Talk:Israelites

The neutrality of this article is disputed.

As of 13 October 2008
Would someone care to say what is the subject of dispute that prompted this template?--Meieimatai? 09:28, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

This article is based entirely on religious POV. Cush (talk) 11:31, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

There is nothing wrong with having articles describing religious beliefs. The problem with Wikipedia is that it is a confusing jumble of religious beliefs with a few bits of actual history thrown in. In the middle east religious beliefs are used to justify ethnic cleansing and confiscation of property. I think Wikipedia is being used by (you know who) as a propaganda tool to justify these atrocities. Fourtildas (talk) 04:06, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Well, let's see. The article is disputed by one anti-religious bigot and one anti-semite. This is ironic, since the very concept of a separate article (Jew vs. Israelite) would be improper from a Jewish religious point of view. If you look at rabbinic literature of the last thousand years, you will almost always see "Israel" and hardly ever see "Jew". 84.228.25.197 (talk) 18:43, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

And? Since when are Jewish sources reliable when it comes to Jewishness or the alleged history of Jews? That's like asking the Vatican for reliable material on the historicity of Jesus. You will get an abundance of void 'evidence' in favor of the respective issue. Only a non-religious view from outside can possibly be objective enough to render reliable information. Rabbinic literature will of course not discard Jewish claims of Israelitism, because that would render its own existence pointless. See the conflict of interests? Either you are a believer or you are accurate, there is no middle way.

This article is devoid of extrabiblical or non-judeochristian sources. Simply because Israelite history is at least 80% faked. If it were otherwise I could surely find the artifacts and texts referring to Israel (in the relavant time period from 1500 to 1000 BCE) listed in the article. Cush (talk) 15:51, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

The relevant time period described here is not 1500 to 1000 BCE, but rather 1000 BCE to 500 BCE, for which there is no shortage of artifacts or texts. The earliest mention of Israelites however, is from around 1200 BC, in Merneptah Stele , that describes military campaigns of pharaoh Merneptah. Igorb2008 (talk) 18:23, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

The problem is that there is no whatsoever connection between the occurrence of the word Israel on the Merenptah stele with the biblical tale. And further there is no whatsoever evidence for the biblical tale that has allegedly played out way before the name Israel could appear on Merenptah's stele. If Isarel was a place name used by Egyptians then it must have existed for some time and the whole Exodus story was already in the past. But there is simply nothing to even hint at this event which would be the creation moment for a group called Israelites. So without that the biblical Israel with its fancy kings may have sprung from anywhere, but just not from a huge number of Aamu travelling out of Egypt. So we have a single occurrence of the word Israel as a place name on the one hand, and a doctrine-soaked grand tale of Israelites in the bible on the other hand. Well, it is not hard to follow Mr Finkelstein und just dismiss the entire biblical myth of the divinely guided emergence of Israel and go for a far less spectacular development. What this wiki may need is one article about biblical Israelites and one about historical Israelites. And they are not necessarily related at all. Cush (talk) 19:48, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

I think it would be better to incorporate Finkelstein research in this article,so it will cover all POVs, because, from "united monarchy" an on,historical account mostly confirms with biblical.The existence of David and Solomon,for example is generally accepted by critical historians, such us Finkelstein. On the other hand, it should be noted in the article that Exodus story is purely biblical account, and many archaeologists regard the Exodus as non-historical.Igorb2008 (talk) 20:29, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

