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'''Viktor Anatolyevich Bout''' ({{lang-ru|Виктор Анатольевич Бут}}) (born 13 January 1967, near [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Tajik SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]) is a [[Russia]]n businessman who established a number of air cargo companies. He is currently [[Detention (imprisonment)|detained]] by the United States federal government, facing [[trial]] on [[Indictment|charges]] that stem from his alleged agreement to arm a terrorist group.<ref name="justice.gov">[http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-ag-1306.html Viktor Bout Extradited to the United States to Stand Trial on Terrorism Charges] [[United States Department of Justice]] release, November 17, 2010.</ref><ref name="lead1"/><ref name="extradition" />
'''Viktor Anatolyevich Bout''' ({{lang-ru|Виктор Анатольевич Бут}}) (born 13 January 1967, near [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Tajik SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]) is a [[Russia]]n businessman who established a number of air cargo companies. He is currently [[Detention (imprisonment)|detained]] by the United States federal government, facing [[trial]] on [[Indictment|charges]] that stem from his alleged agreement to arm a terrorist group.<ref name="justice.gov">[http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-ag-1306.html Viktor Bout Extradited to the United States to Stand Trial on Terrorism Charges] [[United States Department of Justice]] release, November 17, 2010.</ref><ref name="lead1"/><ref name="extradition" />


A former [[Soviet]] military translator,<ref name="Bout FAQ">[http://www.victorbout.com/FAQ.htm Victor Bout's Personal Website, FAQ]</ref> Bout had reportedly made a significant amount of money through his multiple air transport companies<ref name="Economist" /> shipping cargo mostly in Africa and the Middle East during the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name="LentapedBout">[http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14187802/ Бут, Виктор]</ref> Just as willing to ship cargo for [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles Taylor]] in [[Liberia]] as he was for the [[United Nations]] in [[Sudan]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]],<ref name="Economist"/><ref name="Observer"/> Bout may have facilitated huge arms shipments into various [[civil war]]s in [[Africa]] with his private air cargo fleets during the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/07/thailand.russia 'Lord of war' arms trafficker arrested], The Guardian, 7 March 2008.</ref>
A former [[Soviet]] military translator,<ref name="Bout FAQ">[http://www.victorbout.com/FAQ.htm Victor Bout's Personal Website, FAQ]</ref> Bout had reportedly made a significant amount of money through his multiple air transport companies<ref name="Economist" /> shipping cargo mostly in Africa and the Middle East during the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name="LentapedBout">[http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14187802/ Бут, Виктор]</ref> He is accused of large-scale transportion of [[weapons]].<ref name="Economist"/><ref name="Observer"/>

⚫
While claiming to have done little more than provide logistics, he has been called a "sanctions buster"<ref name="Economist"/> by former [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Foreign Office]] [[Minister (diplomacy)|minister]] [[Peter Hain]] who described Bout as, "the principal conduit for planes and supply routes that take arms... from east Europe, principally [[Bulgaria]], [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]], to [[Liberia]] and [[Angola]]."<ref name="BBC Profile">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7281885.stm BBC Profile, Viktor Bout]</ref>


