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Hall became a speaker on campuses and talk shows as an advocate for [[socialism]] in the United States. Hall argued that socialism in the United States would be built on the traditions of U.S.-style democracy rooted in the [[United States Bill of Rights]]. He would often say Americans didn't accept the Constitution without a Bill of Rights and they won't accept socialism without a Bill of Rights. He professed deep confidence in the democratic traditions of the American people. He remained a prolific writer on currents events, producing a great number of articles and pamphlets, of which many were released in the magazine ''[[Political Affairs]]''. <ref name="sks"/>
Hall became a speaker on campuses and talk shows as an advocate for [[socialism]] in the United States. Hall argued that socialism in the United States would be built on the traditions of U.S.-style democracy rooted in the [[United States Bill of Rights]]. He would often say Americans didn't accept the Constitution without a Bill of Rights and they won't accept socialism without a Bill of Rights. He professed deep confidence in the democratic traditions of the American people. He remained a prolific writer on currents events, producing a great number of articles and pamphlets, of which many were released in the magazine ''[[Political Affairs]]''. <ref name="sks"/>


During the 1960s and 70s, Hall also made frequent appearances on Soviet television always supporting the position of the Soviet Communist Party and the [[Brezhnev]] regime.<ref name="sks"/> Unlike many of his fellow Marxist party leaders in Western Europe, Hall guided the CPUSA in accordance with the party line of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), rejecting any liberalization efforts such as [[Eurocommunism]].<ref name="barkan"/> He had a reputation of being one of the most convinced supporters of the actions and interests of the Soviet Union outside the USSR's political sphere of influence.<ref name="barkan"/><ref> [[David North]]: ''Das Erbe, das wir verteidigen'', p. 288 (in German)</ref> From 1959 onward, Hall spent some time in Moscow each year, and was one of the most widely-known American politicians in the USSR<ref name="Независимая газета"> [http://www.ng.ru/world/2000-10-18/6_must_die.html Gus Hall Obituary in Независимая газета](in Russian)</ref>, where he was received by high-level Soviet politicians such as Leonid Brezhnev. <ref>{{cite book| first =Friedbert |last=Pflüger| title=Die Menschenrechtspolitik der USA | publisher=Oldenbourg | date=1983 |page=155| ISBN=3-486-51901-8}}</ref>. Hall thus defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Legale Minen|author=|date=1980-09-29|publisher=DER SPIEGEL}} (in German)</ref>, and supported the Stalinist principle of "[[Socialism in One Country]]".<ref name="wsws"/> In 1992, the Moscow daily ''[[Izvestia]]'' claimed that the American Communist Party had received over $40 million in payments from the Soviet Union, in contrast with Hall's longstanding claims of financial independence.<ref name ="nyt"/> Former KGB General [[Oleg Kalugin]] declared in his memoir that the KGB had Hall and the American Communist Party "under total control" and that he was known to be siphoning off "Moscow money" to set up his own horse-breeding farm." <ref>Oleg Kalugin, "The First Directorate" (New York, 1994), pp.55-56.</ref>
During the 1960s and 70s, Hall also made frequent appearances on Soviet television always supporting the position of the Soviet Communist Party and the [[Brezhnev]] regime.<ref name="sks"/> Unlike many of his fellow Marxist party leaders in Western Europe, Hall guided the CPUSA in accordance with the party line of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), rejecting any liberalization efforts such as [[Eurocommunism]].<ref name="barkan"/> He also dismissed the radical new revolutionary movements, which criticized the official Soviet party-line of "[[Peaceful coexistence]]" and called for a world revolution.<ref>{{cite book| first =Donald F.|last=Busky| title=Communism in history and theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| date=2002|page=167| ISBN=0275977331 }}</ref> After the [[Sino-Soviet split]], [[Maoism]] likewise was condemned, and all Maoist sympathizers were expelled from the CPUSA in the early 1960s.<ref name ="klehr">{{cite book| first =Harvey|last=Klehr | title=Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today| publisher=Transaction Publishers| date=1988|page=23-25| ISBN=0887388752}}</ref>Hall had a reputation of being one of the most convinced supporters of the actions and interests of the Soviet Union outside the USSR's political sphere of influence.<ref name="barkan"/><ref> [[David North]]: ''Das Erbe, das wir verteidigen'', p. 288 (in German)</ref> From 1959 onward, Hall spent some time in Moscow each year, and was one of the most widely-known American politicians in the USSR<ref name="Независимая газета"> [http://www.ng.ru/world/2000-10-18/6_must_die.html Gus Hall Obituary in Независимая газета](in Russian)</ref>, where he was received by high-level Soviet politicians such as Leonid Brezhnev. <ref>{{cite book| first =Friedbert |last=Pflüger| title=Die Menschenrechtspolitik der USA | publisher=Oldenbourg | date=1983 |page=155| ISBN=3-486-51901-8}}</ref>. Hall thus defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Legale Minen|author=|date=1980-09-29|publisher=DER SPIEGEL}} (in German)</ref>, and supported the Stalinist principle of "[[Socialism in One Country]]".<ref name="wsws"/> Hall gave his support to the pro-Soviet regime of [[Pol Pot]] - until Soviet-backed [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnam invaded Kampuchea]] in 1975.<ref name ="klehr"/> In the early 1980s, Hall and the CPUSA were critical of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement in Poland.<ref name ="klehr"/> In 1992, the Moscow daily ''[[Izvestia]]'' claimed that the American Communist Party had received over $40 million in payments from the Soviet Union, in contrast with Hall's longstanding claims of financial independence.<ref name ="nyt"/> Former KGB General [[Oleg Kalugin]] declared in his memoir that the KGB had Hall and the American Communist Party "under total control" and that he was known to be siphoning off "Moscow money" to set up his own horse-breeding farm." <ref>Oleg Kalugin, "The First Directorate" (New York, 1994), pp.55-56.</ref>


