Jump to content

Hurricane Earl (2010): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 79: Line 79:
===Canada===
===Canada===
[[File:Tropical Storm Earl 2010-09-04 1515Z.jpg|right|thumb|Hurricane Earl shortly after making landfall in Nova Scotia on September 4]]
[[File:Tropical Storm Earl 2010-09-04 1515Z.jpg|right|thumb|Hurricane Earl shortly after making landfall in Nova Scotia on September 4]]
Hurricane Earl came ashore in Lunenberg County near [[Western Head, Nova Scotia]] on September 4 around 11 am, as a large category&nbsp;1 storm with sustained winds of 75&nbsp;mph (120&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="CHCrpt">{{cite web|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Special Weather Statements for Nova Scotia|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5sWOygVcJ}}</ref><ref name="PA41">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila and Eric S. Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 4, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Tropical Storm Earl Public Advisory Forty-One|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al07/al072010.public.041.shtml?}}</ref> This was a last-minute change in the hurricane's track, as Earl had previously been expected to strike closer to the Bay of Fundy. It was still at tropical storm strength when it crossed Prince Edward Island.
Hurricane Earl came ashore in Lunenberg County near [[Western Head, Nova Scotia]] on September 4 around 11 am, as a large category&nbsp;1 storm with sustained winds of 75&nbsp;mph (120&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="CHCrpt">{{cite web|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Special Weather Statements for Nova Scotia|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5sWOygVcJ}}</ref><ref name="PA41">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila and Eric S. Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 4, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Tropical Storm Earl Public Advisory Forty-One|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al07/al072010.public.041.shtml?}}</ref> This was a last-minute change in the hurricane's track, as Earl had previously been expected to strike closer to the Bay of Fundy. Earl briefly restrengthened to hurricane strength before making a third landfall on Prince Edward Island, and remained at tropical storm strength until it left.


Just offshore, buoys recorded winds near hurricane-force and enormous waves up to 82&nbsp;ft (25.1&nbsp;m) tall. Onshore, strong winds and heavy rain affected much of [[Atlantic Canada]]; rainfall peaked at 3&nbsp;in (76.5&nbsp;mm) in [[Edmundston]], [[New Brunswick]].<ref name="CHCrpt"/> In Quebec, heavy rains from the storm amounted to at least 1.9&nbsp;in (48.2&nbsp;mm); however, reports from a storm chaser indicate that up to 3.2&nbsp;in (82&nbsp;mm) may have fallen in [[Passes-Dangereuses, Quebec|Passes-Dangereuses]].<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Special Weather Statements for Quebec|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5sWQTjai0}}</ref> The strongest winds onshore reached 84&nbsp;mph (135&nbsp;km/h) on [[Beaver Island, Nova Scotia|Beaver Island]].<ref name="CHCrpt"/> Sustained winds of at least {{convert|39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} likely affected all of Nova Scotia, [[Prince Edward Island]], much of Newfoundland, parts of western New Brunswick, as well as extreme eastern [[Quebec]] and Labrador.<ref name="Windhist">{{cite web|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Hurricane Earl Wind History|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/graphics/al07/AL072010S.043.GIF}}</ref>
Just offshore, buoys recorded winds near hurricane-force and enormous waves up to 82&nbsp;ft (25.1&nbsp;m) tall. Onshore, strong winds and heavy rain affected much of [[Atlantic Canada]]; rainfall peaked at 3&nbsp;in (76.5&nbsp;mm) in [[Edmundston]], [[New Brunswick]].<ref name="CHCrpt"/> In Quebec, heavy rains from the storm amounted to at least 1.9&nbsp;in (48.2&nbsp;mm); however, reports from a storm chaser indicate that up to 3.2&nbsp;in (82&nbsp;mm) may have fallen in [[Passes-Dangereuses, Quebec|Passes-Dangereuses]].<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Special Weather Statements for Quebec|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5sWQTjai0}}</ref> The strongest winds onshore reached 84&nbsp;mph (135&nbsp;km/h) on [[Beaver Island, Nova Scotia|Beaver Island]].<ref name="CHCrpt"/> Sustained winds of at least {{convert|39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} likely affected all of Nova Scotia, [[Prince Edward Island]], much of Newfoundland, parts of western New Brunswick, as well as extreme eastern [[Quebec]] and Labrador.<ref name="Windhist">{{cite web|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 5, 2010|accessdate=September 5, 2010|title=Hurricane Earl Wind History|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/graphics/al07/AL072010S.043.GIF}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:47, 6 September 2010