In cooperation with American authorities,<ref name="Observer"/> [[Royal Thai Police]] arrested Bout in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], in 2008.<ref name="Interpol1"/> The United States demanded his [[extradition]], which was eventually mandated by the Thai High Court in August 2010.<ref name="extradition">[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/09/01/opinion/Appeal-Court-verdict-on-the-extradition-of-Bout-30136994.html Appeal Court verdict on the extradition of Bout] The Nation, Sept 1, 2010.</ref> Before his extradition to the United States in November 2010, he expressed confidence that his trial would eventually lead to his [[acquittal]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/world/asia/21thai.html "Arms Suspect Vows to Win Case in U.S. After Extradition Order"] nytimes.com, 21 August 2010</ref><ref>[http://newsru.com/russia/20aug2010/domoi.html Россия хочет заполучить "оружейного барона" Бута, которого отправляют на суд в США] [[NEWSru]], 20 August 2010.</ref> Bout is currently incarcerated in the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City]].<ref name="BOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=91641-054&x=88&y=11 |title=Inmate Locator |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] |accessdate=January 22, 2011 }}</ref>
In cooperation with American authorities,<ref name="Observer"/> [[Royal Thai Police]] arrested Bout in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], in 2008.<ref name="Interpol1"/> The United States demanded his [[extradition]], which was eventually mandated by the Thai High Court in August 2010.<ref name="extradition">[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/09/01/opinion/Appeal-Court-verdict-on-the-extradition-of-Bout-30136994.html Appeal Court verdict on the extradition of Bout] The Nation, Sept 1, 2010.</ref> Before his extradition to the United States in November 2010, he expressed confidence that his trial would eventually lead to his [[acquittal]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/world/asia/21thai.html "Arms Suspect Vows to Win Case in U.S. After Extradition Order"] nytimes.com, 21 August 2010</ref><ref>[http://newsru.com/russia/20aug2010/domoi.html Россия хочет заполучить "оружейного барона" Бута, которого отправляют на суд в США] [[NEWSru]], 20 August 2010.</ref> Bout is currently incarcerated in the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City]].<ref name="BOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=91641-054&x=88&y=11 |title=Inmate Locator |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] |accessdate=January 22, 2011 }}</ref>
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Bout served in [[Angola]], part of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] contingent of a 1987<ref name="christsci"/> peacekeeping operation there.<ref name="UNad"/><ref name="christsci"/> He has said he was in Angola for only a few weeks.<ref name="NYT"/> Bout's website states that he began an air freight business in Africa around the time of the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|collapse of the USSR]].<ref name="Bout">[http://www.victorbout.com/ Victor Bout's Personal Website]</ref>
Bout served in [[Angola]], part of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] contingent of a 1987<ref name="christsci"/> peacekeeping operation there.<ref name="UNad"/><ref name="christsci"/> He has said he was in Angola for only a few weeks.<ref name="NYT"/> Bout's website states that he began an air freight business in Africa around the time of the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|collapse of the USSR]].<ref name="Bout">[http://www.victorbout.com/ Victor Bout's Personal Website]</ref>

⚫
Bout has lived in a number of countries, including [[Belgium]],<ref name=mensjournal>{{cite web | url=http://www.mensjournal.com/viktor-bout/2 | title=Taking Down Arms Dealer Viktor Bout}}</ref> [[Lebanon]],<ref name=de3>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,721532-4,00.html Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout] Part 4: Hired to Supply US Forces in Iraq. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010</ref> [[Rwanda]],<ref name="ethz"/> [[Russia]],<ref name=mensjournal/> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://projects.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=157 | title=The Merchant of Death | author=André Verlöy }}</ref> [[Syria]]<ref name="russian add1"/> and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="russian add1"/>


===After 1991===
===After 1991===
Line 62: Line 58:


==Other==
==Other==
⚫
Bout has lived in a number of countries, including [[Belgium]],<ref name=mensjournal>{{cite web | url=http://www.mensjournal.com/viktor-bout/2 | title=Taking Down Arms Dealer Viktor Bout}}</ref> [[Lebanon]],<ref name=de3>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,721532-4,00.html Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout] Part 4: Hired to Supply US Forces in Iraq. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010</ref> [[Rwanda]],<ref name="ethz"/> [[Russia]],<ref name=mensjournal/> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://projects.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=157 | title=The Merchant of Death | author=André Verlöy }}</ref> [[Syria]]<ref name="russian add1"/> and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="russian add1"/>