What? No. The existence of David and Solomon is exactly not accepted by critical historians and certainly not archaeologists (including Finkelstein), because there is no single piece of evidence to confirm the biblical tale. Many (if not all) archaeologists regard the United Monarchy period as non-historical. And it is even worse with the periods before such as Judges, Conquest, Exodus, and Sojourn in Egypt. Not a single piece of solid evidence in favor of the biblical narrative in 150 years of thorough search. All that there is is circumstantial and speculative, the facts just do not add up to the scenario that the bible renders. The only ones who seek to construe history to fit the bible are weird evangelicals like Kitchen. In the conventional chronological framework the entire story of the Israelites as narrated in the bible just did not happen at all. That is also the reason why basically all Wikipedia articles related to that are of such a ridiculously poor quality and just reflect and are dominated by judeochristian doctrine. Cush (talk) 11:35, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Finklestein accepts the existence of kings Saul,David and Solomon, but doubts their chronology, significance and influence as described in the Bible. You can see his book "David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition", 2006 Igorb2008 (talk) 17:58, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Chronology, significance and influence is all that matters when it comes to biblical figures that are not identifiable in the historical and archaeological record. If ever such kings existed (with different names) they are not the individuals the bible refers to. So the existence of these figures as rendered in the bible is in fact rejected by Finkelstein. The point is that the bible is pretty precise in narrating the stories of these characters and until now there has been nothing to find these persons in any other sources, or to find persons on which the biblical tales may be based. Zero. The same applies to any biblical figures before that. Hell, if there were any evidence then the entire issue would not be of such a highly speculative nature. What it comes down to is that the existence of biblical Israelites is doubtful at best, but more likely it is just a later invention. This article dwells on Jewish doctrine and a singular occurrence of the word Israel in a singular Egyptian source. That is a little insufficient for the reconstruction of the whole epic tale of the biblical Israelites as real history. Cush (talk) 22:05, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Existence of Israelites is mentioned in many ancient sources and no serious historian or archaeologist, that I know of, deny their existence, or existence of kingdom of Israel or kingdom of Judah. Finkelstein for example argues that earliest Israelite settlements belong to 1200BC. If however you know of any academic work that dispute this,or anything else written in the article, then of course you should add it to the article, all POVs must be presented.Igorb2008 (talk) 18:59, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Excuse my ignorance, but which extrabiblical material has ever been unearthed that confirms the existence of a United-Monarchy-period Israel? Or any material of the periods prior to that? If you know of any academic work that is not of a speculative nature but refers to solid evidence, I'd be glad to revise my position. I so far have not seen any Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Anatolian source that mentions dealings with an entity called Israel in the, say, 1100 BCE to 920 BCE timeframe, nor anything dug up in the Levant itself to confirm the existence of such a country ruled by the famous kings named Shaul, Dud, Jedidiyah in the Tanakh/Bible. Iirr Finkelstein maintains the position that "Israelites" as a real people in the southern Levant have nothing whatsoever to do with the "Israelites" described in the biblical text. Cush (talk) 19:15, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Cush, read about the City of David. The digs are very difficult, around Arab houses, but they are bringing to light a rather large palace. It is exactly where the Bible said David's palace was, but for now it is called the Large Stone Structure to satisfy skeptics like you. What is this structure, who ordered it built and, most important, how powerful was this man? Emmanuelm (talk) 03:25, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

I know about that. And until the three questions are answered definitively there is yet no connection between the LSS and any tale that the Tanakh/Bible may narrate in all details. It may just as well be a structure built by the Hyksos who according to Josephus built/rebuilt Jerusalem. Or it may be a structure built by the Jebusites, who even according to the Tanakh/Bible dwelled in Jerusalem all through the Judges period and prior. BTW there have been concerns about the interpretations made of the findings because of the ideological aims of the organization that conducted the excavation. As I said, any evidence is still missing. Cush (talk) 05:24, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

No, Cush, there's plenty of great evidence. I love how you can just jump on here and say that there's "no evidence," and that automatically makes it true. Do we need to delve into this? I'd be more than happy to. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 03:04, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Why don't you just produce that "great evidence"? Asserting its existence without giving any further explanation is unlikely to convince anyone, except possibly yourself. _R_ (talk) 21:49, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Fair question, but my point is that people have been bringing up evidence and Cush just keeps coming on here and saying there is still no evidence, as if it automatically trumps any argument. There are biblical sites in Israel and many other places around the world, artifacts like the Dead Sea scrolls, and the Dead Sea itself, for that matter. You could spend the rest of your life researching it. At the end of the day anything historical can be challenged in one way or another, particularly when it dates back to 2000 years ago or longer. I just have a problem with somebody responding "there is still no evidence" when you can tour biblical sites around the globe and see evidence. Maybe there's never going to be a smoking gun but that is history.

It's also pretty disrespectful to archeologists, of all different backgrounds, who make careful excavation their life's work to dismiss their findings on the basis of "ideological aims." So any time anyone finds something tangible that may correspond to validating a story in the bible, it's because they are intent on perpetuating a vast conspiracy theory. I've got a problem with that logic. That's all I'm trying to say. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 00:01, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

If there were evidence you could surely show it, couldn't you? Or anyone of the multitude of archaeologists you refer to.

Where are the numerous artifacts that link archaeology to the biblical story? Like name seals or architecture that fits the story and the chronology? As I have said, prior to the so-called Divided Monarchy period the archaeological and historical record is devoid of anything that confirms or even matches the biblical story.

And Dead Sea Scrolls? Are you kidding me? They are not even necessarily pre-Christian.