This article is about the 2010 Atlantic storm. For other uses, see Hurricane Earl.
Hurricane Earl
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Earl strengthening near the Bahamas on September 1
FormedAugust 25, 2010
DissipatedSeptember 5, 2010
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 145 mph (230 km/h)
Lowest pressure928 mbar (hPa); 27.4 inHg
Fatalities3 direct
Damage$250 million (2010 USD)
Areas affectedLeeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada and Quebec
Part of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Earl was the seventh tropical depression, fifth tropical storm, third hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed as a classical Cape Verde-type hurricane from a large area of low pressure associated with a broad tropical disturbance wave on August 25. It slowly organized and became a tropical storm later that day near the Cape Verde Islands. It maintained peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) for two days, before slowly strengthening into a 60 mph (100 km/h) tropical storm. It maintained that wind speed for another 12 hours, before becoming the season's third hurricane. On August 30 at 11:00 am AST, Earl intensified into a category 3 hurricane. Later that day, Earl intensified further into a category 4 hurricane before levelling out in intensity.

In the Leeward Islands, Hurricane Earl wrought moderate damage estimated at up to $150 million (2010 USD); one person was reported to have drowned due to the hurricane. In Nova Scotia, Canada, where Earl made landfall as a category 1 hurricane, one person was drowned, and one million people lost power.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Earl formed in a well-organized area of low pressure and moved into the Atlantic Ocean as a vigorous tropical disturbance wave on early August 22.[1] After moving off the west coast of Africa, a surface low started to develop near the area of thunderstorms.[2] The surface low was able to organize the area of thunderstorms, allowing deep convection to occur near it.[3] Because of the area's increasing thunderstorm organization, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) indicated on August 24 that the system had a 90% chance of becoming a tropical depression within the next 48 hours.[4] 18 hours later, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Seven at around 11 am AST (1500 UTC) on August 25, while it was located about 430 mi (690 km) west of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands.[5] Six hours later, at about 5 pm AST (2100 UTC), the system's maximum sustained winds were estimated to be 40 mph (65 km/h). Accordingly, the depression was declared to have become the fifth tropical storm of the season, and received the name Earl.[6]

Hurricane Earl (bottom) rapidly strengthens and approaches the northern Leeward Islands while Danielle becomes extratropical.


Earl was forecast to head westward while gradually strengthening under the influence of low wind shear and warm ocean temperatures.[7] However, dry air caught in Earl's circulation precluded additional intensification,[8] causing the storm to maintain 45 mph (75 km/h) maximum sustained winds for 36 hours.[9] On August 29, the storm resumed gradual intensification, even though wind shear increased due to the outflow from nearby Hurricane Danielle.[10] The wind shear caused Earl's low level center of circulation to become exposed, limiting Earl's intensification to 60 mph (95 km/h) maximum sustained winds during the following 12 hours.[11] As the outflow from Danielle moved away into the North Atlantic, Earl further intensified into a category two hurricane at 105 mph (165 km/h). By 5 pm AST (2100 UTC) on August 30, Earl intensified even more into a category 4 hurricane, making it the second major hurricane of the season.