As well as some more-controversial customers such as [[Charles G. Taylor]], the French government,<ref name="NYT"/> the UN<ref name="merchant"/><ref name="Mother"/><ref name="Daily Show">[http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=102765&title=douglas-farah Douglas Farah on The Daily Show]</ref> and the US<ref name="merchant"/><ref name="russian add1">[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=88500&lng=en ] ETH Zurich. 2008-06-24.</ref><ref name="Mother"/><ref name="Daily Show"/> have also used his planes. Bout has reportedly shipped flowers,<ref name=de/> frozen chicken,<ref name="Economist"/><ref name=de>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,721532,00.html Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout] Part 1. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010</ref> UN peacekeepers,<ref name=de/> French soldiers and African heads of state.<ref name="NYT"/>
As well as some more-controversial customers such as [[Charles G. Taylor]], the French government,<ref name="NYT"/> the UN<ref name="merchant"/><ref name="Mother"/><ref name="Daily Show">[http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=102765&title=douglas-farah Douglas Farah on The Daily Show]</ref> and the US<ref name="merchant"/><ref name="russian add1">[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=88500&lng=en ] ETH Zurich. 2008-06-24.</ref><ref name="Mother"/><ref name="Daily Show"/> have also used his planes. Bout has reportedly shipped flowers,<ref name=de/> frozen chicken,<ref name="Economist"/><ref name=de>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,721532,00.html Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout] Part 1. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010</ref> UN peacekeepers,<ref name=de/> French soldiers and African heads of state.<ref name="NYT"/>

Just as willing to ship cargo for [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles Taylor]] in [[Liberia]] as he was for the [[United Nations]] in [[Sudan]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]],<ref name="Economist"/><ref name="Observer"/> Bout may have facilitated huge arms shipments into various [[civil war]]s in [[Africa]] with his private air cargo fleets during the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/07/thailand.russia 'Lord of war' arms trafficker arrested], The Guardian, 7 March 2008.</ref>

⚫
While claiming to have done little more than provide logistics, he has been called a "sanctions buster"<ref name="Economist"/> by former [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Foreign Office]] [[Minister (diplomacy)|minister]] [[Peter Hain]] who described Bout as, "the principal conduit for planes and supply routes that take arms... from east Europe, principally [[Bulgaria]], [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]], to [[Liberia]] and [[Angola]]."<ref name="BBC Profile">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7281885.stm BBC Profile, Viktor Bout]</ref>


==Alleged Russian government and intelligence ties==
==Alleged Russian government and intelligence ties==

Revision as of 18:28, 3 April 2011

Template:Eastern Slavic name

Виктор Анатольевич Бут
Viktor Anatolyevich Bout
Viktor Bout in the custody of DEA agents on November 16, 2010 after being extradited to the United States
Born (1967-01-13) 13 January 1967 (age 57)
Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union
Other namesVictor Bout, Viktor Butt, Viktor Budd, Victor But, Boris, Vadim Markovich Aminov, Viktor Bulakin
Known forSuspected of arms trafficking

Viktor Anatolyevich Bout (Russian: Виктор Анатольевич Бут) (born 13 January 1967, near Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian businessman who established a number of air cargo companies. He is currently detained by the United States federal government, facing trial on charges that stem from his alleged agreement to arm a terrorist group.[1][2][3]

A former Soviet military translator,[4] Bout had reportedly made a significant amount of money through his multiple air transport companies[5] shipping cargo mostly in Africa and the Middle East during the 1990s and early 2000s.[6] He is accused of large-scale transportion of weapons.[5][7]

In cooperation with American authorities,[7] Royal Thai Police arrested Bout in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2008.[8] The United States demanded his extradition, which was eventually mandated by the Thai High Court in August 2010.[3] Before his extradition to the United States in November 2010, he expressed confidence that his trial would eventually lead to his acquittal.[9][10] Bout is currently incarcerated in the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City.[11]

Personal history

UN documents and Bout himself both state his birthplace as Dushanbe, USSR, (now the capital of Tajikistan)[12][13][14][15] possibly on 13 January 1967.[12][15][16] But a few other birthplaces have been suggested;[13][17] a 2001 South African intelligence file listed him as Ukrainian in origin.[18][19]

Soviet military service

There is confusion regarding Bout's military career, although it is clear that he served in the Soviet Armed Forces. Having graduated from the Military Institute of Foreign Languages,[15][20][21] he is said to be fluent in six languages.[22] Bout's personal website states that he served in the Soviet Army as a translator, holding the rank of Lieutenant.[4]

