Pavel Tcacenco: Difference between revisions
rdlink |
extensive copyediting (soon I'll add the page numbers for Musat) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox person |
|||
{{copyedit|date=August 2011}} |
|||
| name = Pavel Tcacenco |
|||
{{more footnotes|date=August 2011}} |
|||
| birth-name = Yakov Antip |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| image = Pavel Tcacenco 1952 .png |
|||
| caption = Pavel Tcacenco on a 1952 stamp issued by the [[Romanian People's Republic]] |
|||
| birth_date = 1892/1899/1901 |
|||
| birth_place = [[Frunză, Transnistria|Novosavitskaya]], [[Kherson Governorate]] |
|||
| death_date = {{death date|1926|09|05}} |
|||
| death_place = [[Chişinău]]/[[Soroca]], [[Romania]] |
|||
| known_for = |
|||
| occupation = [[Professional revolutionary]] |
|||
}} |
|||
| ⚫ | '''Pavel Tcacenco''' or '''Tkachenko''' ({{lang-ru|Павел Дмитриевич Ткаченко}}; born '''Yakov Antipov''' or '''Antip''', {{lang-ru|Яков Яковлевич Антипов}}; April 7?, 1892/1899/1901 - September 5, 1926) was a [[Russian Empire|Russian]]-born [[Romania]]n [[communist]] activist, a leading member of the communist movements of [[Bessarabia]] and [[Romanian Communist Party|Romania]] in the 1920s. |
||
==Early life and Russian revolution== |
|||
Yakov Antipov was born on April 7, 1901 in the village of Novosavitskaya (now in the unrecognized [[Trans-Dniester Republic]]). His father, Yakov Antipov, was a Russian railroad worker from [[Smolensk]]. His mother, Smaragda Dimitrievna Antipova, stemmed from a Greek-Serbian family in [[Reni, Ukraine|Reni]] (Southern [[Bessarabia]], now [[Ukraine]]). In 1902 the whole family relocated to [[Bendery]].<ref>According to his own declaration on the occasion of his arrest in 1926, he was born in 1899, while his [[Siguranţa Statului|Siguranţa]] (Romanian secret police) file notes April 7, 1899 as his birth date. A newspaper article published in [[Odessa]] in 1926 gives 1892 as the year of his birth.</ref> After finishing high school in 1917, he left for [[Petrograd]] to enrol in [[Law school]]. Here he joined the Russian [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] movement, adopting the pseudonym ''Tcacenco''. He participated in the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolutions]] of [[February Revolution|February]] and [[October Revolution|October]]. In late 1917 he returned to his native region as a communist militant. |
|||
Yakov Antipov was born in the village of [[Frunză, Transnistria|Novosavitskaya]] (nowadays part of the unrecognized [[Trans-Dniester Republic]]) to Yakov Antipov, a railway worker, and Smaragda Dimitrievna. The date of his birth is unsure. According to his own declaration on the occasion of his arrest in 1926, he was born in 1899, while his [[Siguranţa]] (Romanian secret police) file noted April 7, 1899 as his birth date.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} However, an article published in 1926 in the newspaper ''Izvestia'' of Odessa, mentions 1892 as the year of his birth,{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} while the several late [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sources present April 1901 as the month of his birth.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}}<ref>[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> |
|||
In 1902 the whole family relocated to [[Bendery]]. At the age of 14 he began working as an apprentice in the local railway workshops, around this time becoming a supporter of [[socialism]].{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} After finishing a local high school in 1917, he left for [[Petrograd]] to enrol in [[Law school]].{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}}{{sfn|Stănescu|Catalan|2010|p=14}}{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}}{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}} There he joined the Russian [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] movement,{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}}{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}} adopting the pseudonym ''Tcacenco''.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} He participated in the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolutions]] of [[February Revolution|February]] and [[October Revolution|October]].{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} In August 1917 he joined the [[Red Guards]] and fought against the forces of [[White movement|White general]] [[Lavr Kornilov]]. In late 1917 he returned to Bendery as a communist militant, and helped organise the local supporters of the [[Soviet Russia|Soviet government]].{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}} He quickly became one of the leaders of the revolutionary youth organisation.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} |
|||
| ⚫ | After Bessarabia joined [[Greater Romania]], in October 1919 he was elected secretary of the |
||
==Activism in Romania== |
|||