Btw, you don't need a conspiracy to get to the current state of "biblical archaeology", all you need is the attitude of academia in the 19th century and of course religion. It makes people see things that are not there. Heck, the initial purpose of archaeology in the Levant and Egypt was to prove the Bible at all cost. But after over 150 years nothing remains once the forced and obviously flawed identifications of excavated findings with the Bible are trimmed away. CUSH 13:34, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

With the way you "argue," this is completely pointless conversation. Any evidence that somebody brings up you dismiss it as "flawed" and that 100% of the archeologists that trace it are "blinded by religion." It sounds like you are admitting that that is your approach. So I guess it's pointless to answer your question with things like Solomon's Fortresses in Megiddo, the Machpelah Cave in Hebron, El Birith Temple in Shechem, or King David's Tomb in Jerusalem, not to mention other things people have brought up earlier in the thread. I'd recommend actually reading the bible and then taking a tour of Israel to put your theory of the archeological and historical record being devoid to the test. Oh but then again it's a biased source. Very convenient that anything that's going to prove you wrong happens to be located in the exact place where any excavation is going to be done by people with the wrong "ideological aims."

I bring up the Dead Sea Scrolls because it makes your claim that Jewish history is "80% faked" pretty hard to justify.

What's interesting is that you have denied every single point someone has made on any of these threads except for two. You didn't deny that you are saying that anyone Jewish is a wanton murderer, and you did not deny that you hate Jews. Care to address? Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 17:08, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

You don't even get what I am saying. Many identifications have been made based solely on the bibical story. E.g. you mention Solomon's Fortresses in Megiddo, but what evidence actually connects the Megiddo findings to the biblical king? Were artifacts found bearing his name? You know very well that Solomon/Jedidiyah is absent from the archaeological and non-biblical historical record. There is also no correspondence with other rulers available, nothing to indicate a real person. So how on earth could anyone create the connection if not by using biblical doctrine? The observable, verifiable facts surely imply no such connection. If there were no bible nobody would assign the Megiddo ruins to a king named Solomon simply based on the excavation. As it stands right now King Solomon is just the King Arthur of Judaism, a pleasant myth.

Same goes for all of the examples you pointed out. Once you really look at the available material you will recognize that all is just the result of using the bible to explain the findings instead of the findings actually confirming the bible.

The conclusion is that the bible does not accurately render history, but rather was made up much later to create a somewhat glorious past for Jews. That wouldn't be so bad if this weren't the basis of the abrahamic religions and all the ignorance and bloodshed that they cause until this very day.

So if you cannot come up with solid evidence that would allow you to reconstruct history from scratch without using the bible but so that the same story as in the bible would emerge, you have nothing at all. CUSH 17:38, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

More than 12 tribes

In 7 different places in the Old Testament, Levi is specically called a "tribe". The fact that they were not assigne any specific territory or that they were the priests and the levites, does not make them less than a "tribe". The truth is that they were 12 tribes with Joseph counted in. When he was removed and histwo sons became fully fledged "Tribes", the number of tribes became 13. It is thus a myth to say that there were 12 tribes and count Ephrain and Menashe in but exclude Levi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.13.111.8 (talk • contribs)

In one section in Chronicles we even have "Aaron" i.e the priests mentioned equally with the other tribes and of course Manasseh was divided in two so one can get up to 15 "tribes".

Wrong. Aaron is from the tribe of Levi, the priest class, which is not factored in as one of the 12 tribes. As it mentions multiple times in the bible, the Levites are not given an inheritance in Israel, but are given cities in which to dwell. You have 12 sons of Jacob (Israel), minus one for the tribe of Levi (down to 11), plus two as Joseph is split into two tribes for his sons (i.e. Manasseh and Ephraim), putting the total back up to 12. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 07:09, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Israelites are not Muslims, just as they are not Jews

The agenda-pushing statements that Isrealites were Muslims, or anything of that sort, are unacceptable. The projection of later belief systems into the past, as conducted by Jews, Muslims, and Christians, is merely the expression of modern fundamentalism. All semitic peoples of the period in question (circa 1500-700 BCE) were polytheists. They did not have the same concept of deity as later Muslims, or even Jews. To claim that Israelites were adherents of Islam or Judaism is an outright lie and a willful distortion of history, only to pursue modern religious ends. I don't think such an approach is appropriate for an encyclopedia. Cush (talk) 09:44, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

