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|succession=[[List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty]]
|succession=[[List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty]]
|reign=18 November 1646 - April 1662 Reason for succession failure: Ming Dynasty replaced by [[Qing Dynasty]] in 1645
|reign=18 November 1646 - April 1662 Reason for succession failure: Ming Dynasty replaced by [[Qing Dynasty]] in 1645
|predecessor = [[Prince of Tang (Shaowu)|Shaowu Emperor]]
|predecessor = [[Prince of Tang (Shaowu)|Shaowu Emperor]]
[[Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai|Dongwu Emperor]]
|successor = Title Extinct
|successor = Title Extinct
|succession1=[[Emperor of China]]
|succession1=[[Emperor of China]]
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}}
}}


The '''Yongli Emperor''' (永曆) (1623 - 1662), was an emperor of the [[Southern Ming Dynasty]] in [[China]], reigning from 18 November 1646 to April 1662. His [[era name]] means "Perpetual calendar". He was one of The Southern [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] emperor who lived long enough to see the collapse of the last vestiges of the Ming dynasty in mainland China.
The '''Prince of Gui''' (桂王) or the '''Yongli Emperor''', was an emperor of the [[Southern Ming]] Dynasty in [[China]]. His [[era name]] means "Perpetual calendar". He was the last surviving Southern [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] emperor who lived long enough to see the collapse of the last vestiges of the Ming dynasty in mainland China. Born Zhu Youlang (朱由榔) sometime in 1623, to Zhu Changying (朱常瀛), the seventh son of the [[Wanli Emperor]]. The Yongli Emperor, who is commonly known as The Prince of Gui, actually inherited this title from his brother.


⚫
At the age of 21 on 18 November 1646, the young Prince ascended the throne and assumed the reign name of Yongli. He initially established himself in Guangzhou, the capital of [[Guangdong]], but as the Ming troops were unable fend off the stronger [[Qing]] troops who were continuously sending reinforcements south towards Guangzhou, the Yongli emperor had no choice but to flee in 1650 from [[Guangzhou]] towards [[Nanning]] in order to save his life. However, as [[Wu Sangui]]'s troops exerted a further pressure against his at that time current location, the Prince of Gui eventually retreated to [[Kunming]] in [[Yunnan]] in 1659 and into [[Burma]] in 1661, where he was granted refuge by the Burmese King and lived at [[Sagaing]].
==Biography==


⚫
The Burmese king, however, was feeling frightened that he would lose his own kingdom as well if he continued to offer the Prince of Gui further protection. Having no choice, the King let in Wu Sangui's troops and let them arrest the Prince of Gui. In the process, most of his concubines and eunuchs, along with his small army, were either killed while defending him or ran away. The Prince of Gui was finally strangled to death by Wu Sangui in April 1662. It is said that he scorned Wu Sangui in his last moments, stating that he betrayed his people and country. He prompted Wu to kill him faster by stating that he is disgusted to see a "Traitor's face." Wu Sangui was embarrassed and enraged and thus executed him personally with his bow string.
Born Zhu Youlang (朱由榔) sometime in 1623, to [[Zhu Changying]] (朱常瀛), the seventh son of the [[Wanli Emperor]]. The Yongli Emperor, who is commonly known as The Prince of Gui (桂王), actually inherited this title from his brother.

==Reign==

⚫
At the age of 21 on 18 November 1646, the young Prince ascended the throne and assumed the reign name of Yongli. He initially established himself in Guangzhou, the capital of [[Guangdong]], but as the Ming troops were unable fend off the stronger [[Qing]] troops who were continuously sending reinforcements south towards Guangzhou, the Yongli emperor had no choice but to flee in 1650 from [[Guangzhou]] towards [[Nanning]] in order to save his life.

