Fukushima 50: Difference between revisions
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After TEPCO management proposed withdrawing all its employees from the plant on 14 March<ref>http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110318p2a00m0na009000c.html TEPCO wanted to withdraw all nuclear plant workers 3 days after quake</ref>, additional manpower was deployed from around Japan.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> Some workers traveled on clear roads by convoy from Tokyo.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> When they arrived, hundreds of firemen, SDA forces and employees of TEPCO, convened 20km from the plant and debated how to best stabilize the plant.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> On the night of the 15th of March, these workers joined the original Fukushima 50. In the following days, extra workers continued to be added, and the Fukushima 50 remained the name used by media to refer to the group of workers at Fukushima. |
After TEPCO management proposed withdrawing all its employees from the plant on 14 March<ref>http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110318p2a00m0na009000c.html TEPCO wanted to withdraw all nuclear plant workers 3 days after quake</ref>, additional manpower was deployed from around Japan.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> Some workers traveled on clear roads by convoy from Tokyo.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> When they arrived, hundreds of firemen, SDA forces and employees of TEPCO, convened 20km from the plant and debated how to best stabilize the plant.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis</ref> On the night of the 15th of March, these workers joined the original Fukushima 50. In the following days, extra workers continued to be added, and the Fukushima 50 remained the name used by media to refer to the group of workers at Fukushima. |
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The number of the workers involved rose to 580 on the morning of 18 March<ref name=Asahi /> as staff from the [[Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant]] and workers installing the new power line joined in. More than 1,000 workers, firefighters and soldiers toiling at the site on 23 March.<ref name=thesun110325>{{cite news|title=Tokyo tap water 'radioactive'|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3485227/1000-workers-take-major-step-towards-ending-Japans-nuclear-crisis-by-fixing-power-lines.html|accessdate=25 March 2011|newspaper=The Sun|date=24 March 2011|location=UK}}</ref> <ref name=Australian>{{cite news|last=Alford|first=Peter|title=Nameless samurai are `heroes of our modern world'|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nameless-samurai-are-heroes-of-our-modern-world/story-fn84naht-1226027025461|accessdate=25 March 2011|newspaper=The Australian|date=24 March 2011|location=AUS}}</ref> The Fukushima 50 were drawn from [[Toshiba]], [[Hitachi]], [[Kajima]], firefighters from [[Tokyo Fire Department|Tokyo]], [[:ja:大阪市消防局|Osaka ]]<ref name=SankeiOsaka> |
The number of the workers involved rose to 580 on the morning of 18 March<ref name=Asahi /> as staff from the [[Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant]] and workers installing the new power line joined in. More than 1,000 workers, firefighters and soldiers were toiling at the site on 23 March.<ref name=thesun110325>{{cite news|title=Tokyo tap water 'radioactive'|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3485227/1000-workers-take-major-step-towards-ending-Japans-nuclear-crisis-by-fixing-power-lines.html|accessdate=25 March 2011|newspaper=The Sun|date=24 March 2011|location=UK}}</ref> <ref name=Australian>{{cite news|last=Alford|first=Peter|title=Nameless samurai are `heroes of our modern world'|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nameless-samurai-are-heroes-of-our-modern-world/story-fn84naht-1226027025461|accessdate=25 March 2011|newspaper=The Australian|date=24 March 2011|location=AUS}}</ref> The Fukushima 50 were drawn from [[Toshiba]], [[Hitachi]], [[Kajima]], firefighters from [[Tokyo Fire Department|Tokyo]], [[:ja:大阪市消防局|Osaka ]]<ref name=SankeiOsaka> |
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{{Cite news |
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|title=「特攻隊…」ヨウ素飲ませ覚悟の命令 放水支援の大阪市消防局 |
|title=「特攻隊…」ヨウ素飲ませ覚悟の命令 放水支援の大阪市消防局 |
Revision as of 11:56, 12 April 2011
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fukushima_I_NPP_1975_medium_crop_rotated_labeled.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_NPP_1975_medium_crop_rotated_labeled.jpg)
Fukushima 50 is the name given by the media to a group of employees of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. When a nuclear accident resulted in a serious fire at the plant's unit 4 on 15 March 2011, these 50 employees remained on-site after 750 other workers were evacuated.[1][2]
After TEPCO management proposed withdrawing all its employees from the plant on 14 March[3], additional manpower was deployed from around Japan.[4] Some workers traveled on clear roads by convoy from Tokyo.[5] When they arrived, hundreds of firemen, SDA forces and employees of TEPCO, convened 20km from the plant and debated how to best stabilize the plant.[6] On the night of the 15th of March, these workers joined the original Fukushima 50. In the following days, extra workers continued to be added, and the Fukushima 50 remained the name used by media to refer to the group of workers at Fukushima.