From what I understand, even through it is suggested that strict monotheism developed during the Babylonian Exile, perhaps in reaction to Zoroastrian dualism, it is still believed that Judaism originated in earlier times amongst the Israelites, maybe with roots in Canaanite religion. So from that views, both Judaism and Islam can trace its roots to Israelites, in the period mentioned.Igorb2008 (talk) 13:26, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Tracing ones "roots" to something does not equal being that thing. The entire theology of Judaism and Islam has nothing whatsoever to do with any Israelites. That's like Protestants claiming that the first Christians were in fact Protestants. Just illogical and ideologically charged rubbish. Cush (talk) 17:52, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Except that Israelites did have the same religion as modern Jews, because modern Jews are the direct continuation of the Israelites. -LisaLiel (talk) 18:00, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

That is an outright lie. Jews just hold that ideology because of their "Chosen People" doctrine, but that is not even superficially historically accurate. Cush (talk) 18:26, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

You're being extremely uncivil. Curb yourself, or I'll report you. It's not a lie. You have an ideological reason for wanting it to be untrue, but that doesn't make it untrue. -LisaLiel (talk) 12:54, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

By definition of Judaism, it is the religion of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, even of individuals such as Adam, Noah, Shem and Eber before them and of Moses and the OT prophets. Israelites who followed this religion were thus "Jews". This is something true by definition of "Jew" and "Judaism". By definition Christianity starts with Jesus and the Apostles, and Islam (as the term is understood in English) starts with Mohammed and so the Israelites by definition were neither Christians nor Muslims.

In the Arabic of the Koran "muslim" does not refer to the organized Islamic religion but corresponds more or less to English "God fearing person" so if one were speaking Koranic Arabic one could call Israelites who remained faithful to Judaism "muslims" but it would be wrong to translate that into English as "Muslim". Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 19:03, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

The roots of Jewish religion as well as ancestry is traced back to Israelites, and this is accepted by both traditional and critical historical views on Jewish history. As for Islam, Muslims believe that Islam existed long before Muhammad and that the religion had evolved from the time of Adam until the time of Muhammad, so, from this point, translation "Muslim" can be right, see article Muslim, for example.Igorb2008 (talk) 20:03, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

That is an example of playing with words its deliberately confusing Islam as the name of the religion started by Mohammed with the earlier meaning of submission to God as a general concept applicable to Adam, Abaraham etc. Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 20:32, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

A Muslim is someone who follows the religion founded by Muhammad. Period. The word means exactly that, no matter what the literal meaning of it may be. There are no Muslims predating Muhammad. A Jew is someone who follows the religion that was created by uncertain originators in the Persian/Achaemenid era. Period. There are no Jews proper predating the so called Babylonian Captivity, neither religiously nor ethnically nor otherwise. Israelites are quite distinct from Jews in religion, culture, ethnicity, even though Jews may in a small part be descended from Israelites. Cush (talk) 05:33, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect. Judaism was created at Sinai. Not in the Persian period. -LisaLiel (talk) 12:54, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect. Only the bible/tanakh claims that Judaism was created at Sinai, but this is an encyclopedia and not an evangelical or jew-ish platform. We want facts, not doctrine. Or at least I want that. The real history of Judaism is a lot different from what you may have heard at sunday school. Cush (talk) 12:25, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

What??? The "bible/tanakh is an encyclopedia?" Cush, I'm answering your posts out of order. It's abundantly clear at this point that you don't even know what the Tanakh is. Feel free to prove me wrong. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 02:54, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

A large set of commandments were introduced during the Sinai period, but standard view is that this was not suddenly a new religion but a continuation of the religion of Adam, Noah, Abraham etc. Standard Jewish view is that initially there was one righteous individual in each generation true to the religion and beginning with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob this becomes a people instead of a single line of individuals. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are viewed as forefathers of the Jews as a people, but are not seen as founders of a new religion different to that of Adam, Noah, Shem and Eber. Moses coming even later is also not viewed as a founder of a new religion. Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 13:34, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

The passage deleted says that Quran implies that Israelites were first Muslims and provides a citation from Quran. So if "Muslim" is indeed a correct translation, why it should not be mentioned in the article? As for Judaism, according to critical historical analysis, even though Torah was compiled during Babylonian captivity, most of it texts come from period before the captivity(Jahwist, Elohist and Deuteronomist sources). I also don`t think that there are many, if any, notable historians, that dispute that Jews descended from Israelite population of destroyed Kingdom of Judah. Igorb2008 (talk) 06:25, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Jews are descended from the remnant Israelites and everybody else who lived there after the Babylonian Captivity. Other populations have and were settled there and the returning Israelites mingled with them and subsequently became what could be called Judeans, which in turn gave rise to later Jews. There is no "pure" Jewish lineage tracing back to the Israelites, certainly none conforming to the "Chosen People" ideology. Cush (talk) 11:08, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

