Apothecary: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Apothicaire.jpg|thumb|right|300px|French apothecary (15th century).]] |
[[File:the firs was Umama, Apothicaire.jpg|thumb|right|300px|French apothecary (15th century).]] |
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[[Image:Interior of Apothecary's Shop.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Interior of an apothecary's shop. Illustration from ''Illustrated History of Furniture, From the Earliest to the Present Time'' from 1893 by Frederick Litchfield (1850–1930)]] |
[[Image:Interior of Apothecary's Shop.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Interior of an apothecary's shop. Illustration from ''Illustrated History of Furniture, From the Earliest to the Present Time'' from 1893 by Frederick Litchfield (1850–1930)]] |
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Revision as of 17:31, 8 March 2012
Apothecary (/[invalid input: 'icon']əˈpɒθ[invalid input: 'ɨ']kɛəri/) is a historical name for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role now served by a pharmacist (or a chemist or dispensing chemist) and some caregivers.
In addition to pharmacy responsibilities, the apothecary offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. Apothecaries often operated through a retail shop which, in addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines.
In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of an apothecary may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology, prior to the formulation of the scientific method.
History
According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal,[1] Jolyn Carter, and S. Hadzovic,[2] the first apothecary shops were founded during the Middle Ages in Baghdad.[1] The first one was founded by Muslim pharmacists in 754,[2] during the Abbasid Caliphate, or Islamic Golden Age. Apothecaries were also active in Islamic Spain by the 11th century.[3]
By the end of the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer (1342–1400) was mentioning an English apothecary in the Canterbury Tales, specifically "The Nun's Priest's Tale" as Pertelote speaks to Chauntecleer (lines 181–184):
. . . for ye shal nat tarie,
Though in this toun is noon apothecarie,
I shal myself to herbes techen yow,
That shul been for youre hele and for youre prow.
. . . since you shouldn't tarry,
And in this town there's no apothecary,
I will myself go find some herbs for you
That will be good for health and pecker too.[4]
from the 15th century to the 16th century, the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner, but by the end of the 19th century, the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the apothecary was more narrowly conceived as that of pharmacist (dispensing chemist in British English).
One famous mention of an apothecary appears in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which a poor apothecary sells Romeo an elixir of death with which Romeo commits suicide.
In England, the apothecaries merited their own livery company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, founded in 1617. Its roots, however, go back much earlier to the Guild of Pepperers formed in London in 1180.[5] Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain when she passed the Society's examination in 1865.
Apothecaries used their own measurement system, the apothecaries' system, to provide precise weighing of small quantities. Apothecaries also were known to accept special requests for viles and poisons. This meaning of the term "apothecary" has not passed into archaic oblivion, as in William Faulkner's still widely read 1930 story "A Rose for Emily" the main character, Miss Emily Grierson, goes to an "apothecary" and buys arsenic, ostensibly to kill a rat (which turns out later to have been her "Yankee" boyfriend who had apparently become bent on jilting her and casting her aside).[6] Words which are cognate to apothecary have the meaning of "pharmacist" or "dispensing chemist" in certain modern languages. In Swedish, for example, pharmacy is apotek[7] and the pharmacist (dispensing chemist) is called apotekare.[8] Very similar as well is the German equivalent Apotheke (pharmacy) with the Apotheker being the pharmacist.[9]
The Spanish-derived word bodega also has the same root.[10]
Noted apothecaries
- James Parkinson
- Dante Alighieri
- Benedict Arnold
- Silvanus Bevan
- Émile Coué
- Nicholas Culpeper
- John Keats
- Nostradamus
- John Parkinson
- Joseph Proust
- Nicholas Hughes
See also
References
- ^ a b Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, Vol. 3 (6), October 2004, pp. 9–11.
- ^ a b Information taken from the abstract of Hadzović, S (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development". Medicinski arhiv (in Croatian). 51 (1–2): 47–50. ISSN 0350-199X. OCLC 32564530. PMID 9324574.
- ^ The history of cartography, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 28, ISBN 0226316351
{{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ Quoted from Librarius, which also supplies the translation.
- ^ http://www.apothecaries.org/index.php?page=6
- ^ The story, with the word "apothecary" used, is abstracted by Janice L. Willms in New York University's Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database—"A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner.
- ^ See the Swedish Wikipedia "Apotek" article. It also attributes the Iraqi (Baghdad) origin of the concept.
- ^ Related similar Swedish occupations are en farmaceut and en receptarie. Apotekare is the one with closest general equivalence and reciprocity with "dispensing chemist" (in British English) or "pharmacist" (in American English).
- ^ See the German Wikipedia Apotheke article.
- ^ Wiktionary, dictionary.reference.com