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{{No footnotes|date=June 2009}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox instrument
{{Infobox instrument
| name =
|name =
| names =
|names =
| image = Santur babylon.jpg
|image = Santur babylon.jpg
| image_capt = The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon (1600-911 BCE) and neo-Assyria (911-612 BCE).

|image_capt = The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon and neo-Assyria
| background = string
|background = string
| classification = Struck
|classification = Struck
| hornbostel_sachs =
|hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
|hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors =
|inventors =
| developed =
|developed =
| range =
|range =
| related = [[Qanun]]
|related = [[Qanun]]
| musicians =
|musicians =
| builders =
|builders =
| articles =
|articles =
}}
}}
⚫
[[Image:Iraqi Santur Player.jpg|thumb|The Iraqi Santur]]

⚫
The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'' ) ({{lang-fa|'''سنتور'''}}) ({{lang-ar|'''سنطور'''}}) is a [[hammered dulcimer]], of Babylonian origin<ref>http://santoori.com/santoor_tuning_chart.html</ref>. It has strong resemblances to the Indian ''[[santoor]]''. It is a [[trapezoid]]-shaped box often made of [[walnut]] or different exotic woods. The original classical santur has 72 strings. The can be roughly described as ''one hundred strings'' in Persian. The oval-shaped mallets (Mezrabs) are feather-weight and are held between the index and middle fingers. A typical santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three [[octave]]s. The right-hand strings are made of a combined mixture of copper and brass, while the left-hand strings are made of stainless steel. Two rows of 9 articles called "Kharak" (18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Each lead four unitone strings to the right and left side of the instrument. Each note repeats three times in three positions [making (9*3) 27 tones all together and doubles in frequency going to the left. As four notes are repeated in tonation there are 23 tones in Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales which utilize 1/4 tones (semi-tones). However, the Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic since it uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides and supports all of the Iraqi scales without the need for manual retuning.
⚫
[[File:Iraqi Santur Player.jpg|thumb|The Iraqi Santur]]

⚫
[[File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Woman playing the santur in a painting from the ''Hasht-Behesht Palace'' in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] Iran, 1669]]


⚫
The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'' ) ({{lang-fa|'''سنتور'''}}) ({{lang-ar|'''سنطور'''}}) is a [[hammered dulcimer]], of Babylonian origin<ref>http://santoori.com/santoor_tuning_chart.html</ref>. It has strong resemblances to the Indian ''[[santoor]]''. It is a [[trapezoid]]-shaped box often made of [[walnut]] or different exotic woods. The original classical santur has 72 strings. The can be roughly described as ''one hundred strings'' in Persian. The oval-shaped mallets (Mezrabs) are feather-weight and are held between the index and middle fingers. A typical santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three [[octave]]s. The right-hand strings are made of a combined mixture of copper and brass, while the left-hand strings are made of stainless steel. Two rows of 9 articles called "Kharak" (18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Each lead four unitone strings to the right and left side of the instrument. Each note repeats three times in three positions [making (9*3) 27 tones all together and doubles in frequency going to the left. As four notes are repeated in tonation there are 23 tones in Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales which utilize 1/4 tones (semi-tones). However, the Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic since it uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides and supports all of the Iraqi scales without the need for manual retuning.

⚫
[[File:Santur babylon2.jpg|thumb|Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief]]


==Derivations==
==Derivations==
⚫
[[Image:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Woman playing the santur in a painting from the ''Hasht-Behesht Palace'' in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] Iran, 1669]]
Many instruments around the world at least in part, derive from the santur. Similar forms of the santur have been present in neighboring cultures like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq for centuries. The Indian [[santoor]] is thicker, more rectangular, and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently. The Chinese [[yangqin]] originated from the Persian santur. The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been chromatic and allows for full Maqam modulations. The [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma people]] introduced a derivative of the santur called the [[cymbalum]] to Eastern Europe. The [[Greeks|Greek]] [[santouri]] is also derived from the santur, and in Nikos Kazantzakis' classic novel ''[[Zorba the Greek]]'' Zorba plays the santouri.
Many instruments around the world at least in part, derive from the santur. Similar forms of the santur have been present in neighboring cultures like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq for centuries. The Indian [[santoor]] is thicker, more rectangular, and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently. The Chinese [[yangqin]] originated from the Persian santur. The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been chromatic and allows for full Maqam modulations. The [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma people]] introduced a derivative of the santur called the [[cymbalum]] to Eastern Europe. The [[Greeks|Greek]] [[santouri]] is also derived from the santur, and in Nikos Kazantzakis' classic novel ''[[Zorba the Greek]]'' Zorba plays the santouri.