You're mistaken. And this is an encyclopedia, Cush. Not a forum for your anti-Jewish rants. -LisaLiel (talk) 12:54, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

The Israelites were a mix to start with, all Jacobs sons except Joseph married Canaanite women. Joseph married an Egyptian - later fable makes her the daughter of Dinah but even this then makes her half Canaanite in that case. It was never about racial purity. As the article explains there were both Jewish and apostate Israelites. Obviously Israelites who worshipped Baal are not Jews but those who remained faithful to the religion of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses etc are Jews by the very definition of the term Jew and the concept of Judaism. Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 13:42, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

"Chosen People" is not an ideology,and has nothing to do with "pure linage". It is religious belief of Judaism, according to which, God choose the Jews to be in covenant with him. There is no "pure" Jewish lineage tracing back to the Israelites, but mostly, Jewish lineage are traced back to the Israelites. I don`t think that there are even biblical minimalists who claim otherwise. Igorb2008 (talk) 13:38, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

"Chosen People" is doctrine and thus very much an ideology, and it has the same quality as the Nazi Herrenrasse ideology. Any group that thinks to be elevated above the rest of humanity is inherently insane. And the claim that mostly Jewish lineage are traced back to the Israelites lacks all evidence. There were many other peoples living in the southern Levant with whom the returning Israelites (of the Yehud tribe) mingled. Later Jews descend more from those other peoples than from Israelites. The claim to be almost exclusively descended from Israelites is only made for religious purposes. So while this article may reflect Jewish doctrine/ideology it must also say that the doctrine does not hold up against the historical and archeological record.

And the stuff about Israelites being Muslims needs to be dumped altogether. Cush (talk) 16:25, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

First of all, I never heard or seen any Jewish group, that say that they are elevated above the rest of humanity. And according to what historian, you claim that Jews descend more from those other peoples than from Israelites?. Also ,article did not said that Israelites were Muslims, it said that Quran mentioned them as Muslim. If it is indeed a correct translation, why should it not be mentioned in the article?Igorb2008 (talk) 17:16, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Wow, heated debate here. My two cents:

• Regardless of your personal opinion, WP:NPOV dictates that every significant aspect of the Israelite concept should be included in this article. If we agree that the Qur'an is significant, and if it says that Banu Israil are Muslims, this belongs in the article as long as one clarifies that, currently, "muslim" designates followers of Muhammad. I just added this.
• The discussion about the differences between the religion of Israelites and contemporary Judaism can fill volumes. There are obvious differences -- e.g. animal sacrifices -- and obvious similarities. Bottom line is that the cult of Jehovah has undergone a long evolution to give numerous variants. Even the name -- Judaism, derived from the Judah tribe -- is a hint that there is a lot going on. How did King David call his religion?
• Genetic evidence shows that only about 15% of current Jews descend from a levantine male ancestor, possibly an Israelite. Geneticists did, however, made the stunning discovery of the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This rare DNA pattern proves that most Cohanim are descendants of Aaron and, therefore, are true Israelites (sorry IgorB).
• From the above, it is clear that, before claiming to be part of the chosen people, one must define who that people is.
• Finally, Wikipedia belongs to all. Being respectful is not an option. Emmanuelm (talk) 03:09, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

From what I understand, more than 40% of current Jews have Haplogroup J Y-chromosome, and so descend from a levantine male ancestor,possibly an Israelite.Igorb2008 (talk) 03:30, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

"This rare DNA pattern proves that most Cohanim are descendants of Aaron" that claim is obviously made by one without any understanding of genetics. Nobody has ever taken a DNA sample of the biblical Aaron. All that this DNA pattern shows is a common descent from some levantine person or group of persons. There is NO automatic connection with the biblical myth. When it is spoken of the Mitochondrial Eve then this is no reference to the biblical character. The same concept applies to the Cohanim Aaron. It is just a name used to refer to a common ancestor, but not to a specifically identifyable one. Cush (talk) 12:19, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, Cush, you are right. As always. Emmanuelm (talk) 00:31, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Then subsequently the section on genetic "evidence" should be removed from the article. Simply because the genetic information does in fact NOT establish a link from modern Jews to biblical Israelites whose whole existence is doubtful anyways. Cush (talk) 21:15, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Besides for the fact that your discussion threads show that you are obviously not neutral on this subject, if you test 10,000 people who have a common background, and find a common genetic code amongst all of them, it is not such a stretch of the imagination to say that this shared code probably goes back pretty far. Besides for that, the Jewish lineage is one of the most pure in the history of the world, because of the prohibitions on intermarriage. This is the same technology used to trace genetic lineage in African tribes, but Jews have spread over the entire world, and they still have major commonalities. Cush should stay out of commenting on facts that he wishes to twist to suit his own unpopular and unconsenutal beliefs. Boomerblau (talk) 05:19, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Boomerblau writes the Jewish lineage is one of the most pure in the history of the world, because of the prohibitions on intermarriage. Totally wrong. A 10 min walk on the street of Tel Aviv will show you that the Jewish people is probably the most genetically diverse group in the world. This prohibition does not seem to work very well and that's a very good thing. For your very first lesson on genetics, I suggest you look up Heterosis. Emmanuelm (talk) 16:01, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

