from a foreign nation, or a valid boat ticket. This was difficult, however, because at the 1938 [[Evian Conference]]  32 countries, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, all refused to accept Jewish immigrants due to their fear of Nazi Germany. Acting against the orders of his superior Chen Jie (陳介), the Chinese ambassador to [[Berlin]], Ho started to issue visas to [[Shanghai]] for humanitarian reasons. At the time it was not necessary to have a visa to enter Shanghai, but the visas allowed the Jews to leave Austria. Many Jewish families left for Shanghai, whence most of them would later leave for [[Hong Kong]] and [[Australia]]. Ho continued to issue these visas until he was ordered to return to China in May 1940.
-The exact number of visas signed by Dr.Ho to Jewish refugees was unavailable. It is known that Dr.Ho issued the No.200 visa in June, 1938, and signed the 1906th visa on October 27, 1938. How many Jews were saved is unknown, but given that Ho issued nearly 2,000 visas only during his first half year at his post, claims in the thousands could well be correct.
+The exact number of visas given by Dr. Ho to Jewish refugees is unknown. It is known that Dr.Ho issued the 200th visa in June 1938, and signed 1906th on October 27, 1938. How many Jews were saved through his actions is unknown, but given that Ho issued nearly 2,000 visas only during his first half year at his post, the number may be in the thousands.
-Later, Ho Feng-Shan served as the [[Republic of China]]'s (ROC) ambassador to other countries, including [[Egypt]], [[Mexico]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Colombia]]. After retirement in 1973, Ho settled in San Francisco in the [[United States]], where he wrote his memoirs, ''40 Years of my Diplomatic Life'' (外交生涯四十年) published in 1990.
+Later, Ho Feng-Shan served as the [[Republic of China]]'s (ROC) ambassador to other countries, including [[Egypt]], [[Mexico]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Colombia]]. After his retirement in 1973, Ho settled in San Francisco in the [[United States]], where he wrote his memoirs, ''40 Years of my Diplomatic Life'' (外交生涯四十年) published in 1990.
-After his retirement in 1973, the ROC on [[Taiwan]] denied Ho his pension on the grounds that he had "not properly accounted for" the equivalent of [[USD]]300 in embassy expenses. These charges are widely believed to have been politically motivated. Despite repeated appeals, the ROC in Taiwan government has not exonerated him.
+After his retirement in 1973, the ROC on [[Taiwan]] denied Ho his pension on the grounds that he had "not properly accounted for" the equivalent of [[USD]]300 in embassy expenses. These charges are widely believed to have been politically motivated. Despite repeated appeals, the ROC government in Taiwan has not exonerated him.
-In the 1980s, he returned several times to [[People's Republic of China|Mainland China]] and also visited his ''[[alma mater]]'' in Changsha during its 80th anniversary in 1986. He was, perhaps wrongly, impeached for embezzlement (said to have taken place in 1970) in 1985 by the ROC in Taiwan government.
+In the 1980s, he returned several times to [[People's Republic of China|Mainland China]] and also visited his ''[[alma mater]]'' in Changsha during its 80th anniversary in 1986. In 1985 he was, perhaps wrongly, impeached by the ROC government in Taiwan for embezzlement (said to have taken place in 1970).
 Ho Feng-Shan died in [[San Francisco]] at the age of 96.
 ==Awards==
-Ho's actions in Vienna went unnoticed during his life (save for a black mark in his personnel file for disobeying orders), but were recognized posthumously when he was awarded the title [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by the [[Israel]]i organization [[Yad Vashem]] in 2001. He is the second of only two Chinese to be given this honor; the first was [[Pan Jun Shun]].
+Ho's actions in Vienna went unnoticed during his lifetime, save for a black mark in his personnel file for disobeying orders; but they were recognized posthumously when he was awarded the title [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by the [[Israel]]i organization [[Yad Vashem]] in 2001. He is the second of only two Chinese to be given this honor; the first was [[Pan Jun Shun]].
 ==See also==