| ⚫ | In Iaşi, Pavel Tcacenco assisted in the organisation of the still chaotic local workers' movement. In March 1921 he participated at the Iaşi Conference of communist organisation, and was elected in the central committee of the Conference. During the debates, he supported the creation of an unified communist movement, part of the [[Romanian Socialist Party]], and opposed the creation of several provincial parties, as proposed by other delegates. He and most of the delegates to the Conference were arrested by the Romanian authorities on March 26 and during the following days. Tcacenco was included in the group of communist tried in the [[Dealul Spirii Trial]] (January-June 1922), when the Romanian state used the bomb attack on the [[Senate of Romania|Romanian]] Senate by anarchist [[Max Goldstein]] to outlaw the Communist Party. During the trial, Pavel Tcacenco acknowledged he had participated in distributing communist newspapers and manifestos, but denied any connection with the bomb attack. Most of the defendants were ultimately amnestied under public pressure, however Tcacenco received a jail sentence. |
||
| ⚫ | After Bessarabia joined [[Greater Romania]], a large part of the communist organisation in [[Chişinău]], the Bessarabian capital, was arrested by the new authorities and put under trial in the ''Trial of the 108''. Tcacenco received the task to restore the organisation, and in October 1919 he was elected secretary of the Chişinău communist committee. Latter he would be elected secretary of the regional organisation of the party in Bessarabia.{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}} Tcacenco was one of the founders of an illegal typography in Chişinău, and was the editor of ''Bolşevicul basarabean'' ("The Bessarabian Bolshevik", in Moldavian), and ''Bessarabskiy kommunist'' ("The Bessarabian Communist", in Russian). He also contributed to the restoration of the communist youth organisation in the main city of Bessarabia, and tightened contacts with the local communist-influenced trade unions.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} At the same time, Tcacenco established contacts with [[Alecu Constantinescu]], a leading member of [[Bucharest]]'s nascent communist movement. The contacts between the two organisations were however soon interrupted as Tcacenco was arrested in Chişinău on August 6/7, 1920, along with several communist activists. Tcacenco succeeded in escaping custody on August 17, 1920, leaving for [[Iaşi]]. On February 19, 1921, the Chişinău court-martial convicted him [[in absentia]] to death.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}}{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} |
||
| ⚫ | In Iaşi, Pavel Tcacenco assisted in the organisation of the still chaotic local workers' movement. In March 1921 he participated at the Iaşi Conference of communist organisation, and was elected in the central committee of the Conference.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} During the debates, he supported the creation of an unified communist movement, part of the [[Romanian Socialist Party]], and opposed the creation of several provincial parties, as proposed by other delegates. He and most of the delegates to the Conference were arrested by the Romanian authorities on March 26 and during the following days. Tcacenco was included in the group of communist tried in the [[Dealul Spirii Trial]] (January-June 1922), when the Romanian state used the bomb attack on the [[Senate of Romania|Romanian]] Senate by anarchist [[Max Goldstein]] to outlaw the Communist Party. During the trial, Pavel Tcacenco acknowledged he had participated in distributing communist newspapers and manifestos, but denied any connection with the bomb attack. Most of the defendants were ultimately amnestied under public pressure, however Tcacenco received a 2 year jail sentence.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}}{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} |
||
| ⚫ | The Supreme Council of Re-examination annulled the sentence on September 22, and disposed a [[Trial de novo|retrial]] to take place at the War Council of the 5th Army Corps, in [[Constanţa]]. As the legal proceedings were delayed, Tcacenco escaped custody again on April 2, 1923, and left for Bucharest. He joined the local communist movement, however he was quickly re-apprehended by the authorities. Back in Constanţa, the court decided his 1921 activities had a political character, thus falling under the royal [[amnesty]] of 1922. Nevertheless he was not set free, as he was sent to Chişinău for a retrial of the February 1921 decision. In August 1923 the sentence was quashed, but Tcacenco was ordered to leave the country in 30 days. He subsequently fled Romania, settling temporarily in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]]. |
||