I was happy to look up heterosis but I'd also refer you to Amazon.com and the over 300 texts written on Jewish genetics. There are many titles to choose from. I believe that you are confusing genetic markers and race. Jews come in many shapes, colors, and sizes, but if you were looking at old-world communities within the pale of settlement, you'd find very little mixing with indiginous populations. Same will go for Yeminite communities, North African communities, etc. It is only in the past 75 years that we find a congregation of all of these spearate communities in Israel. Prior to the Zionist movement, most Ashkenaz,Sephardi, and other communities remained separate. When refering to heterosis, I'd also remind you of the many genetic diseases that you can find at http://www.mazornet.com/genetics/ which plague Jews, mostly because of their long history of genetic homogony. Boomerblau (talk) 03:18, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Judaism: The Religion of The Israelites

Apparently there are some people here that want to turn Judaism into some sort of "racist ideology." The fact of the matter is that Judaism is the religion of the ancient Israelites. If you feel that it's a "racist ideology," it's actually a religion that anybody is capable of converting to as long as they are willing to adhere to the laws of the Torah. The Jews today are mixed blood of the original sons and daughter of Jacob and those that have converted to the faith over the years. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 07:23, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

• How can Judaism be the religion of the ancient Israelites when the latter were polytheists and Judaism as such came only into existence in and after the period named Babylonian Captivity?
• The whole concept of Chosen People in fact is a racist ideology.
• And Jews descending from Jacob is only fundamentalist doctrine but not necessarily to be taken seriously. CUSH 11:12, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Whoa. Something is wrong with this picture! Um, Mr. Cush, Judaism is based on a document called the Torah which tells the story of the Isrealites. The document contains a list of 613 commandments which they accepted as a covenant from G-d. The followers of these commandments are currently known as "Jews." Read the Torah and it is self-explanatory. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 03:32, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Also, and I can't believe I'm actually dignifying your comments with a response, but you just made three completely unsubstantiated statements. The "Isrealites" were not polytheists. Let me explain something here. "Israel" is the name given to the Jacob after wrestling with Esau's angel, a main story in the Torah (the books of Moses in the old testament). Jacob was the son of Isaac and the grandson of Abraham. Abraham was a monotheistic man in an age of polytheists. His son Isaac followed Abraham's monotheistic teachings and passed them on to his son, Jacob. Jacob later gained the name "Israel." Jacob's children, i.e. Israel's children, took the moniker of B'nei Israel (Hebrew), which literally means "children of Israel." In predominant modern English translations of the bible, this was shortened to "Israelites." Always montheists.

As far as Judaism coming into "existence" after the Babylonian Captivity, you might want to research what you are talking about here. The Babylonian Captivity preceded the era of the SECOND temple. Hence, there was a FIRST temple prior to the exile. Already in existence.

Now your comment about "Chosen People is in fact a racist ideology," it's a little difficult for me to address since you did not present the fact. What's the fact to which you refer that says this is a racist ideology? As I mentioned in my post (which was the point of it), if somebody feels as though they want to follow Torah and become a Jew they are welcome to convert, as it is also a religion. No race is barred from this.

I'm not sure about this last comment about "Jews descending from Jacob is a only a fundamentalist doctrine." What? Can you qualify that comment with something, anything?

Let me explain something to you, and please read this so you understand it. "Jew" was initially a nickname given to the Israelites in reference to Judah. Judah is one of Jacob's sons, the one who gained Jacob's birthright after it was taken from Rueven, the eldest son. So no, it's not a "fundamentalist doctrine," it's the evolution of language referring to the descendants of Jacob.