===History===
===History===
⚫
[[Image:Santur babylon2.jpg|thumb|Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief]]
⚫
The santur was invented in ancient Babylonian (1600&ndash;911 BCE) and neo-Assyrian (911&ndash;612 BCE) eras. This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the middle east and each country customized and designed their own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with tree bark, stones and stringed with goat intestines.


⚫
==Notable santur players==
[[Image:Persian santur.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Santur]]
[[Image:Persian santur.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Santur]]
{{Div col}}

⚫
; Greece
⚫
The santur was invented in ancient Babylonian (1600-911 BCE) and neo-Assyrian (911-612 BCE) eras. This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the middle east and each country customized and designed their own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with tree bark, stones and stringed with goat intestines.

⚫
==Notable santur players==

⚫
Greece<br>
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
* [[Aristidis Moschos]]
* [[Aristidis Moschos]]
* [[Areti Ketime]]
* [[Areti Ketime]]


India (see Indian [[santoor]])<br>
; India (see Indian [[santoor]])
* [[Rahul Sharma]]
* [[Rahul Sharma]]
* [[Shivkumar Sharma]]
* [[Shivkumar Sharma]]


Iran<br>
; Iran
* [[Abol Hassan Saba]]
* [[Abol Hassan Saba]]
* [[Manoochehr Sadeghi]]
* [[Manoochehr Sadeghi]]
* [[Jalal Akhbari]]
* [[Jalal Akhbari]]
* [[Faramarz Payvar]]
* [[Faramarz Payvar]]
* [[Parviz Meshkatian]]
* [[Parviz Meshkatian]]
* [[Reza Shafieian]]
* [[Reza Shafieian]]
* [[Ardavan Kamkar]]
* [[Ardavan Kamkar]]
* [[Pashang Kamkar]]
* [[Pashang Kamkar]]
* [[Kourosh Zolani]]
* [[Kourosh Zolani]]
* [[Majid Kiani]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[Majid Kiani]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[Arfa Atrai]]
* [[Arfa Atrai]]
* [[Reza Varzandeh]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[Reza Varzandeh]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[HabibSomai]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[HabibSomai]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}
* [[Syroos Saghari]]
* [[Syroos Saghari]]


Iraq<br>
; Iraq
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
* [[Abdallah Ali (1929-200?)]]
* [[Abdallah Ali]] (1929&ndash;-200?)
* [[Akram Al Iraqi]]
* [[Akram Al Iraqi]]
* [[Amir ElSaffar]]
* [[Amir ElSaffar]]
* [[Azhar Kubba (1970-)]]
* [[Azhar Kubba]] (b.1970)
* [[Bahir Hashim al-Rajab al-Ubaydi (1951-)]]
* [[Bahir Hashim al-Rajab al-Ubaydi]] (b.1951)
* [[Basil al-Jarrah (195?-)]]
* [[Basil al-Jarrah]] (b.195?)
* [[Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi]]
* [[Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi]]
* [[Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848-1933)]]
* [[Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw]] (1848&ndash;1933)
* [[Hashim Al Rajab]]
* [[Hashim Al Rajab]]
* [[Hala Bassam]]
* [[Hala Bassam]]
* [[Hammudi Ali al-Wardi]]
* [[Hammudi Ali al-Wardi]]
* [[Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921-2003)]]
* [[Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi]] (1921&ndash;2003)
* [[Hendrin Hikmat (1974-)]]
* [[Hendrin Hikmat]] (b.1974)
* [[Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804-1894)]]
* [[Heskel Shmuli Ezra]] (1804&ndash;1894)
* [[Mohamed Abbas]]
* [[Mohamed Abbas]]
* [[Mohamed Zaki Darwish]]
* [[Mohamed Zaki Darwish]]
* [[Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)]]
* [[Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)]]
* [[Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (1955-)]]
* [[Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i]] (b.1955)
* [[Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq]]
* [[Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq]]
* [[Qasim Muhammad Abd (1969-)]]
* [[Qasim Muhammad Abd]] (b.1969)
* [[Rahmatallah Safa'i]]
* [[Rahmatallah Safa'i]]
* [[Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi (195?-198?)]]
* [[Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi]] (195?&ndash;198?)
* [[Sabah Hashim (196?)]]
* [[Sabah Hashim]] (b.196?)
* [[Saif Walid al-Ubaydi (197?)]]
* [[Saif Walid al-Ubaydi]] (b.197?)
* [[Salman Enwiya]]
* [[Salman Enwiya]]
* [[Salman Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (1900-1950)]]
* [[Salman Sha'ul Dawud Bassun]] (1900&ndash;1950)
* [[Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)]]
* [[Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)]]
* [[Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837-1915)]]
* [[Shummel Salih Shmuli]] (1837&ndash;1915)
* [http://www.wesamalazzawy.com/indexhomee44_en.htm Wesam al-Azzawy](1960-?)
* [[Wesam al-Azzawy]] (b.1960)<ref>http://www.wesamalazzawy.com/indexhomee44_en.htm</ref>
* [[Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844-1929)]]
* [[Yusuf Badros Aslan]] (1844&ndash;1929)
* [[Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886-1976)]]
* [[Yusuf Hugi Pataw]] (1886&ndash;1976)]]
{{Div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 103: Line 97:
*[[Maqam al-iraqi]]
*[[Maqam al-iraqi]]