| ⚫ | The Supreme Council of Re-examination annulled the sentence on September 22, and disposed a [[Trial de novo|retrial]] to take place at the War Council of the 5th Army Corps, in [[Constanţa]]. As the legal proceedings were delayed, Tcacenco escaped custody again on April 2, 1923, and left for Bucharest. He joined the local communist movement, however he was quickly re-apprehended by the authorities. Back in Constanţa, the court decided his 1921 activities had a political character, thus falling under the royal [[amnesty]] of 1922.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} Nevertheless he was not set free, as he was sent to Chişinău for a retrial of the February 1921 decision. In August 1923 the sentence was quashed, but Tcacenco was ordered to leave the country in 30 days. He subsequently fled Romania, settling temporarily in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]].{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} |
||
| ⚫ | In exile he worked for the apparatus of the [[Comintern]]. In 1924, at the Third Congress of the Communist Party of Romania, he was elected a member in the Central Committee, and in March and April 1925 he represented the party in the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]]. There he participated in the political, trade union and peasant commissions. Tcacenco returned to Romania for a short time in July 1925, reintegrating in the local communist movement, however he fled again to Prague as he was notified of an imminent arrest. He succeeded in coming back to Bucharest in 1926, despite a Siguranţa order disposing his arrest at the border. In Romania, he agitated for the ''Bloc of Workers and Peasants'', a legal front organization of the Romanian Communist Party during the 1926 electoral campaign. |
||
==Exile and demise== |
|||
On August 15, 1926, during a meeting with communist leaders [[Boris Stefanov]] and [[Timotei Marin]], the group was surrounded by the police. Tcacenco was shot, but succeeded in escaping, only to be captured later that day. He was sent to [[Tighina]] for trial, but, during the transport, he was helped escape by the local communists in Chişinău. Reaching [[Soroca]], he tried to flee to freedom in the [[Soviet Union]]. He was captured as he was attempting to cross the [[Dniester River]] and, after torture, he was executed without trial. The location of his remains was never revealed. |
|||
| ⚫ | In exile he worked for the apparatus of the [[Comintern]] in [[Viena]]. In 1924, at the Third Congress of the Communist Party of Romania, he was elected a member in the Central Committee, and in March and April 1925 he represented the party in the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]]. There he participated in the political, trade union and peasant commissions.{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}} Tcacenco returned to Romania for a short time in July 1925, reintegrating in the local communist movement, however he fled again to Prague as he was notified of an imminent arrest. He succeeded in coming back to Bucharest in 1926, despite a Siguranţa order disposing his arrest at the border. In Romania, he agitated for the ''[[Bloc of Workers and Peasants]]'', a legal front organization of the Romanian Communist Party during the 1926 electoral campaign.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} |
||
On August 15, 1926, during a meeting with communist leaders [[Boris Stefanov]] and [[Timotei Marin]], the group was surrounded by the police. Tcacenco was shot, but succeeded in escaping, only to be captured later that day.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} He was sent to [[Tighina]] for trial, but never appeared before the court, as he was killed by the Romanian secret police.{{sfn|Lazić|Drachkovitch|1986|p=470}}{{sfn|Stănescu|Catalan|2010|p=14}} The exact details of his death are disputed. According to one version, he was killed by the ''Siguranţa'' in Chişinău.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} Another version posits that he escaped his guards in Chişinău with the help of local communists, only to be captured the following days near [[Soroca]], while attempting to cross the [[Dniester River]] in the [[Soviet Union]], and executed.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} According to a third account, he was shot in Vesterniceni, near Chişinău, while attempting to escape.{{sfn|Bendery 1408-2008}} The location of his remains remain unknown.{{sfn|Muşat|1970}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== |
==Legacy== |
||
| ⚫ | After [[World War II]], as the Romanian Communist Party gained the power in Romania, Tcacenco was honoured by the official propaganda along other young communist killed by the Romanian authorities. After 1970, they were all gradually removed from official discourse, as the [[personality cult]] of president [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] singularised the Romanian leader as a hero of the communist youth.{{sfn|Stănescu|Catalan|2010|p=14}} |
||
Tcacenco was also celebrated in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]], and his name was adopted for several enterprises, cultural institutions, and streets bore his name in Chişinău, Bender, and [[Tiraspol]]. A monument and a museum dedicated to Tcacenco are found in Bender, while a bust was placed in Tiraspol.{{sfn|Bobeico|1976|p=409}} |
|||
==Notes== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
| ⚫ | |||