It seems to me that your posts lie in emotion, as opposed to research. There are plenty of other forums on the internet where people vent their hatred of different ethnic groups. I would recommend one of those sites. Making blanket statements when it's clear you have not fully researched the topics is not going to hold up on a Wiki page with a vast number of contributors. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 03:32, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Oh please, we have been through this so many times. The Tanakh is NOT a history book. It is the projection of much later beliefs into the past. According to historical and archaeological research there was no Sojourn in Egypt, no Exodus, no Conquest of Canaan, no Judges era and above all no United Monarchy era. There is no trace of Saul, David, and Solomon in the archaeological record, and of course none of Jacob/Israel either (which renders the whole "Children of Israel" idea pointless). It is just Jewish (and subsequently Christian and Muslim) doctrine, but not history. Historical Israel has nothing to do with biblical Israel. And of course the social structure and religion in that time frame is different from what the Bible claims. Everybody with a little understanding of the Ancient Near East knows that polytheism was ubiquitous and that the exception of Judaism is a gradual development and relatively late phenomenon (not prior to the 9th century BCE and only being completed after the Babylonian Captivity, likely through the contact with Zoroastrianism).

In the Tanakh the value of a human is measured by descent and membership in the "Chosen People", that is inherently racist. Other humans have no worth in the Tanakh and are constantly killed by the deity and its "people". Reminds me of the Herrenrasse concept of a more recent ideology. E.g. even if the Conquest of Canaan is not likely historical, the attitude behind the slaughter story is indicative of the character of the Jewish deity and those who adhere to it. CUSH 12:07, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Not surprisingly, there is glaring whole in your logic. You seem to be saying that there is no historical evidence of Israel prior to the 9th century B.C.E., and yet "Jews are not the ancient Israelites." So which is it? What is this "historical Israel" of which you speak?

I hate to use the term ignorant, but that's the best word to use for your "description" of the "Tanakh." Actually, in the Tanakh, the righteous person who is responsible for saving the human race from destruction is Noah. As the last man standing, the entire human race as we know it, once again, according to the Tanakh (aka the Old Testament of the Bible), descends from Noah. That means that, according to the Tanakh, the entire human race descends from a righteous person. Noah is mention even before Abraham. Just because YOU say that "other humans have no value in the Tanakh," does not mean it is remotely true. I could give about 10,000 other examples contradicting this statement.

Now I'd like to address your accusation of racism. Here is what you just said: "The attitude behind the slaughter story is indicative of the character of the Jewish deity and those who adhere to it." In other words, anyone who is Jewish is a wanton murderer. THAT is racist. Just admit it--you hate Jews. As I said, there are plenty of other forums on the internet where you can indulge in this sort of rhetoric. I don't think you are going to get satisfaction here. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 15:19, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Jews do not equal Israelites, they may not even overlap. There is no indication who returned from the Babylonian Captivity and mingled with the population that had been re-settled in the area.

The whole yarn is patently ridiculous; nobody would give it a moment's credence were it not for the subsequent religious triumph of Judaism via Christianity and Islam. Best guess is the whole thing was made up out of whole cloth when the Persians imported a new priest class under Ezra to administrate the new temple state based in Jerusalem as a cult centre for the satrapy of Trans-Jordan (Eber Nari). Whoever the "returners" were, it's very unlikely they were the descendents of whoever had been deported half a century before, let alone that the religion they brought with them- monotheistic worship of the local god Yoohoo as a proxy for Ahuramazda- bore much relation to any previous worship in the area.82.71.30.178 (talk) 09:20, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Only after the Babylonian Captivity can one speak of Jews, while prior the term Israelites applies, and the two are not interchangeable. Maybe you should conduct some reading outside the covers of your bible. The Tanakh is wishful historization of later Jewish doctrine. An alternative history especially when it comes to religion, but nothing to take too serious. CUSH 15:49, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

I'm really confused as to the basis of your argument. Who are these Israelites you are referencing if you are not talking about the biblical Israelites? Be specific for once. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 16:11, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Sorry, let me amend my initial post. I stated that apparently there are "some people here" that want to turn Judaism into a "racist ideology." Upon thoroughly reading the preceding section, I'd like to re-state that as being "one" person that is looking to do this. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 03:49, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Dates for Northern Kingdom invasions

Does anyone have the dates of the two separate Assyrian invasions mentioned. SelectSplat (talk) 07:57, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Here we go again

