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== Description ==
== Description ==
''Aesculus'' are [[woody plant]]s from 4 to 36m tall (depending on species), and have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large (to 65&nbsp;cm across in the Japanese Horse Chestnut ''Aesculus turbinata''). Flowers showy, insect-pollinated, with four or five [[petal]]s fused into a lobed [[Corolla (flower)|corolla tube]], arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 [[growing degree day]]s. The fruit matures to a capsule 2–5&nbsp;cm diameter, usually globose with 1-3 seeds (often erroneously called nuts) per capsule, more than 2 results in seeds being flat on one side; the point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, other capsules are warty or smooth; capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.<ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38</ref>
''Aesculus'' are [[woody plant]]s from 4 to 36m tall (depending on species), and have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large (to 65&nbsp;cm across in the Japanese Horse Chestnut ''Aesculus turbinata''). Flowers showy, insect-pollinated, with four or five [[petal]]s fused into a lobed [[Corolla (flower)|corolla tube]], arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 [[growing degree day]]s. The fruit matures to a capsule 2–5&nbsp;cm diameter, usually globose with 1-3 seeds (often erroneously called [[nuts]]) per capsule, more than 2 results in seeds being flat on one side; the point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, other capsules are warty or smooth; capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.<ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38</ref>
[[Image:Aesculus glabra USDA.jpg|thumb|''[[Aesculus glabra]]'' Ohio buckeye ]]
[[Image:Aesculus glabra USDA.jpg|thumb|''[[Aesculus glabra]]'' Ohio buckeye ]]
The species of ''Aesculus'' include:
The species of ''Aesculus'' include:

Revision as of 07:12, 26 December 2009

For the Ancient Greek playwright, see Aeschylus.

Aesculus
Aesculus hippocastanum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Sapindaceae
Subfamily:
Hippocastanoideae
Genus:
Aesculus

The genus Aesculus (Template:Pron-en[1] or /ˈaɪskjuləs/) comprises 13-19 species of woody trees and shrubs native to the temperate northern hemisphere, with 6 species native to North America and 7-13 species native to Eurasia; there are also several hybrids. Species are deciduous or evergreen. This genus has traditionally been treated in the ditypic family Hippocastanaceae along with Billia,[2] but recent phylogenetic analysis of morphological[3] and molecular data[4] has led to this family, along with the Aceraceae (Maples and Dipteronia), being included in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae).

Linnaeus named the genus Aesculus after the Roman name for an edible acorn. The Eurasian species are known as horse chestnuts while the North American species are called buckeyes. Some are also called white chestnut or red chestnut (as in some of the Bach flower remedies). In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of conkers, played with the seeds, also called conkers.

Description

Aesculus are woody plants from 4 to 36m tall (depending on species), and have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large (to 65 cm across in the Japanese Horse Chestnut Aesculus turbinata). Flowers showy, insect-pollinated, with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube, arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 growing degree days. The fruit matures to a capsule 2–5 cm diameter, usually globose with 1-3 seeds (often erroneously called nuts) per capsule, more than 2 results in seeds being flat on one side; the point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, other capsules are warty or smooth; capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.[5][6][7]

Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye

The species of Aesculus include:

Cultivation

Flower of Aesculus x carnea, the red Horse Chestnut

The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the Common Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum, native to a small area of the Balkans in southeast Europe, but widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. The yellow buckeye Aesculus flava (syn. A. octandra) is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species, the bottlebrush buckeye Aesculus parviflora also makes a very interesting and unusual flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red Horse Chestnut Aesculus × carnea, a hybrid between A. hippocastanum and A. pavia.

References

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ^ Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171.
  3. ^ Judd, WS, RW Sanders, MJ Donoghue. 1994. Angiosperm family pairs. Harvard Papers in Botany. 1:1-51.
  4. ^ MG Harrington, KJ Edwards, SA Johnson, MW Chase. 2005. Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. Systematic Botany. 30:366–382
  5. ^ Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171
  6. ^ Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195
  7. ^ Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38
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