==References== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bobeico|first=Ivan|editor=[[Iosif Varticean|Varticean, Iosif]]|encyclopedia=Енчиклопедия Советикэ Молдовеняскэ|title=ТКАЧЕНКО Павел Дмитриевич|trans_title=TKACHENKO Pavel Dmitrievich|language=[[Moldovan Language|Moldovan]]|year=1976|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of Moldova|Academy of Sciences of the MSSR]] |volume=6|location=Chişinău|oclc= |doi= |pages=|ref=harv|page=409}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bendery -600.ru/Personalii/tkachenko.html |title=Ткаченко Павел Дмитриевич|year=2008-2009 |work=Бендеры 1408-2008 |publisher=Aleksandr Tikhonov|language=[[Russian language|Russian]] |trans_title=Tkachenko Pavel Dmitrievich |ref={{harvid|Bendery 1408-2008}}|accessed=November 5, 2011}} |
|||
* {{cite web |last1=Stănescu|first1=Mircea|last2=Catalan|first2=Gabriel|url=http://www.arhivelenationale.ro/images/custom/image/serban/Fond_CC_al_UTC_Sectia_Cadre_Alfabetic_Litera_A%5B1%5D.pdf|type=pdf |title=Fondul C.C. al U.T.C. Secţia Cadre-Litera A (1945-1989)|year=2008-2009 |publisher=[[National Archives of Romania]]|language=[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|trans_title=CC of the UTC fund, Cadres section - Letter A (1945-1989)|ref=harv|accessed=November 5, 2011|year=2010}} |
|||
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
||
Revision as of 01:08, 5 November 2011
Pavel Tcacenco | |
|---|---|
 Pavel Tcacenco on a 1952 stamp issued by the Romanian People's Republic | |
| Born | 1892/1899/1901 |
| Died | September 5, 1926 |
| Occupation | Professional revolutionary |
Pavel Tcacenco or Tkachenko (Russian: Павел Дмитриевич Ткаченко; born Yakov Antipov or Antip, Russian: Яков Яковлевич Антипов; April 7?, 1892/1899/1901 - September 5, 1926) was a Russian-born Romanian communist activist, a leading member of the communist movements of Bessarabia and Romania in the 1920s.
Early life and Russian revolution
Yakov Antipov was born in the village of Novosavitskaya (nowadays part of the unrecognized Trans-Dniester Republic) to Yakov Antipov, a railway worker, and Smaragda Dimitrievna. The date of his birth is unsure. According to his own declaration on the occasion of his arrest in 1926, he was born in 1899, while his Siguranţa (Romanian secret police) file noted April 7, 1899 as his birth date.[1] However, an article published in 1926 in the newspaper Izvestia of Odessa, mentions 1892 as the year of his birth,[1] while the several late Soviet sources present April 1901 as the month of his birth.[2][3]
In 1902 the whole family relocated to Bendery. At the age of 14 he began working as an apprentice in the local railway workshops, around this time becoming a supporter of socialism.[2] After finishing a local high school in 1917, he left for Petrograd to enrol in Law school.[4][5][2][4] There he joined the Russian revolutionary movement,[2][4] adopting the pseudonym Tcacenco.[1] He participated in the Russian Revolutions of February and October.[1] In August 1917 he joined the Red Guards and fought against the forces of White general Lavr Kornilov. In late 1917 he returned to Bendery as a communist militant, and helped organise the local supporters of the Soviet government.[4] He quickly became one of the leaders of the revolutionary youth organisation.[2]
Activism in Romania
After Bessarabia joined Greater Romania, a large part of the communist organisation in Chişinău, the Bessarabian capital, was arrested by the new authorities and put under trial in the Trial of the 108. Tcacenco received the task to restore the organisation, and in October 1919 he was elected secretary of the Chişinău communist committee. Latter he would be elected secretary of the regional organisation of the party in Bessarabia.[4] Tcacenco was one of the founders of an illegal typography in Chişinău, and was the editor of Bolşevicul basarabean ("The Bessarabian Bolshevik", in Moldavian), and Bessarabskiy kommunist ("The Bessarabian Communist", in Russian). He also contributed to the restoration of the communist youth organisation in the main city of Bessarabia, and tightened contacts with the local communist-influenced trade unions.[2] At the same time, Tcacenco established contacts with Alecu Constantinescu, a leading member of Bucharest's nascent communist movement. The contacts between the two organisations were however soon interrupted as Tcacenco was arrested in Chişinău on August 6/7, 1920, along with several communist activists. Tcacenco succeeded in escaping custody on August 17, 1920, leaving for Iaşi. On February 19, 1921, the Chişinău court-martial convicted him in absentia to death.[1][2]