Bout is thought to have been discharged in 1991 with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.[16] But other sources state he rose to the rank of Major in the GRU[5] (an arm of the Soviet military that combines intelligence services and special forces),[5] that he was an officer in the Soviet Air Forces,[7] that he graduated from a Soviet military intelligence training program,[16] or that he was a KGB operative.[12]

Bout served in Angola, part of the Soviet contingent of a 1987[20] peacekeeping operation there.[15][20] He has said he was in Angola for only a few weeks.[12] Bout's website states that he began an air freight business in Africa around the time of the collapse of the USSR.[14]

After 1991

Bout's nickname, "Sanctions Buster", is due to his implication in facilitating the violation of UN arms embargoes in Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[23]

In 1993 Bout started collaborating with Syrian-born Richard Chichakli. In 1995, Sharjah International Airport hired Chichakli to be the commercial manager of a new free trade zone heavily used by Bout. Chichakli has been described as Bout's financial manager.[24][25][26]

Bout is also suspected of supplying weapons to numerous armed groups in the early 2000s Second Congo War and may have employed an estimated 300 people and operated 40-60 aircraft to do so.[17] A 2000 United Nations report stated that, "...Bulgarian arms manufacturing companies had exported large quantities of different types of weapons between 1996 and 1998 on the basis of (forged)[15] end-user certificates from Togo,"[27] and that, "...with only one exception, the company Air Cess, owned by Victor Bout, was the main transporter of these weapons from Burgas airport in Bulgaria."[27] This was the first time Bout was mentioned in connection with arms trading,[28] and the weapons may have been destined for use by União Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA),[27] one faction in Angola's 1975–2002 civil war.

Another suspected arms dealer, Imad Kebir, is said to have employed Bout's aircraft during the mid-1990s to transport weapons to Africa from Eastern European states.[29] The cargo supposedly had Zairean end user certificates, but the true end-user was UNITA.[29]

From 1993, UNITA was under a United Nations Security Council embargo prohibiting the importation of arms, established in Resolution 864.[30]

Bout is also suspected of supplying weapons to numerous armed groups in the early 2000s Second Congo War and may have employed an estimated 300 people and operated 40-60 aircraft to do so.[17]

Bout says he has been to Afghanistan many times in the mid-1990s,[13][31] but he denies any dealings with al Qaeda or the Taliban.[32]

Starting in 1994[32] he made shipments for the pre-Taliban government, which later became the Northern Alliance, as well as knowing Ahmed Shah Massoud, an Afghan Northern Alliance commander.[12] In 1995 he was involved in the negotiations to free Russian hostages during the 1995 Airstan incident.[33]

Members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) operated a cargo company called "Otharad Cargo" in the United Arab Emirates. There are reports that the LTTE met Taliban members and discussed Bout's Sharjah network, which existed in the Sharjah emirate of the United Arab Emirates. The Sharjah network was used by Victor Bout to provide Taleban with weapons deliveries and other flights between Sharjah and Kandahar. Otharad Cargo reportedly received several consignments of military hardware from the Sharjah network.[34][35]

After September 11 attacks

Soon after the beginning of the 2001–present war in Afghanistan, al Qaeda is said to have moved gold and cash out of the country; "credible reports" state that some of the planes used to do this were linked to Bout.[29]

n July 2003 the New York Times Magazine succeeded to interview Bout. Bout said that "I woke up after Sept. 11 and found I was second only to Osama.... My clients, the governments... I keep my mouth shut." Bout pointed to his forehead and says “If I told you everything I’d get the red hole right here". The New York Times asked about Russian intelligence services and Bout replied "Until now you’ve been digging in a big lake with small spoons. There are huge forces..." and then stayed quiet.[36]

Bout is supposed to have met with Hezbollah officials in Lebanon during the run-up to the 2006 Lebanon War.[37][38] Other sources suggest he was actually in Russia when the supposed meeting took place.[39]

Other

Bout has lived in a number of countries, including Belgium,[40] Lebanon,[39] Rwanda,[17] Russia,[40] South Africa,[41] Syria[42] and the United Arab Emirates.[42]