The number of the workers involved rose to 580 on the morning of 18 March[1] as staff from the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant and workers installing the new power line joined in. More than 1,000 workers, firefighters and soldiers were toiling at the site on 23 March.[7] [8] The Fukushima 50 were drawn from Toshiba, Hitachi, Kajima, firefighters from Tokyo, Osaka [9] , Yokohama[10], Kawasaki, Nagoya and Kyoto, TEPCO and its subsidiaries such as Kandenko[11], TEP Industry and TEP Environmental Engineering, and many small-to-mid-size companies that have contract with these big companies. [1][12]
Over 20 workers had been injured by 18 March, including one who was exposed to a large amount of ionizing radiation when the worker tried to vent vapour from a valve of the containment building.[1] 3 more workers were exposed to radiation over 100mSv, and 2 of them were sent to a hospital due to beta radiation burns on 24 March.[13]
The workers and volunteers were assigned the mission of stabilizing the reactors. Their activities included assessing the damage and radiation levels caused by the explosions, cooling stricken reactors with seawater and preventing any risk of fire. These workers remained on-site despite risks of radiation poisoning.[14] Levels of radiation on site are far higher than in the 20 km exclusion zone and media outlets reported that the severity of the situation could have grave implications on their future health, with possibly fatal consequences for the workers.[15] On March 18, according to Prime Minister Naoto Kan the workers were "prepared for death".[16]
A day before the unit 4 fire, a complete withdrawal proposed by TEPCO was rejected by the prime minister,[17][18][19] to continue attempts at bringing the reactors under control during the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.
Conditions
Working environment
The workers are reported to be taking turns eating and sleeping in a two-story earthquake-resistant building at the center of the complex constructed in July last year,[20] with ABC News reporting the refuge area was about "the size of an average living room."[21]
- A daily schedule at Fukushima I nuclear plant[22] according to the article on 28 March.
time | event |
---|---|
6am. | getting up |
7-8am. | meeting at 免震重要棟(menshin-jūyō-tō)(lit. avoiding quakes-important-building ) |
8-10am. | breakfast (biscuits about 30 pieces and one bottle of vegetable juice) |
about 10am. | commencing tasks at the reactor building and boiler building |
about 5pm. | finishing working |
5-8pm. | supper (retort-packed rice and one canned food) |
8-10pm. | meeting at 免震重要棟 |
about10pm. | going to sleep rolled with a blanket on the floor, except people who work at night. |
During some work, in high radiation areas, the workers are limited to 15-minute sessions inside the damaged buildings.[23]
Radiation
The international limit for radiation exposure for nuclear workers is 20 millisievert (20 mSv, or 2 rem) per year, averaged over five years, with a limit of 50 mSv in any one year, however for workers performing emergency services United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance on dose limits is 100 mSv when "protecting valuable property" and 250 mSv when the activity is "life saving or protection of large populations."[24]
Prior to the accident, the maximum permissible dose for Japanese nuclear workers was 100 mSv in any one year, but on 15 March 2011, the Japanese Health and Labor Ministry enforced the permitted 250 mSv limit, in light of the situation at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant.[25][26] However, the workers at Fukushima plant declined the elevated 250mSv limit and kept adopting the previous 100mSv.[27] Tokyo Enesys adopts 80 mSv to manage the radiation level monitoring with some buffer. Kandenko, Kajima and Taisei Corporation adopted 100mSv. Hitachi rewroted internal rule as 200mSv. [28]
According to the Guardian, the Fukushima workers have to be wary of radiation spiking—a sudden and unforeseen rise in radiation.[29] This threat forced to evacuate the workers for a short period of time on the morning of Tuesday 15 March 2011 when radiation detected at Fukushima rose to approximately 1000 mSv/h,[30] the highest level of radiation detected at any point of time during the accident at the plant.