==Presidental candidate and later years==
==Presidental candidate and later years==

Revision as of 07:58, 28 April 2010

Gus Hall
Gus Hall (right) signing an autograph in 1984.
General Secretary of the CPUSA
In office
1959–2000
Preceded byEugene Dennis
Succeeded bySam Webb
Personal details
Born
Arvo Kustaa Halberg

(1910-10-08)October 8, 1910
Cherry Township, Minnesota, United States
DiedOctober 13, 2000(2000-10-13) (aged 90)
Lenox Hill Hospital
Manhattan, New York, United States
Political partyCommunist Party of the USA
SpouseElizabeth Mary Turner
ChildrenArvo, Barbara
ResidenceNew York
Alma materInternational Lenin School
OccupationLumberjack, miner, steel worker, trade unionist, political writer
Military service
Branch/serviceUnited States Navy
Years of service1941 - 1946
RankMachinist's mate[1]
Battles/warsPacific War

Gus Hall (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg) (October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was a leader of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its four-time U.S. presidential candidate. As a labor leader, Hall was closely associated with the so-called "Little Steel" Strike of 1937, an effort to unionize the nation's smaller, regional steel manufacturers. During the Second Red Scare, Hall was indicted under the Smith Act and was sentenced to eight years in prison. After his release, Hall led the CPUSA for over 40 years, often taking an orthodox Marxist-Leninist stance.

Background and early political activism

Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, June 1934.