==References==

<references>
http://santoori.com/santoor_tuning_chart.html
<references />
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.santur.com Santur - The Art of Persian Music]
*[http://www.santur.com Santur - The Art of Persian Music]
*[http://www.luth.org/downloads/AL92/naini.htm Santur introduction in American Lutherie magazine]
*[http://www.luth.org/downloads/AL92/naini.htm Santur introduction in American Lutherie magazine]
*[http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/post-2.aspx Nay-Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur]
*[http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/post-2.aspx Nay-Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur]
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{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Turkish musical instruments}}
{{Turkish musical instruments}}

{{Zithers}}
{{Zithers}}


Revision as of 17:36, 12 August 2011

This article is about the Musical instrument. For other uses, see Santur Corporation.
See Santoor for the Indian variant of the instrument.
File:Santur babylon.jpg
The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon and neo-Assyria
String instrument
Classification Struck
Related instruments
Qanun
The Iraqi Santur

The santur (also santūr, santour, santoor ) (Persian: سنتور) (Arabic: سنطور) is a hammered dulcimer, of Babylonian origin[1]. It has strong resemblances to the Indian santoor. It is a trapezoid-shaped box often made of walnut or different exotic woods. The original classical santur has 72 strings. The can be roughly described as one hundred strings in Persian. The oval-shaped mallets (Mezrabs) are feather-weight and are held between the index and middle fingers. A typical santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three octaves. The right-hand strings are made of a combined mixture of copper and brass, while the left-hand strings are made of stainless steel. Two rows of 9 articles called "Kharak" (18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Each lead four unitone strings to the right and left side of the instrument. Each note repeats three times in three positions [making (9*3) 27 tones all together and doubles in frequency going to the left. As four notes are repeated in tonation there are 23 tones in Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales which utilize 1/4 tones (semi-tones). However, the Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic since it uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides and supports all of the Iraqi scales without the need for manual retuning.

Derivations

File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg
Woman playing the santur in a painting from the Hasht-Behesht Palace in Isfahan Iran, 1669

Many instruments around the world at least in part, derive from the santur. Similar forms of the santur have been present in neighboring cultures like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq for centuries. The Indian santoor is thicker, more rectangular, and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently. The Chinese yangqin originated from the Persian santur. The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been chromatic and allows for full Maqam modulations. The Roma people introduced a derivative of the santur called the cymbalum to Eastern Europe. The Greek santouri is also derived from the santur, and in Nikos Kazantzakis' classic novel Zorba the Greek Zorba plays the santouri.

History

Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief

The santur was invented in ancient Babylonian (1600–911 BCE) and neo-Assyrian (911–612 BCE) eras. This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the middle east and each country customized and designed their own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with tree bark, stones and stringed with goat intestines.

Notable santur players

File:Persian santur.jpg
Santur
Greece
India (see Indian santoor)
Iran
Iraq

See also

References

  1. ^ http://santoori.com/santoor_tuning_chart.html
  2. ^ http://www.wesamalazzawy.com/indexhomee44_en.htm

External links

Template:Link GA

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