As well as some more-controversial customers such as Charles G. Taylor, the French government,[12] the UN[19][43][44] and the US[19][42][43][44] have also used his planes. Bout has reportedly shipped flowers,[21] frozen chicken,[5][21] UN peacekeepers,[21] French soldiers and African heads of state.[12]

Just as willing to ship cargo for Charles Taylor in Liberia as he was for the United Nations in Sudan and the United States in Iraq,[5][7] Bout may have facilitated huge arms shipments into various civil wars in Africa with his private air cargo fleets during the 1990s.[45]

While claiming to have done little more than provide logistics, he has been called a "sanctions buster"[5] by former British Foreign Office minister Peter Hain who described Bout as, "the principal conduit for planes and supply routes that take arms... from east Europe, principally Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine, to Liberia and Angola."[46]

Alleged Russian government and intelligence ties

It is thought that Bout was of help to Russia's intelligence agencies,[3] and he is alleged to have connections to ranking Russian officials, including Igor Sechin.[47]

The language institute Bout attended has been linked to the GRU, one such agency.[17][40] Bout is thought to have worked alongside GRU-affiliated, and current Russian deputy prime minister, Igor Sechin in Africa in the 1980s,[21][48] although both men deny this allegation.[21] And according to a 2002 United Nations report, Bout's father-in-law Zuiguin, "at one point held a high position in the KGB, perhaps even as high as a deputy chairman." [17]

Arrest warrants

Bout's strategy of constantly moving location, owning numerous companies, and frequently re-registering aircraft[5][27] made it hard for authorities to make a case against him. He has never been charged for the alleged African arms deals to which he owes his notoriety.[49]

Interpol

The Belgians requested that Interpol issue a notice for Bout on charges of money laundering, and in 2002 an Interpol red notice on Bout was issued.[43]

Bout's website states that because he failed to appear in court a Belgian warrant (not the Interpol notice) for his arrest was issued but later cancelled.[4] The site has a document in Dutch to support the claim that the Belgian case against him was dismissed due to his lack of a fixed residence and because the case could not be prosecuted in a timely fashion.[50]

The day of his Bangkok arrest, an Interpol red notice was requested by the United States against Bout. The alleged crime was conspiracy to provide material support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization.[8] His wanted poster can be viewed here.

Executive Order 13348

Bout's U.S. assets were among those frozen in July 2004 under Executive Order 13348. The Order describes him as a "businessman, dealer and transporter of weapons and minerals" and cites his close association with Charles Taylor.[51]

CAR trial

Charged in 2000 with forging documents in the Central African Republic, Bout was convicted in absentia and the charges were later dropped.[20]

Thai arrest and extradition

Bout was arrested in Thailand on an Interpol red notice and on 16 November 2010, Bout was extradited amid protests by the Russian Government.[3]

Arrest

Royal Thai Police arrested Bout in Bangkok on 6 March 2008[8] the culmination of a sting operation set up by Drug Enforcement Administration agents.[7] Bout allegedly offered to supply weapons to people he thought were representatives of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) rebels.[5][7]

Extradition hearing

After months of delay, the Criminal Court in Bangkok began an extradition hearing for Bout on 22 September 2008.[52]

In February 2009, members of the United States Congress signed a letter to Attorney General Holder and Secretary of State (i.e. Foreign Secretary) Clinton, expressing their wish that the Bout extradition "remain a top priority".[53]

On 11 August 2009, the Criminal Court ruled in his favor, denying the United States' request for extradition and citing the political, not criminal, nature of the case.[54] The United States appealed that judgement, and on 20 August 2010 a higher Thai court ruled that Bout could, in fact, be extradited to the United States.[55][56][57]

Extradition

On 16 November 2010 at 1:30pm, Bout was extradited to the United States;[1] the Russian government called the extradition illegal.[58][59]

Russia's protests and other actions

Russia did not want Bout to face trial and called the Thai court decision in 2010 politically motivated.[60][61] Its Foreign Ministry took steps to prevent his extradition to the US;[21] Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov suggested that Bout was innocent.[21]