The workers wore hazmat suits and hazmat masks, carrying dosimeters that alerted at 80 millisieverts. Each worker had to stop the operation once the dosimeter alerted.[31] According to TEPCO, seven workers were exposed to radiation over the limit of 100 millisievert by the morning of March 20. All the workers were from TEPCO.[32]
In context, immediate symptoms become apparent if exposed to above 250 mSv per day. Symptoms include nausea and loss of appetite as well as damage to bone marrow, lymph nodes and the spleen. Generally, these symptoms become more severe and noticeable in the 1000 to 3000 mSv bracket with recovery probable, but not assured. New and more serious symptoms appear above 3000 mSv such as peeling of the skin, hemorrhaging and sterility with death if left untreated.[citation needed]
Explosion
The Fukushima 50 were present when an explosion and fire occurred at the Unit 4 reactor.[33] There is confusion as to what extent radiation may have been released as a result of this incident with the Japanese Government appearing to be tight-lipped about the situation for fear of causing panic, while some suggested they are not being wholly transparent.[34]
Exact number of workers
Originally there were approximately 800 workers on 11 March 2011, the day the earthquake and tsunami struck. On 15 March, workers deemed non-essential were withdrawn by the Tokyo Electric Power Company totalling around 750 workers due to increased risk and consequently leaving around 50. It was on this day, the media started to call the remaining workers the "Fukushima 50".
However, on the morning of the 16 March the remaining workers had to be evacuated for a brief period of time due to a radiation spike which was detected which could be harmful to the workers health. It was reported that when they returned to the plant, a further 130 or so workers joined their colleagues to total of around 180 to stabilise the reactors.[35] The number of workers rose to 580 on the morning of the 18 March.[1]
By 21 March, 2011, Toshiba had sent a 100-strong team to two Fukushima plants as part of a task-force 700 Toshiba workers organized at Toshiba's Isogo Engineering Centre to defuse the nuclear crisis, and Hitachi had dispatched 120 to Fukushima I and formed a 1000-strong task force.[36][37]
Nuclear researcher Dr. Eric Hall opined that they were likely to be older workers, and unlikely to have further children, so the long-term effects of exposure to high-levels of ionizing radiation would be less likely to appear before a natural death.[38][39] However, news source from many aspects indicated there were a lot of young workers on site, such as injured workers in their twenties and thirties[11] and Osaka firefighters going into a unit around the age of their older boss's son.[9]
Organization | Workers on site | Date of the # | Tasks | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toshiba | 100 | Recovering Electricity, Installing pumps for sea water | [40] | "Chosen team with full of skills and sense of responsibilities"(Toshiba PR staff), forming supporting team of 700 nuclear technicians at Isogo Engineering Centre and 150 supporting team at the main office.[36] [37] | |
Hitachi | 120 | 24 March | [40] | Electric technicians | |
IHI | 30 | 24 March | supporting spraying at Unit 2 | [40] | |
Kajima and its subsidiaries | 130 to 150 | 8 April | [12] [41] | ||
Taisei Corporation | 130 to 150 | 8 April | [41] | ||
Tokyo FD | 139 | 19 March | spraying water[42] | [43] | On 19 MAR 2011, 139 responders were working, including 119 of the Tokyo "Hyper Rescues" Squad |
Osaka FD | 53* | 19-22 March | spraying water, decontamination for firefighters | [44] | supporting Tokyo FD |
Yokohama FD | 67* | 22-24 March | spraying water | [10] | succeeded Osaka FD |
Kawasaki FD | 36* | 24-26 March | spraying water | [45] | succeeded Yokohama FD, spraying at #3 |
Nagoya FD | 34* | 26-28 March | spraying water | [46] | succeeded Kawasaki FD, a firefighter aged 39:"My wife cried when she heard I would be dispatched. I could reject the dispatch, but I thought it wasn't right that a younger would be dispatched instead of me, so I decided to go. I will be back to fulfill the duty without accident." |
Kyoto FD | 40* | 29-30 March | spraying water | [47] | chosen members who have knowledge of nuclear or biochemical disaster |
Kobe FD | 53 | 31 March to 1 April | spraying water | [48] | members who know how to deal with radiation or biochemical weapons |
Self Defence Forces | spraying water, filming from helicopters | [49] | using two helicopters to pour water while equipments were way poor at very beginning. Continuing to spray and cooperating with U.S. Navy to send Fresh water. | ||
U.S. Navy | preparing 2 ships with 1,100 tons of water each | [50] | as U.S. government strongly recommended Japanese government for using fresh water because of accidents salted water would cause, its navy prepared backup water. | ||