On August 31, Earl slightly weakened due to an ongoing eyewall replacement cycle. Less than 24 hours later, Earl weakened into a category 3 hurricane. However, it re-intensified into a category 4 the next day, peaking out with sustained winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) and maximum wind gusts to 175 mph (282 km/h). Earl once again weakened to a category 3,[12] as the storm started another eyewall replacement cycle. The storm further weakened into a category 2 storm, and brushed by Cape Hatteras. Large flooding and hurricane force winds were expected, but Earl was not as severe, bringing only moderate flooding and tropical storm force winds. The storm then weakened to a tropical storm with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[13]

As Earl grazed by Cape Cod, effects were minimal. Only the tip of Cape Cod, including Nantucket, experienced tropical storm force winds, as the center of Earl passed around 90 miles (140 km) SE of Cape Cod.[14] Earl then moved Northeast, bringing heavy rain and large waves to Maine and Nova Scotia. During the morning hours on September 4, Earl intensified slightly with a slight decrease in pressure and made landfall as a large category 1 hurricane in Nova Scotia, with a minimum central pressure of 962 mbar. Earl's only fatality occurred in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Tropical storm Earl became post-tropical later that day, and was absorbed by another large extratropical low on September 5. This marks the first hurricane landfall in Nova Scotia since Hurricane Kyle in 2008.

Preparations

Caribbean

On August 27, France issued a tropical storm watch for the French side of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[15] The next day, Antigua and Barbuda and the Netherlands Antilles issued tropical storm watches for Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis and Anguilla and for Sint Maarten, Saba and Sint Eustatius.[16] Prior to Earl's arrival in the Leeward Islands, the Leeward Islands Air Transport canceled 42 flights to and from the region. The V. C. Bird International Airport on Antigua was shut down on August 29 and set to reopen after the storm passes.[17]

Although not in the direct path of Hurricane Earl, officials in the Dominican Republic prompted evacuations of coastal towns and canceled flights across the country.[18]

United States

Hurricane Earl approaching the southeastern United States.
This animation shows the storm’s progress and transformation between September 1 and September 3, 2010.

On August 30, emergency officials in Massachusetts began early-stage emergency plans, ensuring that all communities have shelters, generators, sand bags and other disaster prevention materials.[19] Officials in New York and New Jersey also responded to the threat of Earl. Evacuation plans were readied for Long Island and New York City; emergency officers in New Jersey also discussed the possibility of evacuating residents from low-lying areas along the coastline.[20] Having experienced a fatality from a distant Hurricane Danielle earlier in August, officials in Maryland took the threat of Earl seriously. An estimated 250,000 people were expected to travel to the region for the Labor Day weekend, increasing the risk of loss of life from rip currents. Daily conference calls between state officials also began on August 30. In Suffolk County and Nassau County on Long Island, emergency officials are preparing for 40 mph (64 km/h) plus winds from Earl and may be forced to evacuate any time now.[21] An administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Craig Fugate, cautioned that Earl's approach warranted a reminder for evacuation plans to be updated for the U.S. east coast, noting "It wouldn't take much to have the storm come ashore somewhere on the coast. The message is for everyone to pay attention."[22]

On August 31, mandatory evacuations began on North Carolina's Ocracoke Island. "I don't remember the last time there was a mandatory evacuation order for the island," stated Commissioner Kenneth Collier of Hyde County.[23] Mandatory evacuations were also issued for Hatteras Island on September 1, with a total of 30,000 residents and visitors affected.[24] On September 1, state of emergency declarations were issued by the governors of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia.[24][25][26] Naval Station Norfolk was put under orders to be ready to depart port within 24 hours if necessary.[26] A spokesman for the National Hurricane Center, Dennis Feltgen, stated that not since 1991 (Hurricane Bob) had such a large region of the U.S. East Coast been under threat from a hurricane.[27] The following day, Governor Deval Patrick declared a state of emergency for Massachusetts.[28] NSTAR has deployed crews from Michigan to Cape Cod. The ferry to Nantucket will stop service Friday morning. Chatham, Massachusetts is under a voluntary evacuation order.