Kuratowski's Ghost is again trying to insert his religionist POV into the article by deciding who has "won" in the discussion on historical accuracy of the Bible between "minimalism" and "maximalism". Right now the article only mentions the controversy but remains neutral on its outcome, and that's how it should remain. But Kuratowski's Ghost wants to introduce judgment that minimalism were fringe, which it is certainly not. In the past 20 years no archeologist or historian has seriously showed up in favor of biblical history. The entire story from the Creation all the way down to at least the end of the United Monarchy period is now considered mythical, legendary, and plain ahistorical. Not only has there never been any evidence to confirm the fancy story from Adam to Abraham, or Israelites in Egypt, an Exodus, a Conquest of Canaan, a Judges period, a United Monarchy period, there has been evidence unearthed that draws a very different picture about what happened in the Levant and adjacent areas in the time from 2000 BCE to 700 BCE. There is simply no room in the archaeological and historical record for any of the biblical stories to be real. Cush (talk) 16:37, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Cush, from the above paragraph you sound just as POV as Ghost. I support your reversion to a neutral paragraph but not more. This debate belongs at The Bible and history, not here. Emmanuelm (talk) 17:23, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

I'm an atheist. Reality check please, mainstream texts on Jewish history follow Biblical history, for the past 100 years evidence has been continually growing in support of the Biblical account. Almost every location mentioned has been found to be real. Almost every ethnic group mentioned has been found to be real. All important kings of empires are all confirmed. Numerous minor kings have been confirmed. No you aren't going to find archaeological evidence that Jacob cooked lentil soup for Esau or that Saul has a temper, archaeology can't provide that sort of evidence which is why we have such a thing called history. Neutrality doesn't mean giving equal voice to every view, because not all views have equal standing. Minimalism is a minority view and shouldn't be given the same weight as the mainstream view. Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 19:10, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Moreover Cush statements are just plain wrong, we've all recommended stuff for him to read, but he keeps repeating the same nonsense. If you check his user page you'll see that he is a fan of Rohl who pushes the view the archaeological evidence doesn't support the Bible for the sake of promoting the idea that ancient history must be radically redated so that things come into synch with the Bible, this is just as fringe as minimalism if not more so. Kuratowski's Ghost (talk) 19:16, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

It may be true that mainstream texts on Jewish history follow Biblical history. But that means what exactly? It only means that they make the vague assumption that the biblical story is somehow true. But it is just not true that excavations or historic records from the time periods in question would confirm anything that the Bible narrates. If there were material to support the biblical story, then there would be no debate about the dating. Currently the date of the Exodus is placed somewhere from the 12th Dynasty to the 20th Dynasty of Egypt, that is a range of 600 years in any chronology. And why? Because there is no single piece of evidence that anchors the event to a definitive point in time. The same goes for every other story in the bible before the rise of Irano-Mesopotamian empires (Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians). It is just laughable. No Exodus, no Israelites. It is as simple as that. And if Israelites have developed as Finkelstein would see it, i.e. from a Canaanite tribe, then these Israelites are not the biblical Israelites. Cush (talk) 12:00, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Cush, I love you. You always give me something so easy to refute! You just said "if the Israelites have developed. . . as a Canaanite tribe, then these Israelites are not the biblical Israelites." How do you figure? In the bible, Jacob/Israel and his sons live in the land of Canaan. Example: Genesis 42:5. "So the sons of Israel came to buy provisions among the arrivals, for the famine was in the land of Canaan." Another example, a few verses later: Genesis 42:13. "We, your servants, are 12 brothers, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan." It doesn't get any clearer than that. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 15:30, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Please save us your religionist propaganda. The bible is no history book and it is no reliable source for anything. Cut it out. Btw biblical Jacob/Israel is not a Canaanite but descends from immigrants out of northern Mesopotamia. CUSH 15:25, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Cush, just admit it, you are beat. You're trying to tell me what the bible says, then when I actually quote something from the bible, it's "religious propaganda." Think about if for a second. If you want to try to tell me what the bible says, and I cite something from it to contradict you, that's called proving you wrong.

Now let me address your comment that "biblical Jacob/Israel is not a Canaanite. . . ." That's a nice attempt at changing what my point was. You said that if the Israelites have developed "as Finkelstein would see it, i.e. from a Canaanite tribe, then these Israelites are not the biblical Israelites." In rebuttal, I cited exact verses from the bible which place Israel and his sons in Canaan. I'm not saying that Jacob/Israel is a "Canaanite." Rather, I am just pointing out how the statements you are making are unfounded, and you don't discredit Finkelstein with what you said.

Here's the deal--if you want to discuss the "biblical Israelites," you are bringing the bible into the conversation. If it's not a "reliable source," then don't bring it up. Accipio Mitis Frux (talk) 15:45, 18 December 2009 (UTC)