Hall was born Arvo Kustaa Halberg to Matt (Matti) and Susan (Susanna) Halberg in Cherry, a rural community on Northern Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range in 1910.[2] Hall's parents were Finnish immigrants from the Lapua region, and were politically radical: they were involved in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and were early members of the CPUSA in 1919.[3] The Mesabi Range was one of the most important immigration settlements for Finns, who were often active in labor militancy and political activism. [4][5] Hall's home language was Finnish, and he conversed with his nine siblings in that language for the rest of his life.[2] He, however, did not know the political terminology in Finnish and used mostly English when meeting with visiting Finnish Communists. [2]

Hall grew up in a Communist home and was involved early on in politics. [4] According to Hall, after his father was banned from working in the mines for joining an IWW strike, the family grew up in near starvation in a log cabin built by Halberg. [6]At 15, to support the impoverished ten-child family, Hall left school and went to work in the North Woods lumber camps, mines and railroads.[2] In 1927 he was recruited to the CPUSA by his father.[7] Hall became an organizer for the Young Communist League (YCL) in the upper Midwest.[4] In 1931, an apprenticeship in the YCL qualified Hall to travel to the Soviet Union to study for two years at the International Lenin School in Moscow, where he learned sabotage and guerrilla tactics. [3][6]

After, his studies Hall moved to Minneapolis to further the YCL activities there. [4] He was involved in hunger marches, demonstrations on behalf of farmers, and various strikes.[4] In 1934, Hall was jailed for six months for taking part in the Minneapolis Teamster's Strike (led by Trotskyist Farrell Dobbs).[4] After serving his sentence, Hall was blacklisted and was unable to find work under his original name. This prompted him to change his name to Gus Hall, derived from Kustaa (Gustav) Halberg.[8] The change was confirmed in court in 1935. [8]

Ohio activism and WWII

In late 1934, Hall went to Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Following the call for organizing in the steel industry, Hall was among a handful hired at a steel mill in Youngstown, Ohio.[4] During 1935-1936, he was involved in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)[2] and was a founding organizer of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), which was set up by the CIO [4]. Hall stated that he and others persuaded John L. Lewis, who was one of the founders of CIO, that steel could be organized.[1]

It was also in Youngstown that Hall met Elizabeth Mary Turner (1909–2003), a woman of Hungarian background.[2][9] They were married in 1935. Hall's wife for 65 years, Elizabeth was a leader in her own right, among the first women steelworkers and a secretary of SWOC.[9] They went on to have two children, Arvo (1947–) and Barbara (Conway) (1938–).[6][9]

Hall was a leader of the 1937 “Little Steel” strike, so called because it was directed against Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel and the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, as opposed to the industry giant U.S. Steel, which had previously entered into a contract with SWOC without a strike.[10] The strike was ultimately unsuccessful, and marred by the deaths of workers at Republic plants in Chicago and Youngstown.[10] Hall was arrested for allegedly transporting bomb-making materials intended for Republic's plant in Warren, Ohio. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was fined $500. [11] SWOC became the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) in 1942.[10] Philip Murray, USWA founding president, once commented that Hall's leadership of the strike in Warren and Youngstown was a model of effective grassroots organizing.

After the 1937 strike, Hall focused on party activities instead of union work, and became the leader of the CPUSA in Youngstown in 1937.[2] His responsibilities in the party grew rapidly, and in 1939 he became the CPUSA leader for the city of Cleveland.[2] Hall ran on the CPUSA ticket for Youngstown councilman and also for governor of Ohio, but received little votes. [11] In 1940 Hall was convicted of fraud and forgery in an election scandal and spent 90 days in jail.[12]

Hall volunteered for the U.S. Navy when World War II broke out, serving as a machinist in Guam.[2] During the first years of the war in Europe, the CPUSA held an isolationist stance, as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were technically allied through the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. When Hitler broke the treaty by invading the USSR in June 1941, the CPUSA began to officially support the war effort. During his naval service, Hall was elected in absence to the National Committee of the CPUSA.[4] He was honorably discharged from the navy in March 6, 1946.[3] Seen as a Moscow loyalist, Hall's reputation in the party rose after the war, and in 1946 he was elected to the national executive board of the party under the new general secretary, Eugene Dennis, a pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist, who had replaced Earl Browder after the latter's expulsion from the party. [4][11]

Indictment during the 'Red Scare' and rise to the head of the CPUSA

Hall's mugshot, taken during his prison sentence in Leavenworth, Kansas for "Conspiring and Teaching Overthrow of the U.S. Government by Force or Violence." Date 1954.

