Baorangia bicolor: Difference between revisions
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'''''Boletus bicolor''''', also known as the '''two-colored bolete''' or '''red and yellow bolete''' after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible [[fungus]] of the ''[[Boletus]]'' genus that inhabits most of eastern [[North America]], primarily east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruiting body, the [[mushroom]], is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]] species ''[[Boletus sensibilis]]''. There are two variations of this species, variety ''borealis'' and variety ''subreticulatus'', and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous. |
'''''Boletus bicolor''''', also known as the '''two-colored bolete''' or '''red and yellow bolete''' after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible [[fungus]] of the ''[[Boletus]]'' genus that inhabits most of eastern [[North America]], primarily east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruiting body, the [[mushroom]], is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]] species ''[[Boletus sensibilis]]''. There are two variations of this species, variety ''borealis'' and variety ''subreticulatus'', and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous. |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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The name for the two-colored bolete means what one would think, boletus, based from the Latin word bōlētus, means "mushroom"<ref name="boletus">{{Cite web|title=bōlētus|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dboletus|accessdate=December 17, 2011}}</ref>, and bicolor, meaning "having two colors. |
The name for the two-colored bolete means what one would think, boletus, based from the Latin word bōlētus, means "mushroom"<ref name="boletus">{{Cite web|title=bōlētus|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dboletus|accessdate=December 17, 2011}}</ref>, and bicolor, meaning "having two colors."<ref name="bicolor">{{Cite web|title=bicolor|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=bicolor&lang=la|accessdate=December 17, 2011}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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Revision as of 23:47, 17 December 2011
| Baorangia bicolor | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | B. bicolor
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| Binomial name | |
| Boletus bicolor Raddi (1807)
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Boletus bicolor | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is olive |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible |
Boletus bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible fungus of the Boletus genus that inhabits most of eastern North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruiting body, the mushroom, is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the stem over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar poisonous species Boletus sensibilis. There are two variations of this species, variety borealis and variety subreticulatus, and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous.
Taxonomy
The name for the two-colored bolete means what one would think, boletus, based from the Latin word bōlētus, means "mushroom"[1], and bicolor, meaning "having two colors."[2]
Description
The color of the cap of the two-colored bolete varies from light red and almost pink to brick red. The most common coloration is brick red when mature. The cap usually ranges from 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) in width, with bright yellow pores underneath. The two-colored bolete is one of several types of boletes that has the unusual reaction of the pore surface producing a dark blue/indigo when it is injured, although this takes longer than it does with other mushrooms. When the flesh is exposed it also turns a dark blue but less dramatically than the pore surface.[3] When the fruit body is young the pore surface is a bright yellow and with maturity it slowly turns a dingy yellow.
The stem of the two-colored bolete ranges from 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in length and ranges from 1 to 3 centimeters (3/8 to 1 1/8 inches) in width. The stem coloration is yellow at the apex and a red or rosy red for the remaining two thirds. When injured it bruises blue very slowly and may hardly change color at all in some cases. The stem lacks an annulus and has a partial veil.[4]
Microscopic characteristics
The spore deposit of the two colored bolete is olive-brown. Viewed with a microscope, the spores are slightly oblong to ventricose in face view; in profile view, the spores are roughly inequilateral to oblong, and have a shallow suprahilar depression. The spores appear nearly hyaline (translucent) to pale dingy ochraceous when in mounted in potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), have a smooth surface, and measure 8–12 by 3.5–5 μm. The tube trama is divergent and gelatinous, originating from a single central strand, not amyloid, and will often stain yellow-brown when placed in KOH.[5]
Macrochemical tests
Further methods of identification are macrochemical tests. With the application of FeSO4 to the cap cuticle (pileipellis) the pileipellis will turn a dark grey, almost black color and with the application of Potassium hydroxide (KOH) or NH4OH it will turn to a negative coloration. The context stains a bluish grey to an olive green when FeSO4 is applied to it, a pale orange to a pale yellow with the application of KOH, and negative with the application of NH4OH.[4]
Edibility
The two-colored bolete is a semi-edible mushroom. Some may have an allergic reaction after ingestion resulting in stomach upset.[6] The two-colored bolete has a very mild to no taste[7] although it is said to have a very distinctive taste like that of the king bolete. It can be cooked a variety of ways. The varying color of the cap can be used to determinate if the mushroom is ready to be eaten. If the cap is a lighter red, then it is less mature and is in a stage where it is often larva infested or it can be soft fleshed, in some cases both. The cap should have a dark brick red color to be safe to eat.[8] Drying the two-colored bolete is a good way of storing the mushroom. It is important to note the time it takes for the two-colored bolete to bruise when identifying it for consumption. It should take several minutes to bruise compared to the instant bruising of Boletus sensibilis, which is poisonous and has many of the same visual characteristics of the two colored bolete.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The two-colored bolete is distributed from southeastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region, primarily west of the Rocky Mountains, as far south as the Florida peninsula, and out to the Midwest as far as Wisconsin. It is most commonly found in deciduous woodland and usually grows under or close to broad-leaved trees, especially oak.[3] It can be found in isolation and in groups or clusters, primarily during June through October.[4] The two-colored bolete is also found in China and Nepal, where it is one of the most used mushrooms of over 200 species of edible mushrooms used in Nepal.[9] This unusual distribution of the two-colored bolete and other mushrooms is known as the Grayan disjunction; the phenomenon is characterized by a species living in one continent or island and then also on the other side of the world with no specimens of the species living in between the specific habitats. The Grayan disjunction is not uncommon among fungi.[10]