President Barack Obama signed a disaster declaration for North Carolina on the evening of September 1. The action authorized the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to coordinate relief efforts and makes federal funds available. Officials in Dare County, North Carolina, issued mandatory evacuation orders September 2 for visitors to the coastal county, including the Outer Banks. The mandatory evacuation extended to residents in some areas, including the town of South Nags Head and Hatteras Island. Dare County schools and courts were closed September 2 and were to be closed September 3.[29]

Canada

Earl was predicted to have an 80% chance of striking Nova Scotia (60% chance as a hurricane) since the end of August.[30] [31][32] This enabled emergency preparations to begin nearly a week before Earl made landfall. On September 2, the Red Cross placed over 900 volunteers on standby.[33] Because anticipated landfall would take place at low neap tide and storm surge would be minimal, no mandatory evacuation orders were issued,[34] although some marinas required boats to be moved to safer mooring. Tourists in the area were warned of the likely impact of the coming storm by the Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage.[35] Virtually all permanent residents stayed and prepared to be without electricity for a couple of days.[36] While ferries in the area were cancelled, the Confederation Bridge linking Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island was not closed. However, high-sided vehicles and motorcycles were barred from crossing for six hours at the height of the storm.[37]

Impact

Caribbean

Hurricane Earl as seen from the International Space Station on August 30

Throughout the Leeward Islands, heavy rains produced by the storm flooded low-lying areas.[38] In St. Maarten, trees and power lines were felled across the island, leaving most residents without power.[39] Some roof damage was sustained by homes on the island as well.[40] The highest winds recorded during Earl's passage were on St. Martin at 88 mph (142 km/h).[41] Across the islands of Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, 3,500 people were left without power. An estimated 4,000 residences on Guadeloupe were also without electricity in the wake of Earl.[42] In the British territories of Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands, power and water supply was lost to the entire Territory; however, there were no reports of major damage, although several vessels on Tortola were grounded.[43] High winds and heavy rains battered St. Kitts and Nevis; two coast guard vessels were grounded on the islands.[44]

According to officials in Antigua and Barbuda, the entire island of Antigua was left without power due to Hurricane Earl. High winds felled numerous trees and signs as well as damaged homes.[45] At least one home was destroyed on the island, forcing the evacuation of eight people.[39] An estimated 7 inches (180 mm) of rain fell in the country, resulting in widespread flooding. In Bolans Village, seven people had to be rescued after wading into waist-deep water. Following the passage of Earl, Philmore Mullin, Director of the National Office of Disaster Services, expressed his concern for the lack of action taken by residents prior to the hurricane's arrival. A country-wide holiday was declared for August 30 by Governor General Dame Louise Lake-Tack to help cleanup efforts run more efficiently. Health officials advised residents to also boil their water to avoid water-borne diseases until further notice.[45]

Heavy rains also began to affect Puerto Rico during the early afternoon on August 30 as Hurricane Earl moved closer to the island.[41] In San Juan, 3.57 inches (91 mm) of rain fell during the passage of Earl.[46][47] Throughout the area, 180,000 people were left without power due to the storm.[48] In all, Hurricane Earl wrought up to $150 million in damage throughout the Caribbean.[49]

United States

Hurricane Earl off the Mid-Atlantic.

Throughout the United States, damage from Hurricane Earl was generally minor. Insurance modelers for catastrophes estimated that losses from the storm would not exceed $100 million in the country.[50]

North Carolina

During the afternoon and evening of September 2, Hurricane Earl brushed the coastline of North Carolina, bringing high winds and heavy rains to the state. The highest winds were recorded in Cape Hatteras at 67 mph (108 km/h); however, there were few reports of damage in relation to the winds. Minor flooding took place along several roads, including North Carolina Highway 12 which was shut down on Hatteras Island. A pier at Atlantic Beach was also damaged by rough seas.[51] Numerous homes along the coast were flooded by rising waters, reaching 3 ft (0.91 m) in places. An estimated 6,600 residences were left without power due to Hurricane Earl.[52] Waves just offshore were measured between 25 and 36 ft (7.6 and 11.0 m), likely resulting in beach erosion.[53]

Mid-Atlantic

The Mid-Atlantic states, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey, experienced minimal to moderate effects of Earl. Along the coastline, tropical storm winds and large waves were felt throughout, with outer rainbands also battering the areas. The Delmarva Peninsula escaped the brunt of the storm, only dealing with some of the outer rainbands and gale force winds.