Now a major American communist leader in the post-war era, Hall caught the attention of US officials. On July 22, 1948 Hall and 11 other Communist Party leaders were indicted under the Alien Registration Act, popularly called the Smith act on charges of "conspiracy to teach and advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government by force and violence," although his conviction was based on Hall's advocacy of Marxist thought. Hall's initial prison sentence lasted for five years.[4] After a release on bail, he rose to the secretariat of the CPUSA. [2] At the height of McCarthyism , there were renewed efforts to jail Hall, who had skipped bail and gone underground.[4] During an failed attempt to flee to Moscow[4], Hall was caught in Mexico City[2], and ultimately served a total of eight years in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary.[3] In prison he distributed party leaflets and lifted weights, and was located in a cell adjacent to that of George Kelly, a notorious gangster of the prohibition era.[11] The U.S. Supreme Court later reversed some convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.

Hall was in danger of facing yet an another indictment, this time under the Internal Security Act of 1950, known as the McCarran Act in the early 1960s, but the Supreme Court found the Act partly unconstitutional and the charges were abandoned. [2] However, the act required "Communist action" organizations to register with the government, and limited party members from applying for United States passports and from holding government jobs.[11] Because of the Act, Hall's driver's license was revoked by the State of New York.[11]

After his release, Hall continued his activities.[3] He began to travel around the United States, ostensibly on vacation, but actually gathering support to replace Dennis as the general secretary. [13] He accused the general secretary Dennis of cowardice for not going underground as ordered in 1951 and also claimed Dennis had used funds reserved for the underground for his own purposes.[11][13]. Hall's rise to the position of general secretary was generally unexpected by the American Communist circles (the post was expected to go to either Henry Winston or Gil Green, both important figures in the YCL[13]) although Hall had held the office of acting general secretary briefly in the early 1950s during Dennis' arrest.[13] In 1959, Hall was elected CPUSA general secretary, and afterward, received the Order of Lenin.[3]

General Secretary of the CPUSA

The McCarthy, Cold War era had however taken a heavy toll on the Communist Party USA: The Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 caused many to leave the party along with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's dismissal of Stalinism[11] , and the rise of the New Left and the hostility on the part of American leftists caused by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 further marginalized the CPUSA.[4] Hall, along with other Party leaders who remained, sought to rebuild it.[3] He led the struggle to reclaim the legality of the Communist Party and addressed tens of thousands in Oregon[14], Washington and California. Envisioning a democratization of the American Communist movement, Hall spoke of a "broad people's political movement" and tried to ally his party with radical campus groups, the anti-Vietnam War movement, civil rights organizations and the new rank-and-file trade union movements, in an effort to build the Communist Party among the young “baby boomer” generation of activists.[11] Ultimately Hall failed to forge a lasting alliance with the New Left.[11]

Hall became a speaker on campuses and talk shows as an advocate for socialism in the United States. Hall argued that socialism in the United States would be built on the traditions of U.S.-style democracy rooted in the United States Bill of Rights. He would often say Americans didn't accept the Constitution without a Bill of Rights and they won't accept socialism without a Bill of Rights. He professed deep confidence in the democratic traditions of the American people. He remained a prolific writer on currents events, producing a great number of articles and pamphlets, of which many were released in the magazine Political Affairs. [2]