Chinese Christians and [[Jesuit missions in China|Jesuit missionaries]] (first, [[Andreas Wolfgang Koffler]], later [[Michael Boym]]) were active at Zhu Youlang's court. The conversion to Catholicism of several members of the imperial house, including the widow of Zhu Youlang's father (Empress Dowager Helena), and the emperor's infant son Constantine, in 1648, was reported in Europe in 1650<ref>The first notice of their conversion published in Europe was the letter of the Jesuit [[Matias da Maya]], published in Lisbon by Paulo Craesbeck as "Relação da conversão a nossa Sancta Fé da rainha e principe da China & outros pessoas de casa real, que se baptizarão o anno de 1648". ({{harvnb|Lach|Van Kley|1993|p=351}}</ref>

===Finding Refuge===

However, as [[Wu Sangui]]'s troops exerted a further pressure against his at that time current location, the Prince of Gui eventually retreated to [[Kunming]] in [[Yunnan]] in 1659 and into [[Burma]] in 1661, where he was granted refuge by the Burmese King and lived at [[Sagaing]].

[[File:Yongli-itinerary-cropped.svg|600px|thumb|left|Yongli's escape route]]

Qing send General [[Hong Chengchou]] to burma to capture Yongli but Hong was failed. Then Wu Sangui was send to replace him with larger army.

⚫
The Burmese king, however, was feeling frightened that he would lose his own kingdom as well if he continued to offer the Prince of Gui further protection. Having no choice, the King let in Wu Sangui's troops and let them arrest the Prince of Gui. In the process, most of his concubines and eunuchs, along with his small army, were either killed while defending him or ran away.

==Death==

The Prince of Gui was finally strangled to death by Wu Sangui in April 1662. It is said that he scorned Wu Sangui in his last moments, stating that he betrayed his people and country. He prompted Wu to kill him faster by stating that he is disgusted to see a "Traitor's face." Wu Sangui was embarrassed and enraged and thus executed him personally with his bow string.


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation|first=Arthur William |last=Hummel
|publisher=Ch'eng Wen Publishing Co. |year=1970
|title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period (1644-1912)
|volume= 1
|url= http://books.google.com/books?ei=-q5jS8TmK53uNLicjI8O
|page=193-200
}}, article "Chu Yu-lang". See also "Chu Chang-ying", p. 176, and "Chu Yu-yue"

* {{citation|first=Athansius|last= Kircher|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-VKNZ4SAXqYC
|title = China monumentis: qua sacris quà profanis, … |place= Vienna|year= 1667}}

* {{citation|first1= Donald F. |last1= Lach |first2= Edwin J. |last2= Van Kley|title= Asia in the Making of Europe
|volume= Volume III, "A Century of Advance"; Book One, "Trade, Missions, Literature"
|place= Chicago |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year= 1993 |isbn= 0-226-46753-8}}.

* {{Citation|last= Struve|first=Lynn A.
| publication-date =1986
| date =
| year =1986
| title =The bitter end: Notes on the demise of the Yongli Emperor
| periodical =Ming Studies
| series =
| publication-place =
| place =
| publisher =
| volume =21
| issue =
| pages =62-76
| at =
| url =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| issn = 0147-037X
| pmid =
| pmc =
| doi =
| oclc =
| accessdate =
| ref = }}

*{{citation|contribution=Southern Ming|last=Struve|first=Lynn A.
|editor1-first=Frederick W. |editor1-last=Mote|editor2-first= Denis |editor2-last=Twitchett|first3= John King |last3=Fairbank
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988|isbn=0521243327
|title=The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1|series=Volume 7 of The Cambridge History of China
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA641|pages=641 sq.}}

* {{citation|title=Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws|last= Struve|first=Lynn A. (translator and editor)|publisher=Yale University Press|year= 1993|isbn=0300075537}}

* {{citation|first=Frederic E. |last=Wakeman
|publisher=University of California Press |year=1985|isbn=0520048040
|title=The great enterprise: the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China
|volume= 1
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC}}