In Long Island, New York, heavy surf produced by Earl inundated much of Jones Beach State Park, leading to officials closing the area for several days. By September 6, flood waters brought onshore by the storm still remained in the area despite continuous efforts to drain the water.[54]

New England

On September 3, Earl grazed by Cape Cod, with the center of Earl around 90 miles (140 km) away from Nantucket. Effects were minimal, and caused very little damage. Conditions were not nearly as severe as in North Carolina, but still caused winds to gust to tropical storm force and some minor flooding. The highest wind was a gust of 58 mph, recorded near Hyannis, MA. Near Yarmouth, MA, 5.07 inches of rain was recorded. Many remained with power, with only 600 losing power.[55]

Canada

Hurricane Earl shortly after making landfall in Nova Scotia on September 4

Hurricane Earl came ashore in Lunenberg County near Western Head, Nova Scotia on September 4 around 11 am, as a large category 1 storm with sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[56][57] This was a last-minute change in the hurricane's track, as Earl had previously been expected to strike closer to the Bay of Fundy. Earl briefly restrengthened to hurricane strength before making a third landfall on Prince Edward Island, and remained at tropical storm strength until it left.

Just offshore, buoys recorded winds near hurricane-force and enormous waves up to 82 ft (25.1 m) tall. Onshore, strong winds and heavy rain affected much of Atlantic Canada; rainfall peaked at 3 in (76.5 mm) in Edmundston, New Brunswick.[56] In Quebec, heavy rains from the storm amounted to at least 1.9 in (48.2 mm); however, reports from a storm chaser indicate that up to 3.2 in (82 mm) may have fallen in Passes-Dangereuses.[58] The strongest winds onshore reached 84 mph (135 km/h) on Beaver Island.[56] Sustained winds of at least 39 mph (63 km/h) likely affected all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, much of Newfoundland, parts of western New Brunswick, as well as extreme eastern Quebec and Labrador.[59]

Throughout the affected region, about 220,000 residences, nearly one million people were left without power as a result of Earl.[60] Roughly 104,000 residences that lost power were in the Halifax metro area. The city received some of the worst impacts from the storm, experiencing near-hurricane force winds around 12:00 pm (local time) on September 4. Several structures in the city were struck by fallen trees. At the height of the storm, Nova Scotia Routes 207, 331 and 333 were shut down due to flooding and downed power lines.[61][62] Numerous trees and power lines were downed throughout Nova Scotia, blocking roads and damaging homes.[63] Earl's second fatality occurred near Halifax, when one man drowned while trying to retrieve a boat which had been dislodged from its moorings.[64]

Throughout Prince Edward Island, high winds left roughly 9,000 homes and businesses without power. Minor streets flooding and downed trees impeded travel throughout the area.[63] By the late afternoon of September 4, about 2,400 residences were still without power.[65] In New Brunswick, little damage took place during Earl's passage; some trees were downed, resulting in scattered power outages.[63] Along the Bay St. George area in Newfoundland, numerous residents were left without power due to fallen trees and power lines. No injures or major damage took place on the island and power was expected to be fully restored by the afternoon of September 5.[66]