During the 1960s and 70s, Hall also made frequent appearances on Soviet television always supporting the position of the Soviet Communist Party and the Brezhnev regime.[2] Unlike many of his fellow Marxist party leaders in Western Europe, Hall guided the CPUSA in accordance with the party line of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), rejecting any liberalization efforts such as Eurocommunism.[4] He also dismissed the radical new revolutionary movements, which criticized the official Soviet party-line of "Peaceful coexistence" and called for a world revolution.[15] After the Sino-Soviet split, Maoism likewise was condemned, and all Maoist sympathizers were expelled from the CPUSA in the early 1960s.[16]Hall had a reputation of being one of the most convinced supporters of the actions and interests of the Soviet Union outside the USSR's political sphere of influence.[4][17] From 1959 onward, Hall spent some time in Moscow each year, and was one of the most widely-known American politicians in the USSR[18], where he was received by high-level Soviet politicians such as Leonid Brezhnev. [19]. Hall thus defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan.[20], and supported the Stalinist principle of "Socialism in One Country".[7] Hall gave his support to the pro-Soviet regime of Pol Pot - until Soviet-backed Vietnam invaded Kampuchea in 1975.[16] In the early 1980s, Hall and the CPUSA were critical of the Solidarity movement in Poland.[16] In 1992, the Moscow daily Izvestia claimed that the American Communist Party had received over $40 million in payments from the Soviet Union, in contrast with Hall's longstanding claims of financial independence.[11] Former KGB General Oleg Kalugin declared in his memoir that the KGB had Hall and the American Communist Party "under total control" and that he was known to be siphoning off "Moscow money" to set up his own horse-breeding farm." [21]

Presidental candidate and later years

File:Vote communist 1976.gif
Communist Party Campaign Poster:
Gus Hall for President;
Jarvis Tyner for Vice-President (1976)

In the 1964 presidential election, Hall's party supported Lyndon B. Johnson to prevent the victory of the conservative Barry Goldwater.[22]. During the 1972 presidential election, the CPUSA withdrew its support from the Democratic party and placed Hall as its own candidate.[23] Hall ran for president four times, in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984, the last two times with Angela Davis.[3]Of the four elections, Hall received the largest amount of votes in 1976, largely because of the Watergate scandal bringing protest votes for minor parties. However, even this success placed Hall only as the 8th among the presidential candidates.[24] Due to the great expense of running, the difficulty in meeting the strenuous and different election-law provisions in each state, and the difficulty in getting media coverage, it was decided that the CPUSA would suspend running national campaigns, while continuing to run candidates at the local level. Angela Davis was purged from the CPUSA in 1992 after she was among the founders of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, a group critical of the alleged neo-Stalinist direction Hall was taking the party.[25]. After the 1984 election, the CPUSA ceased presidential campaigns, but refused to renew its support to the Democratic party. [26]

Hall's results in his presidential candidacies
Election year Running mate Received votes (absolute) Received votes (%)
1972 Jarvis Tyner 25.597 0,03 %[27]
1976 Jarvis Tyner 58.709 0,07 %[28]
1980 Angela Davis 44.933 0,05 %[29]
1984 Angela Davis 36.386 0,04 %[30]

In late 1980s, when liberalization and democratization were under way in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Hall stood by his "anti-revisionist" Marxist-Leninist stance. Concerning Stalin, he admitted that even leaders of a socialist country might err sometimes, but suggested that the Soviet historians were exaggerating Stalin’s crimes. Hall declared that he had not become a member of CP because of Stalin and would not leave because of him. The 80s were a politically difficult decade for Hall and the CPUSA, as one of Hall's trusted confidants and the deputy head of the CPUSA, Morris Childs was revealed to be a long-time FBI informant in 1980. [13] Although Childs was taken into the United States Federal Witness Protection Program and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987, Hall continued to deny that Childs had been a spy.[8] Also, Henry Winston, Hall's African-American deputy, died in 1986, causing the still left black party base to question the now exclusively white leadership.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party faced an another crisis. In a press conference that year, Hall warned of witch hunts and McCarthyism in Russia, comparing that country unfavorably with North Korea.[11] Hall led a faction of the party that stood against the Glastnost and Perestroika, and for the hardliners of the CPSU, accusing Gorbachev and Yeltsin of "demolishing" socialism. [31]

The last years of his life Hall lived in Yonkers, NY together with his wife, Elizabeth.[9] Along with following political events, Hall's hobbies included art collecting, organic gardening and painting.[12] In 2000, shortly before his death, Hall resigned the post of party chairman in favor of Sam Webb, and was appointed honorary chairman.[32]

Gus Hall died on October 13, 2000 at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan from diabetes complications .[11][33] He was buried in the Forest Home Cemetery near Chicago.