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{{S-hou|[[Ming Dynasty|House of Zhu]]||1623||1662}}
{{S-hou|[[Ming Dynasty|House of Zhu]]||1623||1662}}
{{S-pre|}}
{{S-pre|}}
{{S-bef|before=The [[Prince of Tang (Shaowu)|Shaowu Emperor]]and [[Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai|Dongwu Emperor]]|rows=2}}
{{S-bef|before=The [[Prince of Tang (Shaowu)|Shaowu Emperor]]|rows=2}}
{{S-tul|title=[[List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty]]|years=1646 – 1662|}}
{{S-tul|title=[[List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty]]|years=1646 – 1662|reason=Ming Dynasty replaced by [[Qing Dynasty]] in 1645}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Zhu Benli, Prince of Han|Dingwu Emperor]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Title Extinct}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Ming Dynasty|Emperor of China]]|years=1646 – 1662|reason=[[Qing Dynasty]] asserted effective control majority territory of [[China]] in 1645}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Ming Dynasty|Emperor of China]]|years=1646 – 1662|reason=Qing Dynasty asserted effective control over [[China]] in 1645}}
{{S-aft|after=Remaining elements of Ming Dynasty dissolved}}
{{S-aft|after=Remaining elements of Ming Dynasty dissolved}}
{{End}}
{{End}}

Revision as of 02:17, 23 May 2010

Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui
Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty
Reign18 November 1646 - April 1662 Reason for succession failure: Ming Dynasty replaced by Qing Dynasty in 1645
PredecessorShaowu Emperor
SuccessorTitle Extinct
Emperor of China
Reign18 November 1646 - April 1662 Reason for succession failure: Qing Dynasty asserted effective control over China in 1645
PredecessorShaowu Emperor
SuccessorRemaining elements of Ming Dynasty dissolved
SpouseEmpress Xiao Gang Kuang
Names
Family name: Zhu (朱)
Given name: Youlang (由榔)
Era name and dates
Yongli (永曆): 18 November 1646 – April 1662
Posthumous name
应天推道敏毅恭检经文纬武礼仁克孝匡皇帝
Temple name
Ming Zhaozong
明昭宗
HouseSouthern Ming Dynasty
FatherZhu Changying
MotherEmpress Dowager Zhaosheng

The Prince of Gui (桂王) or the Yongli Emperor, was an emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty in China. His era name means "Perpetual calendar". He was the last surviving Southern Ming emperor who lived long enough to see the collapse of the last vestiges of the Ming dynasty in mainland China. Born Zhu Youlang (朱由榔) sometime in 1623, to Zhu Changying (朱常瀛), the seventh son of the Wanli Emperor. The Yongli Emperor, who is commonly known as The Prince of Gui, actually inherited this title from his brother.

At the age of 21 on 18 November 1646, the young Prince ascended the throne and assumed the reign name of Yongli. He initially established himself in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, but as the Ming troops were unable fend off the stronger Qing troops who were continuously sending reinforcements south towards Guangzhou, the Yongli emperor had no choice but to flee in 1650 from Guangzhou towards Nanning in order to save his life. However, as Wu Sangui's troops exerted a further pressure against his at that time current location, the Prince of Gui eventually retreated to Kunming in Yunnan in 1659 and into Burma in 1661, where he was granted refuge by the Burmese King and lived at Sagaing.

The Burmese king, however, was feeling frightened that he would lose his own kingdom as well if he continued to offer the Prince of Gui further protection. Having no choice, the King let in Wu Sangui's troops and let them arrest the Prince of Gui. In the process, most of his concubines and eunuchs, along with his small army, were either killed while defending him or ran away. The Prince of Gui was finally strangled to death by Wu Sangui in April 1662. It is said that he scorned Wu Sangui in his last moments, stating that he betrayed his people and country. He prompted Wu to kill him faster by stating that he is disgusted to see a "Traitor's face." Wu Sangui was embarrassed and enraged and thus executed him personally with his bow string.


Zhu Youlang
Born: 1623 Died: 1662
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty
1646 – 1662
Reason for succession failure:
Ming Dynasty replaced by Qing Dynasty in 1645 		Succeeded by
Title Extinct
— TITULAR —
Emperor of China
1646 – 1662
Reason for succession failure:
Qing Dynasty asserted effective control over China in 1645 		Succeeded by
Remaining elements of Ming Dynasty dissolved
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