Within hours of the storm's passage in Nova Scotia, hundreds of power crews were deployed to restore electricity as quickly as possible. Once winds dropped below 65 mph (100 km/h), roughly 400 crewmen began fixing damaged lines.[62] One lineman was injured after being knocked out of a cherry picker in a strong gust and briefly wrapped in live wires. Additional crews from New Brunswick, consisting of 18 trucks and 36 linemen, were deployed to the hardest hit regions.[63] Roughly 90,000 Nova Scotia residences had their electricity restored by 10 pm the same night. By the morning of September 5, about 92,000 residences remained without power across Nova Scotia;[67] by the early morning hours of September 6, only 4,100 people were reported to be still without power.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ Felix Garcia (August 22, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 22, 2010 8:05AM EST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Mike Forpemosa (August 23, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 23, 2010 2:05PM EST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  3. ^ Mike Formosa (August 24, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 24, 2010 2:05PM EST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Eric Blake (August 24, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 24, 2010 8:00PM EST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Depression Seven Public Advisory 1, August 25, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  6. ^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Public Advisory 2, August 25, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  7. ^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 2, August 25, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  8. ^ Stacy Stewart (August 26, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 5, August 26, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  9. ^ Lixion Avila (August 27, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 10, August 27, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  10. ^ Eric Blake (August 27, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 11, August 27, 2010 11:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  11. ^ Lixion Avila (August 28, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 14, August 28, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  12. ^ "Earl weakens a bit, still East Coast threat". MSNBC. Burton, NC. September 2, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  13. ^ Lixion Avila (August 28, 2010). "Hurricane Earl Public Advisory Number 33, September 2, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  14. ^ "Tropical Storm EARL". Nhc.noaa.gov. 2006-01-25. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  15. ^ Avila, Lixion. "Tropical Storm Earl Advisory Number 10". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  16. ^ Cangialosi, John. "Tropical Storm Earl Advisory Number 12". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 29 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Staff Writer (August 29, 2010). "Hurricane Earl nears Antigua and Barbuda". Caribbean 360. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  18. ^ Zhang Xu (August 30, 2010). "Dominican Republic Evacuates Towns, Suspends Flights due to Hurricane Earl". Xinhua. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  19. ^ Laura Crimaldi (August 30, 2010). "Massachusetts officials prepare for possible brush with hurricane". The Boston Herald. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  20. ^ Chris Herring and Erik Holm (August 30, 2010). "Greater New York Keeps Eye on Hurricane Earl". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  21. ^ Frank D. Roylance (August 30, 2010). "Ocean City braces for Hurricane Earl". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  22. ^ "Earl batters Caribbean, threatens East Coast". msnbc. August 30, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  23. ^ "Hurricane Earl Evacuations: North Carolina Vacation Island In Hurricane Earl Path". The Huffington Post. September 1, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  24. ^ a b "East braces for Earl's onslaught". MSNBC. September 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  25. ^ Staff writer (2010-09-01). "Earl prompts NC gov to declare State of Emergency". WMBF-TV. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  26. ^ a b Tanglao, Leezel (2010-09-01). "Hurricane Earl Triggers Virginia State of Emergency, Carolina Evacuations". ABC News. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  27. ^ "Hurricane Earl approaches East Coast". Los Angeles Times. 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  28. ^ Staff writer (2010-09-02). "With Earl approaching, Mass. governor declares state of emergency". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  29. ^ CNN Wire Staff (2010-09-02). "At Category 2, Hurricane Earl spins off North Carolina". CNN.com. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ Mark Sudduth (August 30, 2010). "Earl close to being a category three as it lashes northern Caribbean islands - up next, possible hurricane conditions along portions of the East Coast to Nova Scotia".
  31. ^ Staff Writer (September 2, 2010). "Hurricane watch closes N.S. parks". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2010/09/01/hurricane-earl-forecast-atlantic-canada.html" ignored (help)
  32. ^ Staff Writer (September 2, 2010). "Provincial Release at 5:00pm ADT From Emergency Management Office". Haligonia.ca.