Criticism

During his long political career as the general secretary of the CPUSA, Hall received criticism from practically every side of the American political landscape. His pro-Soviet stance led him into conflict with various Trotskyist groups and individuals. When the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) was prosecuted under the Smith Act in Minnesota in 1949, Hall supported the government actions, although later admitted this had been a mistake.[34] Hall was accused of holding a vision of class struggle rooted in the early 20th century, and of not understanding the socio-economical changes taking place in the post-war society.[11] In the early 90s, disgruntled party members demanded more openness and democratization of the party [12]

Former party members claimed Hall had used two million dollars[25], received from the USSR for the CPUSA to help detained comrades, for his own chauffeured car use and for a private golf club.[35] Even the Soviet officials criticized Hall for poor leadership of the CPUSA.[36] Young American Communists were advised to distance themselves from Hall and the CPUSA, as the party was seen lacking any capacity for revolutionary action.[36] The CPUSA was under FBI surveillance and infiltration, and thus had no potential.[36]

Many conservatives saw Hall as a threat to America, with J. Edgar Hoover describing him as a "a powerful, deceitful, dangerous foe of Americanism".[11] Hall received the hostilities of certain fundamentalist Christian groups due to an inflammatory Anti-Christian bogus quote he never uttered. Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority used the spoof quote in a 1980 presentation titled "America, You're Too Young To Die."[37] Far-right and Anti-Semitic groups accused Hall of being a Jew (apparently because of his birth name Halberg), and thus a domestic manifestation of the supposed "Judeo-Bolshevism".

Writings

  • Peace can be won!, report to the 15th Convention, Communist Party, U.S.A., New York: New Century Publishers, 1951.
  • Our sights to the future: keynote report and concluding remarks at the 17th National Convention of the Communist Party, U.S.A., New York: New Century Publishers, 1960.
  • Which way U.S.A. 1964? The communist view., New York: New Century Publishers, 1964.
  • On course: the revolutionary process; report to the 19th National Convention of the Communist Party, U.S.A. by its general secretary., New York: New Outlook Publishers and Distributors, 1969.
  • Ecology: can we survive under capitalism?, International Publishers, New York 1972.
  • Imperialism today; an evaluation of major issues and events of our time., New York, International Publishers, 1972 ISBN 0717803031
  • The energy rip-off: cause & cure., International Publishers, New York 1974, ISBN 0-7178-0421-6.
  • The crisis of U.S. capitalism and the fight-back : report to the 21st convention of the Communist Party, U.S.A., New York: International Publishers, 1975.
  • Labor up-front in the people's fight against the crisis : report to the 22nd convention of the Communist Party, USA., New York: International Publishers, 1979.
  • For peace, jobs, equality : prevent "The Day after," defeat Reaganism : report to the 23rd Convention of the Communist Party, U.S.A., New York, NY : New Outlook Publishers and Distributors, 1983. ISBN 087898156X
  • Karl Marx: beacon for our times, International Publishers, New York 1983, ISBN 0-7178-0607-3.
  • Fighting racism: selected writings, International Publishers, New York 1985, ISBN 0-7178-0634-0.
  • Working class USA: the power and the movement, International Publishers, New York 1987, ISBN 0-7178-0660-X.