Similar species
The two-colored bolete has several species that are similar to it and the differences are minute in most cases. Boletus sensibilis differs from the two-colored bolete in that it has an immediate bruising reaction and it is poisonous when ingested, causing stomach upset and in some cases a severe allergic reaction.[11][12] B. miniato-olivaceus has a full yellow stem and slightly lighter cap coloration. It also has a more immediate bruising reaction than the two-colored bolete and the stem is slightly longer in proportion to the cap.[13] B. peckii differs from the two-colored bolete by having a smaller average size, a rose red cap that turns almost brown with age, having flesh that is paler in color, and a bitter taste. B. speciosus differs from the two colored bolete by having a fully reticulated stem, more brilliant colors, and very narrow cylindrical spores.[13] Boletus rubellus subsp. rubens and the two-colored bolete have been found to have almost no difference between the two different species and they cannot be separated by appearance alone.[13] Boletus bicoloroide are very similar to the two-colored bolete, the major differences between the two are B. bicoloroide has only been found in Michigan and the spores of the two-colored bolete are smaller. B. bicoloroide is slightly larger than the two-colored bolete, around 1 centimeter (3/8 inches) longer in the stipe and 1 centimeter (3/8 inches) wider in the pileus. B. bicoloroide has not been as thoroughly researched as the two-colored bolete, thus macrochemical tests, edibility, distribution range, and the spore print color are all unknown.[4]
Varieties
There are two varieties of the two colored bolete: borealis and subreticulatus.[5] Both varieties have a very similar habitat to that of variety bicolor except that the varieties appear to be limited to just the North American continent. Both varieties also have a slightly different coloration than that of variety bicolor and both varieties have pores that are deeper than that of variety bicolor. Neither varieties are considered as edible as variety bicolor and are not as commonly used in regional recipes.[5]
Variety borealis
Variety borealis has a slightly darker color scheme than that of variety bicolor. The coloration in general is darker than that of variety bicolor, the cap has a coloration that can vary from a bright apple red to a dark brick red with maturity, almost purple in some instances. The pore surface has a varying coloration of orange red to red and becoming a dull brown red with age. The bruising coloration is a blue green and the spore print is olive brown. The distribution of variety borealis is relatively small, ranging from Michigan to the upper New England states. The similar distribution and coloration to Boletus carminiporus has caused the two to be confused.[5]
Variety subreticulatus
Variety subreticulatus like variety boralis has a generally darker coloration than that of variety bicolor but varies much more than variety bicolor and variety borialis. When fresh the coloration of the cap varies from a rose red, red, rose pink, dark red, and purple red. With age the cap coloration changes to a cinnamon red or a rusty rose coloration with yellowing toward the margin. The pore surface is similar to that of variety bicolor, yellow when fresh and with age changing to a dull ochre yellow. The bruising coloration is blue like that of variety bicolor but is much lighter and sometimes not appearing to stain when bruised at all. The spore print is olive brown.[5] The distribution of variety subreticulatus is very similar to the distribution of variety bicolor in North America, appearing north to eastern Canada and south to Florida, and appearing west to Wisconsin.[5]
See also
References
- ^ "bōlētus". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "bicolor". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ a b (Wernert 1982)
- ^ a b c d (Bessette 2000, p. 97) Cite error: The named reference "Bessette" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f (Bessette 1971, p. 275) Cite error: The named reference "Hanchett" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Phillips, Roger. "Boletus bicolor". RogersMushrooms. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Boletus bicolor". New Jersey Mycological Association. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Report, Mushroom. "Boletus bicolor". Mushroom Report. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ (Christensen 2008)
- ^ (Vasilyeva 2010, p. 284)
- ^ Kuo, Michael (2003). "Boletus bicolor". MushroomExpert.Com Web. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- ^ Lamoureux, Yves (2009). "Fungus Portraits No.2.Two-colored BoleteBoletus bicolor". Le Cercle des mycologues de Montréal (CMM). Le Mycologue. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- ^ a b c (Coker 1974, p. 64) Cite error: The named reference "Coker" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Bibliography
- Wernert, Susan J. (1982). Reader's Digest North American Wildlife. Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 0895771020.
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- Bessette, Arleen; Roody, William; Bessette. North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms (1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815605889.
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- Christensen, Morten; Bhattarai, Sanjeeb; Devkota, Shiva; Larsen, Helle (2008). "Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal". Economic Botany. 62 (1). doi:10.1007/s12231-007-9000-9.
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- Coker, William; Beers, Alma (1972) [1943]. The Boleti of North Carolina (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486203778.
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- Vasilyeva, Larissa; Stephenson, Steven (2010). "Biogeographical patterns in pyrenomycetous fungi and their taxonomy. 1. The Grayan disjunction" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 114: 281–303. doi:10.5248/114.281.
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- Smith, Alexander H.; Theirs, Harry D. (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. ISBN 0472855905.
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External links
- YouTube Video:Foraging, Boletus sensibilis and Boletus bicolor by Bill Yule, Connecticut Valley Mycological Society