  33. ^ Staff Writer (September 2, 2010). "Provincial Release at 5:00pm ADT From Emergency Management Office". Haligonia.ca.
  34. ^ Staff Writer (September 2, 2010). "Provincial Release at 5:00pm ADT From Emergency Management Office". Haligonia.ca.
  35. ^ Staff Writer (September 2, 2010). "Provincial Release at 5:00pm ADT From Emergency Management Office". Haligonia.ca.
  36. ^ Oliver Moore (September 3, 2010). "Earl won't budge Nova Scotia residents". Globe and Mail.
  37. ^ Staff Writer (September 5, 2010). "Earl leaves thousands without power". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  38. ^ Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "AP Top News at 8:10 a.m. EDT". Associated Press. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  39. ^ a b Mike Melia (August 30, 2010). "Hurricane Earl lashes Caribbean, threatens US". Associated Press. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  40. ^ The Associated Press (August 30, 2010). "Category 4 Earl batters northeast Caribbean". The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  41. ^ a b Henry Margusity (August 30, 2010). "Hurricane Earl Hitting the Virgin Islands and Flooding Puerto Rico". Accuweather. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  42. ^ Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "US braces for Hurricane Earl". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  43. ^ "Damage Assessment Following Hurricane Earl". 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  44. ^ CMC (August 31, 2010). "Caribbean countries cleaning up after close encounter with Earl". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  45. ^ a b Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "Antigua counting the cost of Hurricane Earl". Go Jamaica. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  46. ^ Resident of San Juan, Puerto Rico (August 30, 2010). "Daily Weather Summary for San Juan, Puerto Rico: August 30, 2010". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  47. ^ Resident of San Juan, Puerto Rico (August 31, 2010). "Daily Weather Summary for San Juan, Puerto Rico: August 30, 2010". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  48. ^ Celso Hernandez (August 31, 2010). "Hurricane Earl- Aftermath Arecibo". Caribbean Hurricane Network. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  49. ^ Anthony R. Wood and Jacqueline L. Urgo (September 2, 2010). "Hurricane Earl likely to spare Jersey Shore". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  50. ^ Mark A. Hofmann (September 3, 2010). "U.S. insured losses from Hurricane Earl limited: Modelers". Business Insurance. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  51. ^ The Associated Press (September 3, 2010). "Little damage reported as Hurricane Earl passes North Carolina coast". KSDK5. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  52. ^ The Associated Press (September 3, 2010). "Earl Brings Minor Damage, Outages To Coast". WSOC9. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  53. ^ The Associated Press and Reuters (September 3, 2010). "Earl lashes N.C. coast, officials survey damage". MSNBC. Retrieved September 3, 2010. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  54. ^ Staff Writer (September 6, 2010). "Jones Beach Still Flooded, Thanks To Earl". CBS2 News. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  55. ^ Brian MacQuarrie. "Earl doesn't lay a glove on Mass". Boston.com. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  56. ^ a b c "Special Weather Statements for Nova Scotia". Canadian Hurricane Centre. September 5, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  57. ^ Lixion A. Avila and Eric S. Blake (September 4, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Public Advisory Forty-One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  58. ^ Template:Fr icon "Special Weather Statements for Quebec". Canadian Hurricane Centre. September 5, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  59. ^ "Hurricane Earl Wind History". National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  60. ^ Staff Writer (September 5, 2010). "Earl kills 1 in Canada, loses strength". Press TV. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  61. ^ Bill Powers (September 5, 2010). "Earl knocks out power, downs trees". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved September 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  62. ^ a b Dan Arsenault and Laura Fraser (September 5, 2010). "Cleaning up after Earl". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved September 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  63. ^ a b c d Staff Writer (September 5, 2010). "Earl leaves thousands without power". CBC News. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  64. ^ Dan Arsenault (September 5, 2010). "Bayside Marine owner was trying to save customer's boat". The Chrinicle Herald. Retrieved September 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  65. ^ Staff Writer (September 4, 2010). "Earl brings strong winds to P.E.I." CBC News. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  66. ^ Staff Writer (September 5, 2010). "Earl gives glancing blow to N.L." CBC News. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  67. ^ Richard Foot, Laura Stone and Carmen Chai (September 5, 2010). "Maritime provinces clean up after Earl". The National Post. Retrieved September 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ http://www.nspower.ca/en/home/residential/outageinformation/liveoutagemap.aspx
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Earl_(2010)&oldid=383265567"