References

  1. ^ a b McHugh, Roy (May 5, 1978). "Marxist Gus Hall Recalls His Red Letter Days". The Pittsburgh Press.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kostiainen, Auvo (2010-04-27). "Hall, Gus (1910 - 2000)". The National Biography of Finland. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Gus Hall, American Communist Party boss, dies at 90". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-10-25. Gus Hall, the American Communist Party boss who steadfastly stuck to his beliefs through years in prison and the collapse of communist regimes around the world, has died. He was 90. Mr. Hall died Friday at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan of complications relating to diabetes, Scott Marshall, a Communist Party official, said yesterday. Cite error: The named reference "CNN.com" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Barkan, Elliot Robert (2001). Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 1576070980.
  5. ^ Neil Betten (1970). "The Origins of Ethnic Radicalism in Northern Minnesota". International Migration Review.
  6. ^ a b c "Gus Hall, U.S. communist chief, dies". Herald Tribune. October 17, 2000. p. 8A. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ a b Gus Hall obituary - World Socialist Web Site
  8. ^ a b c Gus Halls in the American National Biography
  9. ^ a b c d People's World, Oct. 18 2003: Elizabeth Hall dies at 94
  10. ^ a b c Shellock, Marie (June 2007). "Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago". The Metro Monthly. p. 8. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Gus Hall, Unreconstructed American Communist of 7 Decades, Dies at 90". New York Times. October 17, 2000. Retrieved 2008-07-04. Gus Hall, the zealous lifelong Communist who led the American branch of the party from the cold war through political oblivion in the post-Soviet era, died on Friday at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan. He was 90 and lived in Yonkers. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ a b c Riley, Michael (Sep. 09, 1991). "Last of The Red-Hot Believers: GUS HALL". Time. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e Maurice Isserman, Dorothy Ray Healey (1993). California Red: a life in the American Communist Party. University of Illinois Press. p. 172-174. ISBN 0252062787. Cite error: The named reference "healey" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ Hans A. Linde (1966). "Campus Law: Berkeley Viewed from Eugene". California Law Review.
  15. ^ Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in history and theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 167. ISBN 0275977331.
  16. ^ a b c Klehr, Harvey (1988). Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today. Transaction Publishers. p. 23-25. ISBN 0887388752.
  17. ^ David North: Das Erbe, das wir verteidigen, p. 288 (in German)
  18. ^ Gus Hall Obituary in Независимая газета(in Russian)
  19. ^ Pflüger, Friedbert (1983). Die Menschenrechtspolitik der USA. Oldenbourg. p. 155. ISBN 3-486-51901-8.
  20. ^ "Legale Minen". DER SPIEGEL. 1980-09-29. (in German)
  21. ^ Oleg Kalugin, "The First Directorate" (New York, 1994), pp.55-56.
  22. ^ Obituary at Kalaschnikow.net (in German )
  23. ^ Obituary at Newsru.com(in Russian)
  24. ^ 1976 Presidential General Election Results Accessed April 27 2010
  25. ^ a b "Ohne Kopf und Kapital". Die Zeit. 1992-01-03.
  26. ^ Uwe Schmitt (2004-04-29). "Das ist Mum, sie arbeitet für die Kommunistische Partei". Welt.
  27. ^ 1972 Presidential General Election Results Accessed April 27 2010
  28. ^ 1976 Presidential General Election Results Accessed April 27 2010
  29. ^ 1980 Presidential General Election Results Accessed April 27 2010
  30. ^ 1984 Presidential General Election Results Accessed April 27 2010
  31. ^ "GESTORBEN". DER SPIEGEL. 2000-10-23. (in German)
  32. ^ Manfred Sohn (2000-05-19). "Gus Hall übergibt den Stab". Unsere Zeit. in German
  33. ^ NNDB Gus Hall
  34. ^ Horne, Gerald (1993). Black liberation/red scare. University of Delaware Press. p. 213. ISBN 0874134722.
  35. ^ Excerpt from a book by Peter J. Kraus Accessed 28.4.2010. (In German)
  36. ^ a b c Kalugin (1994). The First Directorate. St. Martin’s Press. p. 56. ISBN 0312114265. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |firs= ignored (help)
  37. ^ John H. George, Paul F. Boller. They never said it. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0195055411. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Jahr= ignored (|date= suggested) (help)
  • "Gus Hall". The Times. October 18, 2000. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the CPUSA
1959–2000 		Succeeded by


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