On 18 November 2010, shortly after Bout's extradition to the US, Russian President Medvedev's aide Sergei Eduardovich Prikhodko claimed that Russia had "nothing to hide" in Bout's criminal case stating, "it is in our interest that the investigation... be brought to completion, and [Bout] should answer all the questions the American justice system has."[62][63]

Charges in the United States

The day after his Bangkok arrest, the U.S. Department of Justice charged Bout with conspiracy to provide material support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization,[64] conspiring to kill Americans, conspiring to kill American officers or employees, and conspiring to acquire and use an anti-aircraft missile.[52]

Additional charges against him were filed in February 2010.[65] These include illegal purchase of aircraft, wire fraud, and money laundering.[2]

In the media

The 2005 film Lord of War, starring Nicolas Cage, is thought to be based, in part, on stories of his alleged gun-running.[5][21][66][67][68]

In 2007 Stephen Braun and Douglas Farah published a book about Bout entitled Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible.[69]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Viktor Bout Extradited to the United States to Stand Trial on Terrorism Charges United States Department of Justice release, November 17, 2010.
  2. ^ a b U.S. ANNOUNCES NEW INDICTMENT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ARMS DEALER VIKTOR BOUT AND AMERICAN CO-CONSPIRATOR FOR MONEY LAUNDERING, WIRE FRAUD, AND CONSPIRACY US Indictment released Feb 17, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d Appeal Court verdict on the extradition of Bout The Nation, Sept 1, 2010. Cite error: The named reference "extradition" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Victor Bout's Personal Website, FAQ
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Flying Anything to Anybody The Economist, Dec 18th 2008
  6. ^ Бут, Виктор
  7. ^ a b c d e f Revealed: trap that lured the merchant of death 'The Observer', Sunday 9 March 2008
  8. ^ a b c INTERPOL media release, 07 March 2008
  9. ^ "Arms Suspect Vows to Win Case in U.S. After Extradition Order" nytimes.com, 21 August 2010
  10. ^ Россия хочет заполучить "оружейного барона" Бута, которого отправляют на суд в США NEWSru, 20 August 2010.
  11. ^ "Inmate Locator". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Arms and the Man New York Times, Aug. 17, 2003
  13. ^ a b c Meeting Viktor Bout, the ‘Merchant of Death’ BBC Channel 4 Snowblog, 16/03/09
  14. ^ a b Victor Bout's Personal Website
  15. ^ a b c d e Addendum to the final report of the Monitoring Mechanism on Sanctions against UNITA S/2001/363
  16. ^ a b c Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout Part 2: Secretive about His Past. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010
  17. ^ a b c d e f "The deadly convenience of Victor Bout". ETH Zurich. 2008-06-24.
  18. ^ Foreign Policy: The Merchant of Death
  19. ^ a b c Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun: "The Merchant of Death"
  20. ^ a b c d Who is Victor Bout? The Christian Science Monitor's Global News Blog, Elizabeth Ryan | 10.22.09
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout Part 1. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010
  22. ^ Viktor Bout arrested The Economist, March 13, 2008
  23. ^ Stop Ruthless Arms Brokers that Fuel Deadly Conflicts Amnesty International USA
  24. ^ Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible (2007), pp. 53-56
  25. ^ Viktor Bout – elusive entrepreneur. Financial Times. 6 March 2008
  26. ^ Profile of Bout from The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 17, 2003
  27. ^ a b c d Copy of the text of S/2000/1225 Final report of the Monitoring Mechanism on Angola Sanctions, UN Security Council, 21 Dec 2000
  28. ^ Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout Part 3: The Respected 'Mister Vik'. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010
  29. ^ a b c For A Few Dollars More Global Witness, April 2003
