Body language

For other uses, see Body language (disambiguation).

A study in body language

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, consisting of body pose, gestures, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals unconsciously.

It is often said that human communication consists of 93% body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves - however, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose 1960s work is the source of these statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings (see Misinterpretation of Mehrabian's rule). Others assert that "Research has suggested that between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior." blah blah Body language may provide cues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, besides many other cues.

Understanding body language

The technique of 'reading' people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.

Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions.

Physical Expression

Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown, it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.

• One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.

• Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other then to the forehead it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other then to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.

• Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.

• Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.

• Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.

• Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying. Recently, evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than excessive blinking. [1]

It should be noted that some people (e.g., people with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum) use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.

Examples list

• Hands on knees: indicates readiness.
• Hands on hips: indicates impatience.
• Lock your hands behind your back: indicates self-control.
• Locked hands behind head: states confidence.
• Sitting with a leg over the arm of the chair: suggests indifference.
• Legs and feet pointed in a particular direction: the direction where more interest is felt
• Crossed arms: indicates submissiveness.
• Hand softly rubbing the other arm: indicates self-forced comfort (telling yourself it's ok)

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication involving the use of stylized gestures, postures, and physiologic signs which act as cues to other people. Humans, sometimes unconsciously, send and receive non-verbal signals all the time.

How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?

Some researchers put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication when it could be at around 50-65 percent. Different studies have found differing amounts, with some studies showing that facial communication is believed 4.3 times more often than verbal meaning, and another finding that verbal communication in a flat tone is 4 times more likely to be understood than a pure facial expression. Albert Mehrabian is noted for finding a 7%-38%-55% rule, supposedly denoting how much communication was conferred by words, tone, and body language. However he was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes, such as when a person says "I do not have a problem with you!" when people commonly focus on the tone of voice, and body language of the person, rather than the actual words said. It is a common misconception that these percentages apply to all communication.

Body language and space

Interpersonal space refers to the psychological "bubble" that we can imagine exists when someone is standing way too close to us. Research has revealed that in North America there are four different zones of interpersonal space. The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about eighteen inches apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we reserve for lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends. The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length away; starting around eighteen inches from our person and ending about four feet away. We use personal distance in conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area that ranges from four to eight feet away from you. Social distance is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything more than eight feet away from you. This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.

Sexual interest and body language

People commonly display sexual interest in other people via body language, although the precise form and degree vary by culture, era, and sex. Some of the cues to signal interest include exaggerated gestures and movement, echoing and mirroring, room encompassing glances, leg crossing, the pointing knee, hair tossing or touching, head tilt, rotation of the pelvis, showing wrists, adjusting clothes, laughing and smiling, eye contact, touching, playfulness, and proximity. Humans also demonstrate physiological cues when sexually aroused such as pupil dilation, 'swelling' lips, etc. the reason to why we have lipstick is to look more aroused.

Unintentional gestures

Recently, there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be useful for developing an interactive and adaptive human-machine system. Unintentional human gestures such as making an eye rub, a chin rest, a lip touch, a nose itch, a head scratch, an ear scratch, and a finger lock have been found conveying some useful information in specific context. Some researchers have tried to extract such gestures in a specific context of educational applications.

Further reading

• Abbasi, A.R.(2007) Towards Knowledge-Based Affective Interaction-Situational Interpretation of Affect, Abdul Rehman Abbasi, Takeaki Uno, Matthew N.Dailey, Nitin V. Afzulpurkar, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Lisbon, Portugal 12-14 Sep, 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 4738, pp. 455–466, Springer-Verlag,2007.
• Argyle, M. (1990). Bodily communication (2nd edition). New York: International Universities Press. ISBN 0823605515
• Cohen, David. Body Language, What you need to know, 2007.
• Grammer K. 1990. Strangers meet: laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite sex encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14: 209-236.
• Hall, E.T. Silent Language. Doubleday & Co, New York, 1959.
• Henley, N. M. Body Politics: Power, Sex and Non-Verbal communications. Prentice-Hall, 1977.
• Hess, E. H. (1975). The tell-tale eye. New York: Van Nostrand.
• Hickson M. 1985. Nonverbal Communication. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Boston.
• Hinde, R.A. (ed). Nonverbal Communication. Cambridge University Press, 1972.
• Hirsch, L.R. and L. Paul. 1996. Human male mating strategies: Courtship tactics of the “quality” and “quantity” alternatives. Ethology and Sociobiology 17: 55-70.
• Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen (2004). How to Use Body language. Psy Tech Inc.
• Albert Mehrabian and his 7%-38%-55% Rule.
• Nierenberg G.I. and H.C. Calero. 1971. How to Read a Person Like a Book. Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York.
• Allan Pease Body Language (over 30 years of research)
• Pease, A. Body Language. Sheldon Press, London, 1984.
• Perper T. 1985. Sex Signals: The Biology of Love. ISI Press, Philadelphia.

External links

• Body language is of particular importance in large groups by Tarnow, E. published 1997
• Hess Pupil Dilation Findings: Sex or Novelty? Social Behavior and Personality , 1998 by Aboyoun, Darren C, Dabbs, James M Jr
• Reading Her Body language by Mecia Goncalves, 2009