U.S. Marine | 140 | Chemical Biological Incident Response Force | |||
TEPCO | 330 | 23 March | [51] | ||
Kandenko and subsidiaries | 200 | 24 March | [11] | Subsidiary of TEPCO | |
TEP Industry | never mentioned | Subsidiary of TEPCO | |||
TEP Environment Engineering | never mentioned | Subsidiary of TEPCO | |||
Tokyo Enesys | never mentioned | Subsidiary of TEPCO | |||
"Cooporative Companies" of TEPCO | 224 | 23 March | [51] | Some companies, typically big companies, use the word cooperative companies, which they have contract with. Cooperative companies are third-party and mostly mid-to-small companies as Tokai Paintings[51] which have dispatched 6 volunteers out of 80 employees (May, 2009), while TEPCO employs 52,628(end of 2009) including their subsidiaries. |
*: task finished
Injury
Over 20 workers had been injured by 18 March.[1] 3 workers were exposed and 2 were rushed to hospital having up to 180mSv, which is less than the maximum 250mSv that the government is allowing for workers at the plant. [13] Both workers, one in his twenties and one in his thirties, were from Kandenko and were regular worker of Fukushima II nuclear power plant.[11] Another worker was from a contract company of Kandenko.[52]
Reaction of media and public
Media outlets lauded the remaining workers bravery as "heroes", and as a result they have become known in the media as the "Fukushima 50". France 24 called them "Japan's faceless heroes",[53] British newspaper, The Guardian wrote: "Other nuclear power employees, as well as the wider population, can only look on in admiration".[54] They have been compared to the 47 Ronin.[55] In Hong Kong, a group of netizens at HKGolden Forum dedicated Cantonese and Japanese lyrics based on a Cantopop song, entitled "福島烈士─向福島50人致敬" (Deadly Heroes of Fukushima - Tribute to the Fukushima Fifty), to the workers.[56][57][58]
According to Robert Hetkämper, a correspondent for the German television network ARD, the label "Fukushima 50" has been invented by a foreign newspaper, and then has been imported by the Japanese media. The "Fukushima 50" would include engineers as well as unskilled workers, and there would be grounds to suspect that many workers would not be really aware of the dangers of their assignment.[59]
See also
- Fukushima I nuclear accidents
- Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents#Tuesday, 15 March
- Liquidator (Chernobyl) - name given to workers who were employed to contain the damage resulting from the Chernobyl disaster
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
References
- ^ a b c d e f
"「英雄フクシマ50」欧米メディア、原発の作業員ら称賛". Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 18 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
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suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8408863/Japan-tsunami-Fukushima-Fifty-the-first-interview.html Japan tsunami: Fukushima Fifty, the first interview
- ^ http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110318p2a00m0na009000c.html TEPCO wanted to withdraw all nuclear plant workers 3 days after quake
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31workers.html?src=mv Workers Give Glimpse of Japan’s Nuclear Crisis
- ^ "Tokyo tap water 'radioactive'". The Sun. UK. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ Alford, Peter (24 March 2011). "Nameless samurai are `heroes of our modern world'". The Australian. AUS. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ a b
"「特攻隊…」ヨウ素飲ませ覚悟の命令 放水支援の大阪市消防局". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b
"67人10台を派遣 福島第1原発に横浜市消防局". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 21 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "福島第1原発:作業員被ばく 搬送の2人は関電工社員". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b
"福島第1原発:英雄でも何でもない…交代で懸命の復旧作業". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 21 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Japan nuclear workers exposed to radioactive elements". Belfasttelegraph. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ Branigan, Tania; McCurry, Justin (15 March 2011). "Fukushima 50 battle radiation risks as Japan nuclear crisis deepens". The Guardian. UK.
- ^ "BBC News - Japan hails the heroic 'Fukushima 50'". BBC News. 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ More volunteers 'prepared for death' at Fukushima
- ^ "TEPCO wanted to withdraw all nuclear plant workers 3 days after quake". Mainichi Daily News. Japan. 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Kan berates TEPCO for tardy response". The Daily Yomiuri. Japan. 16 March 2011.
- ^ "Japanese PM slams nuke plant operator's handling of growing crisis, SDF switch to relief from rescue". Xinhua News Agency. China. 15 March 2011.
