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The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine"^[1]. It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used in typical early implementations,^[2] but Hanz Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary^[3]. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003^[update], it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year^[3].

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).^[4] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).

Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555.^[5] The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less power.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc
Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bouncefree latched switches, etc.

Usage

The connection of the pins is as follows:

Nr.	Name	Purpose
1	GND	Ground, low level (0 V)
2	TRIG	A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer
3	OUT	During a timing interval, the output stays at +V_CC
4	RESET	A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0 V)
5	CTRL	Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 V_CC)
6	THR	The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if the voltage at THR is at least 2/3 V_CC)
7	DIS	Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval
8	V+, V_CC	The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V

Monostable mode

In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a “one-shot” pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a trigger signal. The width of the pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The pulse ends when the charge on the C equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.^[6]

The pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

t=RC\ln(3)\approx 1.1RC

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads. See RC circuit for an explanation of this effect.

Astable mode

In astable mode, the '555 timer' puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R₁ is connected between V_CC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R₂) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R₁ and R₂, and discharged only through R₂, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.

In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R₁, R₂ and C:

f={\frac {1}{(\ln(2)\cdot C\cdot (R_{1}+2R_{2}))}}

^[7]

The high time from each pulse is given by

high=\ln(2)\cdot (R_{1}+R_{2})\cdot C

and the low time from each pulse is given by

low=\ln(2)\cdot R_{2}\cdot C

where R₁ and R₂ are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads.

Specifications

These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have better specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc).

Supply voltage (V_CC)	4.5 to 15 V
Supply current (V_CC = +5 V)	3 to 6 mA
Supply current (V_CC = +15 V)	10 to 15 mA
Output current (maximum)	200 mA
Power dissipation	600 mW
Operating temperature	0 to 70 °C

Derivatives

Many pin-compatible variants, including CMOS versions, have been built by various companies. Bigger packages also exist with two or four timers on the same chip. The 555 is also known under the following type numbers:

Manufacturer	Model	Remark
Custom Silicon Solutions	CSS555/CSS555C	CMOS from 1.2 V, IDD < 5 µA
ECG Philips	ECG955M
Exar	XR-555
Fairchild Semiconductor	NE555/KA555
Harris	HA555
IK Semicon	ILC555	CMOS from 2 V
Intersil	SE555/NE555/ICM7555
Lithic Systems	LC555
Maxim	ICM7555	CMOS from 2 V
Motorola	MC1455/MC1555
National Semiconductor	LM1455/LM555/LM555C
National Semiconductor	LMC555	CMOS from 1.5 V
NTE Sylvania	NTE955M
Raytheon	RM555/RC555
RCA	CA555/CA555C
STMicroelectronics	NE555N/ K3T647
Texas Instruments	SN52555/SN72555; TLC555	latter: CMOS from 2 V
USSR	K1006ВИ1
Zetex	ZSCT1555	down to 0.9 V

Dual timer 556

The dual version is called 556. It features two complete 555s in a 14 pin DIL package.

Quad timer 558

The quad version is called 558 and has 16 pins. To fit four 555's into a 16 pin package the control voltage and reset lines are shared by all four modules. Also for each module the discharge and threshold are internally wired together and called timing.

Example applications

Joystick interface circuit using quad timer 558

The original IBM personal computer used a quad timer 558 in monostable (or "one-shot") mode to interface up to two joysticks to the host computer.^[8] In the joystick interface circuit of the IBM PC, the capacitor (C) of the RC network (see Monostable Mode above) was generally a 10 nF capacitor. The resistor (R) of the RC network consisted of the potentiometer inside the joystick along with an external resistor of 2.2 kilohms.^[9] The joystick potentiometer acted as a variable resistor. By moving the joystick, the resistance of the joystick increased from a small value up to about 100 kilohms. The joystick operated at 5 V.^[10]

Software running in the host computer started the process of determining the joystick position by writing to a special address (ISA bus I/O address 201h).^[11]^[12] This would result in a trigger signal to the quad timer, which would cause the capacitor (C) of the RC network to begin charging and cause the quad timer to output a pulse. The width of the pulse was determined by how long it took the C to charge up to 2/3 of 5 V (or about 3.33 V), which was in turn determined by the joystick position.^[13]^[14]

Software running in the host computer measured the pulse width to determine the joystick position. A wide pulse represented the full-right joystick position, for example, while a narrow pulse represented the full-left joystick position.^[10]

References

^ van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," p. 1.
^ Scherz, Paul, "Practical Electronics for Inventors," p. 589.
^ ^a ^b |THE 555 TIMER IC - An Interview with Hans Camenzind
^ van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," Fig. 3 and related text.
^ Jung, Walter G., "IC Timer Cookbook, Second Edition," pp. 40–41.
^ van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," at "Monostable Mode"
^ van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," at "Astable operation"
^ Engdahl, Tomi. "PC analogue joystick interface, Introduction". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Circuit diagram of PC joystick interface"
^ ^a ^b Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Joystick construction"
^ Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "How PC joystick port hardware works"
^ Eggebrecht, Lewis C., "Interfacing to the IBM Personal Computer," at p. 197
^ Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Introduction" and "Resistive analogue inputs (joystick position)"
^ Eggebrecht, Lewis C., "Interfacing to the IBM Personal Computer," at pp. 197-99

External links

[1] van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," p. 1.

[2] Scherz, Paul, "Practical Electronics for Inventors," p. 589.

[semiconductormuseum.com-3] |THE 555 TIMER IC - An Interview with Hans Camenzind

[4] van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," Fig. 3 and related text.

[5] Jung, Walter G., "IC Timer Cookbook, Second Edition," pp. 40–41.

[6] van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," at "Monostable Mode"

[7] van Roon, Tony, "555 Timer Tutorial," at "Astable operation"

[8] Engdahl, Tomi. "PC analogue joystick interface, Introduction". Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[9] Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Circuit diagram of PC joystick interface"

[Engdahl,_Tomi_PC-10] Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Joystick construction"

[11] Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "How PC joystick port hardware works"

[12] Eggebrecht, Lewis C., "Interfacing to the IBM Personal Computer," at p. 197

[13] Engdahl, Tomi, "PC analogue joystick interface," at "Introduction" and "Resistive analogue inputs (joystick position)"

[14] Eggebrecht, Lewis C., "Interfacing to the IBM Personal Computer," at pp. 197-99

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 ==Usage==
-[[Image:555 Pinout.svg|thumb|right|Schematic symbol]]
+[[Image:555 Pinout.svg|thumb|right|Pinout diagram]]
 The connection of the pins is as follows: