Winchester Cathedral

This article is about the English cathedral. For the song, see Winchester Cathedral (song). For the Clinic album, see Winchester Cathedral (album).

Winchester Cathedral
Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, and of St Peter and St Paul and of St Swithun
Winchester Cathedral Location within Hampshire
Location	Winchester, Hampshire
Country	England
Denomination	Church of England
Website	www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk
Architecture
Style	Norman, Gothic
Specifications
Length	170.1m
Administration
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	Winchester (since c.650)

Winchester Cathedral, now a Church of England cathedral, is situated in Winchester, Hampshire, England. The cathedral is one of the largest cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and greatest overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe. Dedicated to the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed cathedral.

Pre-Norman cathedral

A plan published in 1911

Main article: Old Minster, Winchester

The cathedral was originally founded in 642 on an immediately adjoining site to the north. This building became known as the Old Minster. It became part of a monastic settlement in 971. Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, before being moved to the new Norman cathedral. So-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are also housed in the present cathedral. The Old Minster was demolished in 1093.

History

A 1723 engraving of Winchester Cathedral.

View along the nave of Winchester Cathedral to the west door

Construction of the cathedral began in 1079 under bishop Walkelin and, on April 8, 1093, in the presence of nearly all the bishops and abbots of England, the monks removed from the Saxon cathedral church of the Old Minster to the new one, "with great rejoicing and glory" to mark its completion. The earliest part of the present building is the crypt, which dates from that time. William II of England and his older brother, Richard of Normandy are both buried in the cathedral. The squat, square crossing tower was begun in 1202 to replace an earlier version which collapsed, partly because of the unstable ground on which the cathedral is built. It has an indisputably Norman look to it. Work continued on the cathedral during the 14th century. In 1394 the remodelling of the Norman nave commenced to the designs of master mason William Wynford, this continued into the 15th and 16th centuries, notably with the building of the retroquire to accommodate the many pilgrims to the shrine of Saint Swithun.

Much of the sturdy limestone used to build the structure was brought across from the Isle of Wight from quarries around Binstead. Nearby Quarr Abbey draws its name from these masonry workings, as do many local places such as Stonelands and Stonepitts. The remains of the Roman trackway used to transport the blocks are still evident across the fairways of the Ryde Golf Club, where the stone was hauled from the quarries to the hythe at the mouth of Binstead Creek, and thence by barge across the Solent and up to Winchester.

After King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the Church of England, the Benedictine foundation, the Priory of Saint Swithun, was dissolved (1539) and the cloister and chapter house were demolished, but the cathedral continued.

Restoration work was carried out by T.G. Jackson during the years 1905–1912, including the famous saving of the building from total collapse. Some waterlogged foundations on the south and east walls were reinforced by a diver, William Walker, packing the foundations with more than 25,000 bags of concrete, 115,000 concrete blocks, and 900,000 bricks. Walker worked six hours a day from 1906 to 1912 in total darkness at depths up to 6 metres (20 ft), and is credited with saving the cathedral from total collapse. For his troubles he was awarded the MVO.

Construction (Crucifixion): Homage to Mondrian, outside Winchester Cathedral, by Barbara Hepworth

Explanation of Construction (Crucifixion): Homage to Mondrian

Events

Important events which took place at Winchester Cathedral include:

• Funeral of King Harthacanute (1042)
• Funeral of King William II of England (1100)
• Coronation of Henry the Young King and his queen, Marguerite (1172)
• Second coronation of Richard I of England (1194)
• Marriage of King Henry IV of England and Joanna of Navarre (1403)
• Marriage of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain (1554)
• Funeral and burial of Jane Austen (1817)

Features

Winchester Cathedral as seen from the Cathedral Close

Nowadays the cathedral draws many tourists as a result of its association with Jane Austen, who died in the city and is buried in the cathedral's north aisle of the nave. The original 19th century marker gave reluctant praise for her writing ability. Interestingly her gravestone makes no mention of her as a novelist, for which she is now best known. Much later a more descriptive marker about Austen's talent was placed on a nearby wall.

Another reason for its popularity is that the cathedral was the setting for works of fiction by Anthony Trollope, for example, his novels of 19th century church life known collectively as the Chronicles of Barsetshire. In 2005, the building was used as a film set for The Da Vinci Code, with the north transept used as the Vatican. Following this the cathedral hosted discussions and displays to debunk the book.

In addition Winchester Cathedral is possibly the only cathedral to have had popular songs written about it. "Winchester Cathedral" was a UK top ten hit and a US number one song for The New Vaudeville Band in 1966. The cathedral was also the subject of the Crosby, Stills & Nash song, "Cathedral" from their 1977 album CSN. In addition, Liverpool-based band Clinic released an album entitled Winchester Cathedral in 2004.

In the south transept there is a "Fishermen's Chapel", which is the burial place of Izaak Walton. Walton, who died in 1683, was the author of The Compleat Angler and a friend of John Donne. In the choir is the bell from HMS Iron Duke which was the flagship of Admiral John Jellicoe at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.

The Epiphany Chapel has a series of Pre-Raphaelite stained glass windows designed by Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones and made in William Morris's workshop. The foliage decoration above and below each pictorial panel is unmistakably William Morris and at least one of the figures bears a striking resemblance to Morris's wife Jane, who frequently posed for Dante Gabriel Rossetti and other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Sound II, statue by Antony Gormley in the crypt

William Walker's bust in the crypt

The crypt, which frequently floods, features a statue by Antony Gormley, called "Sound II", installed in 1986, and there is a modern shrine to Saint Swithun. In addition there is a bust of William Walker, the deep-sea diver who worked underwater in the crypt between 1906 and 1911 underpinning the nave and shoring up the walls.

St Swithun's memorial shrine & with Fedorov's iconostasis

A series of nine icons were installed between 1992 and 1996 in the retroquire screen which for a short time protected the relics of St Swithun destroyed by Henry VIII in 1538. This iconostasis in the Russian Orthodox tradition was created by Sergei Fyodorov (sometimes spelt Fedorov) and dedicated in 1997. The icons include the local religious figures St Swithun and St Birinus. Beneath the retroquire Icons, is the Holy Hole once used by pilgrims to crawl beneath and lie close to the healing shrine of St Swithun. The 'external link' below connects to images of each icon and the retroquire. The cathedral also possesses the only diatonic ring of 14 church bells in the world, with a tenor (heaviest bell) weighing 1.81 tonnes (4,000 lb).

In common with many other cathedrals in the United Kingdom, an admission charge has been required for visitors to enter the cathedral since March 2006. Visitors may also request an annual pass for the same price as a single admission.

The sculptor Alan Durst was responsible for the carving on one of the memorials in the church.

Disposal of the dead

Burials

• Saint Birinus - his relics were eventually translated here
• Walkelin, first Norman Bishop of Winchester (1070–1098)
• Henry of Blois (or Henry of Winchester), Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey (1126–1129) and Bishop of Winchester (1129–1171)
• Richard of Ilchester, Bishop of Winchester (1173–1188) and medieval English statesman
• Godfrey de Luci, Bishop of Winchester (1189–1204)
• Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester (1205–1238) and Chief Justiciar of England (1213–c.1215)
• Henry Beaufort (1375–1447), Cardinal and Bishop of Winchester - legitimised son of John of Gaunt and Lord Chancellor of England under Henry V and Henry VI

Displaced in mortuary chests

• Cynegils, King of Wessex (611-643)
• Cenwalh, King of Wessex (643-672)
• Egbert of Wessex, King of Wessex (802-839)
• Ethelwulf, King of Wessex (839-856)
• Eadred, King of England (946-955)
• Eadwig, King of England and later Wessex (955-959)
• Cnut, King of England (1016–1035) and also of Denmark and Norway
• Emma of Normandy, wife of Cnut and also Ethelred II of England
• William II 'Rufus', King of England (1087–1100) - not in the traditional tomb associated with him, which may in fact be that of Henry of Blois, brother of King Stephen of England

Also

• Harthacnut, King of England (1040–1042) and also of Denmark - buried in wall of the choir screen?
• Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1072)

One of the mortuary chests also refers to a king 'Edmund', of which nothing else is known. It is possible that this could be Edmund Ironside, King of England (1016) but he is buried at Glastonbury Abbey by most accounts, including the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

For further information, see http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/Mortuary_Chests.html

Originally buried at Winchester

• Edward the Elder, King of England (899 - 924) - later moved to Hyde Abbey
• Alfred the Great, King of England (875-899) - moved from Old Minster and later to Hyde Abbey

Choirs and organ

Main article: Winchester Cathedral Choir

The organ is one which featured in the Great Exhibition of 1851 where it was the largest pipe organ; it was installed here in 1854 having been reduced in size. It was the work of the master organ maker Henry Willis and [[Samuel Sebastian Wesley, the cathedral organist recommended its purchase to the Dean and Chapter. It was modified in 1897 and again in 1905 and in 1937 completely rebuilt by Harrison and Harrison in 1937. The same firm was responsible for a second rebuilding in 1986-88. The earliest recorded organ here was in the 10th century; it had 400 pipes and could be heard throughout the city.

There is an internationally recognized professional choir. Traditionally this was the preserve of boys until, in 1999, a separate treble line was formed, giving local girls the opportunity to audition.

There are twenty-two Boy Choristers. They are all boarders at a local school (The Pilgrims' School), from which the majority of them gain musical scholarships to the next school (Winchester College). They sing an average of six services each week during choir term time. There are twenty Girl Choristers, who sing one service a week during choir term time. Both treble lines sing with the Lay Clerks, twelve adult singers, music professionals from a wide variety of backgrounds.

The choir sings weekly in the Cathedral as well as making regular recordings, broadcasts, concerts and international tours. The choir is currently directed by the organist Andrew Lumsden.

The Nave Choir of Winchester Cathedral is a mixed voluntary choir of around forty members. Founded in January 2007, the choir sings those services that fall outside those covered by the Cathedral Choir as well as special services and concerts.

The nave looking east

See also

• Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
• Church of England
• English Gothic architecture
• Priory of Saint Swithun
• Romanesque architecture

External links

• Official website
• A history of the Pilgrims' School and of the choristers of Winchester Cathedral
• Flickr images tagged Winchester Cathedral
• Images of Fedorov's Iconostasis at Winchester Cathedral