In Iaşi, Pavel Tcacenco assisted in the organisation of the still chaotic local workers' movement. In March 1921 he participated at the Iaşi Conference of communist organisation, and was elected in the central committee of the Conference.[2] During the debates, he supported the creation of an unified communist movement, part of the Romanian Socialist Party, and opposed the creation of several provincial parties, as proposed by other delegates. He and most of the delegates to the Conference were arrested by the Romanian authorities on March 26 and during the following days. Tcacenco was included in the group of communist tried in the Dealul Spirii Trial (January-June 1922), when the Romanian state used the bomb attack on the Romanian Senate by anarchist Max Goldstein to outlaw the Communist Party. During the trial, Pavel Tcacenco acknowledged he had participated in distributing communist newspapers and manifestos, but denied any connection with the bomb attack. Most of the defendants were ultimately amnestied under public pressure, however Tcacenco received a 2 year jail sentence.[1][2]
The Supreme Council of Re-examination annulled the sentence on September 22, and disposed a retrial to take place at the War Council of the 5th Army Corps, in Constanţa. As the legal proceedings were delayed, Tcacenco escaped custody again on April 2, 1923, and left for Bucharest. He joined the local communist movement, however he was quickly re-apprehended by the authorities. Back in Constanţa, the court decided his 1921 activities had a political character, thus falling under the royal amnesty of 1922.[2] Nevertheless he was not set free, as he was sent to Chişinău for a retrial of the February 1921 decision. In August 1923 the sentence was quashed, but Tcacenco was ordered to leave the country in 30 days. He subsequently fled Romania, settling temporarily in Prague, Czechoslovakia.[1]
Exile and demise
In exile he worked for the apparatus of the Comintern in Viena. In 1924, at the Third Congress of the Communist Party of Romania, he was elected a member in the Central Committee, and in March and April 1925 he represented the party in the Executive Committee of the Communist International. There he participated in the political, trade union and peasant commissions.[4] Tcacenco returned to Romania for a short time in July 1925, reintegrating in the local communist movement, however he fled again to Prague as he was notified of an imminent arrest. He succeeded in coming back to Bucharest in 1926, despite a Siguranţa order disposing his arrest at the border. In Romania, he agitated for the Bloc of Workers and Peasants, a legal front organization of the Romanian Communist Party during the 1926 electoral campaign.[1]
On August 15, 1926, during a meeting with communist leaders Boris Stefanov and Timotei Marin, the group was surrounded by the police. Tcacenco was shot, but succeeded in escaping, only to be captured later that day.[1] He was sent to Tighina for trial, but never appeared before the court, as he was killed by the Romanian secret police.[4][5] The exact details of his death are disputed. According to one version, he was killed by the Siguranţa in Chişinău.[2] Another version posits that he escaped his guards in Chişinău with the help of local communists, only to be captured the following days near Soroca, while attempting to cross the Dniester River in the Soviet Union, and executed.[1] According to a third account, he was shot in Vesterniceni, near Chişinău, while attempting to escape.[6] The location of his remains remain unknown.[1]
Legacy
After World War II, as the Romanian Communist Party gained the power in Romania, Tcacenco was honoured by the official propaganda along other young communist killed by the Romanian authorities. After 1970, they were all gradually removed from official discourse, as the personality cult of president Nicolae Ceauşescu singularised the Romanian leader as a hero of the communist youth.[5]
Tcacenco was also celebrated in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, and his name was adopted for several enterprises, cultural institutions, and streets bore his name in Chişinău, Bender, and Tiraspol. A monument and a museum dedicated to Tcacenco are found in Bender, while a bust was placed in Tiraspol.[2]
Notes
References
- Muşat, Ştefan (1970). "Pavel Antip-Tcacenco". Anale de Istorie (in Romanian). XVI (4). Bucharest: Institutul de Studii Istorice și Social-Politice de pe lîngă C.C. al P.C.R: 114–118.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bobeico, Ivan (1976). "ТКАЧЕНКО Павел Дмитриевич". In Varticean, Iosif (ed.). Енчиклопедия Советикэ Молдовеняскэ (in Moldovan). Vol. 6. Chişinău: Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. p. 409.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Lazić, Branko M.; Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (1986). Biographical dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817984014.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - -600.ru/Personalii/tkachenko.html "Ткаченко Павел Дмитриевич". Бендеры 1408-2008 (in Russian). Aleksandr Tikhonov. 2008–2009.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Unknown parameter|accessed=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Stănescu, Mircea; Catalan, Gabriel (2010). "Fondul C.C. al U.T.C. Secţia Cadre-Litera A (1945-1989)" (PDF) (pdf) (in Romanian). National Archives of Romania.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|accessed=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)