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8408863/Japan-tsunami-Fukushima-Fifty-the-first-interview.html Japan tsunami: Fukushima Fifty, the first interview
- ^ "Outpouring of Tears and Prayers for Japan's Heroes: The Fukushima 50". ABC News. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ "福島第1原発:作業員、厳しい環境 食事2回、夜は雑魚寝". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/31/japans-nuclear-rescuers-inevitable-die-weeks/ Japan's Nuclear Rescuers: 'Inevitable Some of Them May Die Within Weeks'
- ^ Table 2-2 United States Environmental Protection Agency
- ^ "Last Defense at Troubled Reactors: 50 Japanese Workers", The New York Times, NY, USA, 16 March 2011
{{citation}}
:|section=
ignored (help) - ^ Gov't ups permissible radiation level, JP: NHK
- ^ "TEPCO tries to enclose high radiation in sea in nuke crisis". Mainichi Shimbun. JP. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
- ^ "政府被ばく基準増 原発作業員が拒否". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). JP. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ McCurry, Justin (16 March 2011). "Radiation spike forces evacuations at Fukushima nuclear power station". Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Radiation spike hinders work at Japan nuke plant". CBS News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^
"復旧へ命がけ…「フクシマ50」に援軍". Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). JP. 20 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^
"上限100ミリシーベルト超被曝の東電作業員1人増え、計7人に". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 20 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Fukushima 50 Stay Behind to Prevent Nuclear Meltdown". Fox News. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ "Lack of information frustrates Japanese public". CBS News. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ Winerman, Lea. "The 'Fukushima 50': Nuclear Workers Stay Behind to Brave Plant's Woes". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Toshiba, Hitachi send engineers to stricken nuclear plant". Reuters. 22 March 2011.
- ^ a b "【計画停電】東芝が対策チーム…福島原発にも派遣". Response. (Car Tech Magazine) (in Japanese). JP. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ KATRANDJIAN, Olivia; Cho, Joohee; Chang, Juju (16 March 2011). "Japan's Fukushima 50: Heroes Who Volunteered to Stay Behind at Japan's Crippled Nuclear Plants". ABC News. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ KATRANDJIAN, OLIVIA (16 March 2011). "Japan's Fukushima 50: Heroes Who Volunteered to Stay Behind at Japan's Crippled Nuclear Plants". ABC News. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ a b c "東日本大震災:福島第1原発事故 業界挙げ収束躍起 原子炉メーカー、作業員続々派遣". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "千人以上が福島第1原発で稼働 メーカーやゼネコン派遣". Kyodo News (in Japanese). JP. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8408863/Japan-tsunami-Fukushima-Fifty-the-first-interview.html Japan tsunami: Fukushima Fifty, the first interview
- ^ "日本の「切り札」東京消防庁ハイパーレスキュー部隊出動". Sports Hochi (in Japanese). JP. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "毎分3トン、1キロ先も送水…大阪市消防隊出動". Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "川崎市消防も福島へ/横浜から引き継ぎ". Asahi Shimbun Osaka (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
隊員は35~59歳の36人(36 members aged 35 to 59)
- ^ "東日本大震災:福島第1原発事故 名古屋市消防局、放水活動に隊員ら派遣 /愛知". Mainichi Shimbun Aichi local edition (in Japanese). JP. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "京都市消防局の援助隊出発 「原発で冷静に任務」". Kyoto Shimbun (in Japan). JP. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "神戸市消防局 福島原発冷却活動に出発". Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "作業員被ばく、1万倍の高濃度放射能どこから?". Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
東京消防庁や自衛隊などが、24日までに約4050トンの海水を放水(Tokyo FD and SDF has sprayed about 4050 tons of sea water by 24th)
- ^ a b c Dvorak, Phred (24 March 2011). "Behind Reactor Battle, a Legion of Grunts". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ "被曝の関電工社員は20代と30代「こんな量を…」戸惑う担当者" (in Japanese). JP. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Japan's faceless heroes". France24. 16 March 2011.
- ^ "'Fukushima heroes' battle to tame nuclear plant as Japan watches". The Guardian. UK. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ "Japan aktuell: Die 50 von Fukushima – die modernen 47 Ronin?". Spreadnews.de. DE. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ "港網民改歌向死士致敬 (HK Netizens Recomposes a Song in Tribute to Deadly Heroes)". hk.apple.nextmedia.com/. HK. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ "向福島50人致敬! 港「高登音樂台」自唱自製MV (Tribute to Fukushima 50! HKGolden Sings their Self-made MV)". nownews.com. TW. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ "[高登音樂台] 福島烈士 (向福島50人致意)([HKGolden] Fukushima heroes (Tribute to Fukushima 50))". 23 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "Die "Fukushima 50" sind eine Legende" (in German). GER: ARD. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
{{cite news}}
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External links
- Fukushima heroes: Not afraid to die - from CBS News
- Japan hails the heroic 'Fukushima 50' - from BBC News
- Fukushima 50 A facebook page to pay tribute to their heroic acts
- Hymn to The Fukushima 50 - Tribute A powerful and though-provoking video paying tribute to the Fukushima Heroes