  30. ^ UN Security Council Resolution 864, 1993
  31. ^ "Viktor Bout: five passports, half a dozen languages and alleged friend to all sides"
  32. ^ a b Transcript of American Morning with Paula Zahn Aired March 4, 2002 - 04:13 ET
  33. ^ Pg60-65Farah, Douglas; Braun, Stephen (2007). Merchant of death: money, guns, planes, and the man who makes war possible (2007 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-04866-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) - Total pages: 308
  34. ^ LTTE : The Jihadi Connection. Jeremie Lanche. IPCS.
  35. ^ Tamil Tiger Links with Islamist Terrorist Groups. Shanaka Jayasekara. 02/03/2008
  36. ^ "Arms and the Man". New York Times. 2003-08-07.
  37. ^ Prothero, Mitchell (2008-03-09). "Revealed: trap that lured the merchant of death". London: The Guardian.
  38. ^ Part II: The deadly convenience of Victor Bout Zurich. 2008-06-24.
  39. ^ a b Trapping the Lord of War, The Rise and Fall of Viktor Bout Part 4: Hired to Supply US Forces in Iraq. spiegel.de, 10/06/2010
  40. ^ a b c "Taking Down Arms Dealer Viktor Bout".
  41. ^ André Verlöy. "The Merchant of Death".
  42. ^ a b c [1] ETH Zurich. 2008-06-24.
  43. ^ a b c "Meet Viktor Bout, the Real-Life 'Lord of War'" MotherJones, 13 September 2007
  44. ^ a b Douglas Farah on The Daily Show
  45. ^ 'Lord of war' arms trafficker arrested, The Guardian, 7 March 2008.
  46. ^ BBC Profile, Viktor Bout
  47. ^ Matthews, Owen (2 September 2010). "What Is the Kremlin Hiding?". Newsweek. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  48. ^ "Nothing To Worry A Bout?". Forbes. 2008-08-15. According to a report by Stratfor, an American analytic outfit, Bout served with Igor Sechin in Mozambique in the 1980s.
  49. ^ Arms suspect faces charges in US BBC, Friday, 7 March 2008, 13:36 GMT
  50. ^ A Legal Document in Dutch Victor Bout's Personal Website
  51. ^ United States Executive Order 13348 Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia, July 27, 2004
  52. ^ a b Russian 'arms dealer' trial opens BBC, Monday, 22 September 2008, 09:20 GMT
  53. ^ A letter to Secretary of State Mrs. Clinton regarding Bout extradition Victor Bout's Personal Website
  54. ^ "Thailand rejects Bout extradition". BBC News. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  55. ^ Hookway, James (August 21, 2010). "Thailand Says It Will Extradite Russia's 'Merchant of Death'". Wall Street Journal.
  56. ^ Pomfret, John (August 20, 2010). "Suspected Russian arms dealer Bout to be extradited to U.S., Thai court rules". Washington Post.
  57. ^ "Russia and US go to war over 'Merchant of Death': Fury in Moscow after Washington wins battle to put suspected arms dealer Viktor Bout on trial". Independent. August 21, 2010.
  58. ^ "Extradition of 'arms dealer' Viktor Bout goes ahead". November 16, 2010.
  59. ^ "Thailand extradites accused international arms dealer". November 16, 2010.
  60. ^ "PM defends Bout court decision - Russia summons Thai ambassador"
  61. ^ "Russia condemns Thai decision on Bouts extradition"
  62. ^ Dyomkin, Denis (November 18, 2010). "Russia says 'nothing to hide' in arms suspect case". Reuters. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  63. ^ "Россия окончательно "сдала" Виктора Бута американцам: хочет полного следствия по всем обвинениям" (in Russian). NEWSru. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-11-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ International Arms Dealer Charged in U.S. with Conspiracy to Provide Surface-to-Air Missiles and other Weapons to a Foreign Terrorist Organization United States Department of Justice
  65. ^ US files new charges against arms dealer Viktor Bout cnn.com, 02/17/2010
  66. ^ Thailand holds 'top arms dealer' BBC, Thursday, 6 March 2008, 14:40 GMT
  67. ^ "Arms Suspect Vows to Win Case in U.S. After Extradition Order" nytimes.com, 08/21/2010
  68. ^ "Guns Are Evil. Everybody Should Have One" nytime.com, 09/16/2005
  69. ^ Merchant of Death - book's official website ISBN 978-0-470-04866-5

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